Manipulation Of Statements Research Articles

Audit Committee’s Roles & Effectiveness: Evidence from Indonesia

Financial statement manipulation that still occurring nowadays in Indonesia leads the following issue of how audit committee’s functioning within a corporation. This study questions whether audit committee has certain significant role as stated by OJK or just a formality to obey the regulation set by the government. Therefore, this research analyzes the audit committees’ effectiveness in Indonesia by using POJK No. 55/POJK.04/2015 as the basis of measurement. To examine the audit committee’s effectiveness, this research gathers primary data by distributing a questionnaire to audit committee’s in listed companies in Indonesia and to Ikatan Komite Audit Indonesia (IKAI). Based on the responses, the data is then analyzed by using the SEM-PLS approach. It is found that audit committee diligence in audit and decision-making areas significantly increases the audit committee activity. Moreover, audit committee activity and responsibility in internal audit, regulatory compliance, and risk management significantly influence the audit committee’s effectiveness.

The Influence of Pentagon Fraud on Fraudulent Financial Reporting in Companies Registered on the IDX BUMN20 Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020-2022 Period

Financial Statement Fraud is fraud or manipulation of a company's financial statements to show the best condition of the company so that investors are interested and/or retain the funds owned by the company. This research is intended to analyze the influence of the factors in the fraud Pentagon theory on fraudulent financial reports in companies listed on IDX BUMN20 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020-2022 period. The proxy variables used in this research are Pressure proxied by Financial Target and External Pressure, Opportunity proxied by Ineffective Monitoring, Rationalization proxied by Change of Auditor, Competence proxied by Change of Director, and Arrogance proxied by Frequent Number of CEO's Picture and Fraudulent financial reporting measured by F-Score. The data used in this research is secondary data obtained from the annual reports of companies listed on IDX BUMN20 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020-2022 period. The number of samples used was 18 samples from companies selected through the purposive sampling technique. The data analysis used in this research is logistic regression analysis. The research results show that the partial test results do not influence each of the independent variables, namely financial target, external pressure, ineffective morning, change of auditor, change of directors, and frequent number of CEO's pictures on fraudulent financial reporting, but the simultaneous test results show that there is an influence the entire independent variable to the dependent variable is fraudulent financial reporting.

Analysis and Classification of Corporate Fraud Based on the Literature and Investigated Cases in Romania

Abstract Corporate fraud has become increasingly common and sophisticated in today’s complex economic world, and a variety of strategies for perpetrating fraud have arisen. Financial fraud has various negative implications in the corporate sector since it reduces efficiency and undermines confidence and loyalty among all stakeholders. In this context, the aim of this article is to identify the various types of corporate fraud by describing and categorizing them based on the motivation and purpose for which they are committed; additionally, different types of corporate financial crimes were examined in a case study for Romania. Data for this study were gathered from past research on the subject as well as other national databases on financial crime. Tax evasion, financial statement manipulation, and bankruptcy fraud to deceive financial data users are among the various types of fraud examined. Financial fraud in organizations is a continually changing topic. The findings suggest that corporate fraud must be prevented at multiple levels, including corporate governance, internal control and external regulation. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on corporate fraud and can be utilized as a resource by managers and regulators looking to better understand fraud and strengthen governance and internal control systems.

Why Do Companies Cook the Books? Empirical Study of the Motives of Creative Accounting of Slovak Companies

Studies on creative accounting date back to the latter part of the 20th century. Creative accounting is still a big challenge in financial accounting. The problem of financial statement manipulation might be investigated, for instance, from an accounting, legal, ethical, or psychological perspective. This research aims to identify the main motives for the use of creative accounting and to find out whether corporate culture has an impact on the motives leading to the use of creative accounting. Data collection took place from 18 November 2023 to 18 December 2022. In the research, we used Pearson’s χ2 test to determine the dependence of the studied variables in contingency tables. Subsequently, correspondence analysis was used. The type of corporate culture does not have an impact on the motives that lead to creative accounting. It was proven that the type of corporate culture has an impact on the performance of creative accounting actions based on the request of a senior employee. The uniqueness of the research lies in the investigation of creative accounting from a psychological and managerial point of view in the territory of the Slovak Republic.

