Knowledge Manipulation Research Articles

Ontology-based support for taxonomic functions

This paper reports on an investigation into the use of ontology technologies to support taxonomic functions. Support for taxonomy is imperative given several recent discussions and publications that voiced concern over the taxonomic impediment within the broader context of the life sciences. Taxonomy is defined as the scientific classification, description and grouping of biological organisms into hierarchies based on sets of shared characteristics, and documenting the principles that enforce such classification. Under taxonomic functions we identified two broad categories: the classification functions concerned with identification and naming of organisms, and secondly classification functions concerned with categorization and revision (i.e. grouping and describing, or revisiting existing groups and descriptions).Ontology technologies within the broad field of artificial intelligence include computational ontologies that are knowledge representation mechanisms using standardized representations that are based on description logics (DLs). This logic base of computational ontologies provides for the computerized capturing and manipulation of knowledge. Furthermore, the set-theoretical basis of computational ontologies ensures particular suitability towards classification, which is considered as a core function of systematics or taxonomy.Using the specific case of Afrotropical bees, this experimental research study represents the taxonomic knowledge base as an ontology, explore the use of available reasoning algorithms to draw the necessary inferences that support taxonomic functions (identification and revision) over the ontology and implement a Web-based application (the WOC). The contributions include the ontology, a reusable and standardized computable knowledge base of the taxonomy of Afrotropical bees, as well as the WOC and the evaluation thereof by experts.

Involvement of the Left Supramarginal Gyrus in Manipulation Judgment Tasks: Contributions to Theories of Tool Use.

Two theories of tool use, namely the gesture engram and the technical reasoning theories, make distinct predictions about the involvement of the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL) in manipulation judgement tasks. The objective here is to test these alternative predictions based on previous studies on manipulation judgment tasks using transcranial magnetic stimulations (TMS) targeting the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG). We review recent TMS studies on manipulation judgement tasks and confront these data with predictions made by both tool use theories. The left SMG is a highly intertwined region, organized following several functionally distinct areas and TMS may have disrupted a cortical network involved in the ability to use tools rather than only one functional area supporting manipulation knowledge. Moreover, manipulation judgement tasks may be impaired following virtual lesions outside the IPL. These data are more in line with the technical reasoning hypothesis, which assumes that the left IPL does not store manipulation knowledge per se. (JINS, 2017, 23, 685-691).

Abstract Representations of Object-Directed Action in the Left Inferior Parietal Lobule.

Prior neuroimaging and neuropsychological research indicates that the left inferior parietal lobule in the human brain is a critical substrate for representing object manipulation knowledge. In the present functional MRI study we used multivoxel pattern analyses to test whether action similarity among objects can be decoded in the inferior parietal lobule independent of the task applied to objects (identification or pantomime) and stimulus format in which stimuli are presented (pictures or printed words). Participants pantomimed the use of objects, cued by printed words, or identified pictures of objects. Classifiers were trained and tested across task (e.g., training data: pantomime; testing data: identification), stimulus format (e.g., training data: word format; testing format: picture) and specific objects (e.g., training data: scissors vs. corkscrew; testing data: pliers vs. screwdriver). The only brain region in which action relations among objects could be decoded across task, stimulus format and objects was the inferior parietal lobule. By contrast, medial aspects of the ventral surface of the left temporal lobe represented object function, albeit not at the same level of abstractness as actions in the inferior parietal lobule. These results suggest compulsory access to abstract action information in the inferior parietal lobe even when simply identifying objects.

Learning, remembering, and predicting how to use tools: Distributed neurocognitive mechanisms: Comment on Osiurak and Badets (2016).

The reasoning-based approach championed by Francois Osiurak and Arnaud Badets (Osiurak & Badets, 2016) denies the existence of sensory-motor memories of tool use except in limited circumstances, and suggests instead that most tool use is subserved solely by online technical reasoning about tool properties. In this commentary, I highlight the strengths and limitations of the reasoning-based approach and review a number of lines of evidence that manipulation knowledge is in fact used in tool action tasks. In addition, I present a "two route" neurocognitive model of tool use called the "Two Action Systems Plus (2AS+)" framework that posits a complementary role for online and stored information and specifies the neurocognitive substrates of task-relevant action selection. This framework, unlike the reasoning based approach, has the potential to integrate the existing psychological and functional neuroanatomic data in the tool use domain. (PsycINFO Database Record

Rethinking the Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Pantomime of Tool Use: Evidence from Alzheimer's Disease and Semantic Dementia.

Pantomiming the use of familiar tools is a central test in the assessment of apraxia. However, surprisingly, the nature of the underlying cognitive mechanisms remains an unresolved issue. The aim of this study is to shed a new light on this issue by exploring the role of functional, mechanical, and manipulation knowledge in patients with Alzheimer's disease and semantic dementia and apraxia of tool use. We performed multiple regression analyses with the global performance and the nature of errors (i.e., production and conception) made during a pantomime of tool use task in patients and control participants as dependent variables and tasks investigating functional, mechanical, and manipulation knowledge as predictors. We found that mechanical problem solving, assessing mechanical knowledge, was a good predictor of the global performance of pantomime of tool use. We also found that occurrence of conception errors was robustly predicted by the task assessing functional knowledge whereas that of production errors was not explained by only one predictor. Our results suggest that both functional and mechanical knowledge are important to pantomime the use of tools. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that mechanical knowledge plays a role in pantomime of tool use. Although impairment in pantomime of tool use tasks (i.e., apraxia) is widely explained by the disruption of manipulation knowledge, we propose that pantomime of tool use is a complex problem-solving task. (JINS, 2017, 23, 128-138).

Developing the assessment literacy of teachers in Chinese language classrooms: A focus on assessment task design

A teacher’s assessment literacy refers to her or his demonstrated understanding of the principles behind selecting and designing tasks, judging student work, and interpreting and using assessment data to support student learning. This study examines the development of the task design aspect of assessment literacy in 12 Chinese language teachers as they participated in a two-year authentic assessment professional development program. By analysing the quality of assessment tasks designed by the teachers over time, we found that, although teachers quickly grasped many aspects of task design, they found it difficult to incorporate certain knowledge manipulation criteria into their assessments. The study provides insights into the contextual and discipline-embedded challenges that face language teachers with regard to assessment.

The relationship between semantic memory and the representation of tool manipulation: evidence from patients with semantic damage or limb apraxia

The relationship between semantic memory and the representation of tool manipulation: evidence from patients with semantic damage or limb apraxia

Efficient User Revocation Mechanism for Privilege and Anonymity in Control Cloud Data Access

The most engaging a part of the cloud computing is that the computation outsourcing, its far beyond enough to only conduct Associate in Nursing access management. Users need to regulate the privileges of knowledge manipulation over alternative users or cloud servers,this is often as a result of once sensitive data or calculation is outsourced to the cloud servers or another user, that is out of user’s management in most cases, privacy risks would raise dramatically as a result of the servers would possibly illicitly examine user’s knowledge and access sensitive data, or alternative users is also able to infer responsive information from the out-sourced calculation. Therefore, not alone the access but collectively the operation have to be compelled to be controlled.

Knowledge management behavior and individual creativity: Goal orientations as antecedents and in‐group social status as moderating contingency

SummaryCreativity is an increasingly important domain of performance largely based on knowledge held and exchanged among employees. Despite the necessity of knowledge exchange, individual employees tend to experience mixed motivation caused by the inherent social dilemma of knowledge sharing. To pragmatically explain how individuals deal with this motivational dilemma, we propose an expanded framework of knowledge management behavior (KMB) that includes knowledge sharing, hiding, and manipulation. Individual choices among these KMBs may be driven by dispositional goal orientations. We also propose that the effects of KMB on creativity of employees vary depending on their social status in a work group. Our analyses based on 214 employees from 37 teams reveal that (i) learning goal orientation increases knowledge sharing and decreases knowledge manipulation; (ii) avoiding goal orientation increases knowledge sharing and manipulation; and (iii) proving goal orientation increases knowledge hiding and manipulation. Knowledge hiding is negatively related to employee creativity, particularly for employees with high social status. Knowledge manipulation is positively related to creativity, particularly for those with high social status. This study develops and validates a theoretical framework explaining the formative process and distinct outcomes of the multifaceted and strategic approaches to KMB at the individual level. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Information Insufficiency and Information Seeking

The risk information seeking and processing model predicts information-seeking behavior based on a number of factors, including information insufficiency. Using the risk information seeking and processing model, the present study experimentally manipulated the two components of information insufficiency (i.e., sufficiency threshold and current knowledge). Sufficiency threshold was manipulated using information about radon risk with varying levels of social distance, whereas current knowledge was manipulated using information about radon coping strategies. Results showed that the high sufficiency threshold condition resulted in greater information seeking intention. On the other hand, the current knowledge manipulation did not affect information seeking intention.

The Development of Object Function and Manipulation Knowledge: Evidence from a Semantic Priming Study.

Object semantics include object function and manipulation knowledge. Function knowledge refers to the goal attainable by using an object (e.g., the function of a key is to open or close a door) while manipulation knowledge refers to gestures one has to execute to use an object appropriately (e.g., a key is held between the thumb and the index, inserted into the door lock and then turned). To date, several studies have assessed function and manipulation knowledge in brain lesion patients as well as in healthy adult populations. In patients with left brain damage, a double dissociation between these two types of knowledge has been reported; on the other hand, behavioral studies in healthy adults show that function knowledge is processed faster than manipulation knowledge. Empirical evidence has shown that object interaction in children differs from that in adults, suggesting that the access to function and manipulation knowledge in children might also differ. To investigate the development of object function and manipulation knowledge, 51 typically developing 8-9-10 year-old children and 17 healthy young adults were tested on a naming task associated with a semantic priming paradigm (190-ms SOA; prime duration: 90 ms) in which a series of line drawings of manipulable objects were used. Target objects could be preceded by three priming contexts: related (e.g., knife-scissors for function; key-screwdriver for manipulation), unrelated but visually similar (e.g., glasses-scissors; baseball bat-screwdriver), and purely unrelated (e.g., die-scissors; tissue-screwdriver). Results showed a different developmental pattern of function and manipulation priming effects. Function priming effects were not present in children and emerged only in adults, with faster naming responses for targets preceded by objects sharing the same function. In contrast, manipulation priming effects were already present in 8-year-olds with faster naming responses for targets preceded by objects sharing the same manipulation and these decreased linearly between 8 and 10 years of age, 10-year-olds not differing from adults. Overall, results show that the access to object function and manipulation knowledge changes during development by favoring manipulation knowledge in childhood and function knowledge in adulthood.

Effects of Working Memory Capacity and Domain Knowledge on Recall for Grocery Prices.

Hambrick and Engle (2002) proposed 3 models of how domain knowledge and working memory capacity may work together to influence episodic memory: a "rich-get-richer" model, a "building blocks" model, and a "compensatory" model. Their results supported the rich-get-richer model, although later work by Hambrick and Oswald (2005) found support for a building blocks model. We investigated the effects of domain knowledge and working memory on recall of studied grocery prices. Working memory was measured with 3 simple span tasks. A contrast of realistic versus fictitious foods in the episodic memory task served as our manipulation of domain knowledge, because participants could not have domain knowledge of fictitious food prices. There was a strong effect for domain knowledge (realistic food-price pairs were easier to remember) and a moderate effect for working memory capacity (higher working memory capacity produced better recall). Furthermore, the interaction between domain knowledge and working memory produced a small but significant interaction in 1 measure of price recall. This supported the compensatory model and stands in contrast to previous research.

Resilience to the contralateral visual field bias as a window into object representations

Viewing images of manipulable objects elicits differential blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast across parietal and dorsal occipital areas of the human brain that support object-directed reaching, grasping, and complex object manipulation. However, it is unknown which object-selective regions of parietal cortex receive their principal inputs from the ventral object-processing pathway and which receive their inputs from the dorsal object-processing pathway. Parietal areas that receive their inputs from the ventral visual pathway, rather than from the dorsal stream, will have inputs that are already filtered through object categorization and identification processes. This predicts that parietal regions that receive inputs from the ventral visual pathway should exhibit object-selective responses that are resilient to contralateral visual field biases. To test this hypothesis, adult participants viewed images of tools and animals that were presented to the left or right visual fields during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We found that the left inferior parietal lobule showed robust tool preferences independently of the visual field in which tool stimuli were presented. In contrast, a region in posterior parietal/dorsal occipital cortex in the right hemisphere exhibited an interaction between visual field and category: tool-preferences were strongest contralateral to the stimulus. These findings suggest that action knowledge accessed in the left inferior parietal lobule operates over inputs that are abstracted from the visual input and is contingent on analysis by the ventral visual pathway, consistent with its putative role in supporting object manipulation knowledge.

On Cognitive Foundations and Mathematical Theories of Knowledge Science

Knowledge is one of the fundamental cognitive objects in the brain among those of data, information, and intelligence. Knowledge can be classified into two main categories, i.e., conceptual knowledge for knowing to-be and behavioral knowledge for knowing to-do, particularly the former. This paper presents a basic study on a mathematical theory of knowledge towards knowledge science. The taxonomy and cognitive foundations of knowledge are explored, which reveal that the basic cognitive structure of conceptual knowledge is a formal concept and that of behavioral knowledge is a formal process. Mathematical models of knowledge are created in order to enable formal representation and rigorous manipulation of knowledge. A set of formal principles and properties of knowledge is elicited and elaborated towards the development of knowledge science and cognitive knowledge systems. It is discovered that the basic unit of knowledge is a binary relation, shortly bir, as a counterpart of bit (a binary digit) for information and data.

Tool use in left brain damage and Alzheimer's disease: What about function and manipulation knowledge?

Tool use disorders are usually associated with difficulties in retrieving function and manipulation knowledge. Here, we investigate tool use (Real Tool Use, RTU), function (Functional Association, FA) and manipulation knowledge (Gesture Recognition, GR) in 17 left-brain-damaged (LBD) patients and 14 AD patients (Alzheimer disease). LBD group exhibited predicted deficit on RTU but not on FA and GR while AD patients showed deficits on GR and FA with preserved tool use skills. These findings question the role played by function and manipulation knowledge in actual tool use.

Response: No need to match: a comment on Bach, Nicholson, and Hudson's "Affordance-Matching Hypothesis".

Response: No need to match: a comment on Bach, Nicholson, and Hudson's "Affordance-Matching Hypothesis".

Fuzzy logic‐based linguistic summaries of time series: a powerful tool for discovering knowledge on time varying processes and systems under imprecision

We present a novel approach to linguistic data summarization for numeric data, i.e., of the numbers to text type. Linguistic summarization is meant as a process of a comprehensive description of big and complex datasets via short statements in natural language. First, we briefly survey main developments in the traditional, well developed, and powerful approach to linguistic data summarization based on tools and techniques of natural language generation (NLG), notably due to Reiter and his collaborators. We indicate that this approach has a serious limitation on the representation and processing of imprecision that is characteristic for natural languages. We show that a fuzzy logic‐based approach to linguistic data summarization can be a simple yet efficient solution in this respect. We present the linguistic summaries represented by protoforms in the form of linguistically quantified propositions dealt with using tools and techniques of fuzzy logic to grasp an inherent imprecision of natural language. Such linguistic data summaries can provide a human user, whose only natural means of articulation and communication is natural language, with a simple yet effective and efficient means for the representation and manipulation of knowledge about processes and systems. We concentrate on the linguistic summarization of dynamic processes and systems, dealing with data represented as time series. We extend the basic, static data‐oriented concept of a linguistic data summary to the case of time series data, present various possible protoforms of linguistic summaries, and an analysis of their properties and ways of generation. We show two our own real applications of the new tools of linguistic summarization of time series, for the summarization of quotations of an investment (mutual) fund, and of Web server logs, to show the power of the tool. We also mention some other applications known from the literature. We conclude with some remarks on the strength of the linguistic summarization for broadly perceived data mining and knowledge discovery and some possible further research directions. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2016, 6:37–46. doi: 10.1002/widm.1175This article is categorized under: Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Human Centricity and User Interaction Technologies > Computational Intelligence Technologies > Machine Learning

Authentic Learning in African Post-Secondary Education and the Creative Economy

Authentic learning is a branch of constructivism, a pedagogical approach that places the student at the center of the learning experience. This instructional model has undergone gradual adoption in first-world countries, with underdeveloped countries still struggling to implement a systematic approach for incorporating authentic learning in the classrooms. In the meantime, the global economy has evolved from an industrial, factory-based economy to one involving the manipulation of knowledge. Consequently, the implementation of authentic learning has assumed an increased importance within education systems around the world, especially at the post-secondary level, where instructors need to prepare new graduates for a modern, service-oriented workforce. Authentic learning teaches the required soft skills that students can transfer from one situation to another: collaboration, communication, critical thinking, creativity, innovation, problem solving, and decision-making. In African countries, most teachers still use an instructivist, or teacher-centered approach to lesson planning and delivery, forcing students to learn through the memorization of isolated facts. This type of learning, which continues through all levels of education, leaves students unprepared for the twenty-first century workforce. Consequently, the following paper argues that African countries require a centralized and systematic approach for revising their education systems to promote authentic learning opportunities. The literature has enumerated the benefits to authentic learning, including enhanced motivation and learning outcomes for students as well as advantages for other stakeholders such as teachers. In addition to academic benefits, authentic learning also contains economic advantages by enhancing students’ readiness for the working world and citizenship duties as well as benefitting employers, individual sectors, and overall economies. Although Africa faces many hardships, including a paucity of resources, a wholesale revision of their education systems will ultimately prove advantageous in the long term. This modification requires the coordinated efforts of all stakeholders, starting with governments.

Experiences with creating a Precision Dairy Farming Ontology (DFO) and a Knowledge Graph for the Data Integration Platform in agriOpenLink

One of the central problems in creating information management solutions for precision dairy farming is integration and interpretation of heterogeneous data coming from different equipment and data sources. Establishing a unifying data model is recognized as a cornerstone to such solutions. Here, the challenge lies both in agreeing on a common information context, and in selecting appropriate model representations, model query and update techniques, which guarantee model extensibility. While already existing ISOagriNET Data Dictionaries capture broad variety of the livestock and dairy farming concepts, the existing model representation technics cannot support efficient model extension. In this paper, we present our experience with using the representation and query standards and tools of the Semantic Web, endorsed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), in particular the Resource Description Framework (RDF), the Web Ontology Language (OWL), and the SPARQL query standard, to encode and manipulate the dairy farming domain knowledge in a form of the Dairy Farming Ontology (DFO). Within the research project agriOpenLink the DFO has been created in two phases. The first phase focused on using the Semantic Web tools to facilitate easy encoding and manipulation of the dairy farming domain knowledge and the platform operational data models. The second phase focused on translating ISOagriNET Data Dictionaries into their semantic representations. Resulting DFO is maintained in a semantic repository, and it presents a knowledge graph and as integration backbone for the agriOpenLink decision support platform.

Important of SPSS for Social Sciences Research

The SPSS Corporation initial created the SPSS software system package within the early 1980’s and has recently discharged version eleven. It presently one among the foremost usually used applied math packages. The benefits of the package area unit its relative simple use, its familiarity to several applied math consultants and its practicality. Statistics is that the body of mathematical techniques or processes for gathering, describing organizing and decoding numerical information. Since analysis usually yields such quantitative information, statistics could be a basic tool of measure and analysis. The researcher who uses statistics is bothered with additional than the manipulation of knowledge, applied math ways goes back to basic functions of study. The applied math Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) could be a wide used all-purpose survey analysis package, and therefore a helpful one to master. It’s necessary to permit some learning time to become at home with this package, and annual license fees may be a rational motive.