Exploring the Impact of Financial Statement Manipulations on Stakeholders

This article delves into the multifaceted effects of financial statement manipulations on various stakeholders including shareholders, investors, employees, creditors, and regulatory bodies. The research is driven by the growing concern over the credibility of financial reporting and its cascading effects on stakeholder trust and decision-making processes. This comprehensive study synthesizes findings from recent scholarly articles, focusing on diverse sectors and geographical regions to provide a global perspective on the issue. The purpose of this article is to critically evaluate how financial manipulations impact different stakeholder groups, with a particular emphasis on the trust dynamics and financial decision-making processes. It aims to bridge the gap in existing literature by offering a holistic view of the consequences of financial statement manipulations, drawing on empirical data and theoretical frameworks such as the fraud diamond theory and activity-based accounting. The content of the article is organized into several key sections. Initially, it provides a detailed literature review, highlighting historical and current perspectives on financial statement manipulations. Subsequent sections delve into the methodology employed for data collection and analysis, followed by a comprehensive discussion on the effects of these manipulations on each stakeholder group. The article employs a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods, analyzing data from various case studies and empirical research to draw its conclusions. Finally, this article reveals that financial statement manipulations significantly impact stakeholder trust and decision-making, albeit with varying degrees depending on stakeholder sophistication and regulatory frameworks. It offers insights into the roles of corporate governance and auditor vigilance in mitigating these impacts. The article concludes with recommendations for enhancing transparency and stakeholder confidence in financial reporting, alongside suggestions for future research directions in this domain. Keywords: Financial Statement Manipulation, Stakeholder Trust, Corporate Governance, Audit Vigilance, Decision-Making Processes, Earnings Management, Regulatory Frameworks.

Corporate takeover susceptibility and classification shifting

PurposeThis paper examines the effect of firms’ takeover susceptibility on the manipulation of financial statements through classification shifting.Design/methodology/approachThe paper applies ordinary least squares regression (OLS) with fixed effects analyses to a sample of United States listed firms over the period 1992–2014. We use takeover index as a proxy for takeover susceptibility of firms, with high values representing higher takeover susceptibility and lower values representing lower takeover susceptibility.FindingsThe study finds that firms engage in classification shifting through core expenses, suggesting that takeover threats reduce the incentive to manage earnings through classification shifting. We also find that takeover susceptibility improves the monitoring mechanism for firms with low profitability because these firms have greater incentives to engage in classification shifting. Finally, we find that the Sarbanes–Oxley Act strengthens the monitoring mechanism influenced by takeover threats. Overall, the results provide evidence of the important role of takeover susceptibility in mitigating classification shifting. Our results are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests.Practical implicationsThe results emphasise the disciplinary role of the legal environment around corporate takeovers. The study suggests that policymakers and regulators should be cognisant of antitakeover laws which may increase agency conflicts between managers and shareholders and promote managerial self-seeking behaviours such as classification shifting.Originality/valueThe paper highlights the important role of takeover threats as an external governance mechanism to mitigate classification shifting which is detrimental to investors’ value. From prior literature, this study is the first to provide evidence of the effect of takeover threats on classification shifting.

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE ROLE OF FORENSIC ACCOUNTING IN DETECTING FINANCIAL FRAUDS WITH REFERENCE TO KARNATAKA

This study investigates the role of forensic accounting in spotting financial frauds and the efficiency of forensic accounting in dealing with problems involving financial statement manipulation in Karnataka and also understand the standards issued by ICAI. This study seeks to analyze the services provided by forensic accountants in Karnataka as well as the future of forensic accounting in the state in light of increasing numbers of fraud. The questionnaire approach is one of the quantitative research techniques used in this study. Investigating, spotting, and proving the legal case against such crimes through the use of accounting knowledge is known as forensic accounting. The major goals of forensic accounting include presenting the results of an inquiry in a style that allows for interrogation in court and to give proof that financial fraud has occurred.

Creative Accounting: A Literature Review

Abstract Creative accounting has come to the attention of researchers and continues to remain a hot topic due to major financial scandals where companies have used creative accounting techniques for various reasons. Creative accounting is often seen as a manipulation of figures to show what management, the preparers of financial statements want them to show. This paper is a traditional review of the literature dealing with the concept of creative accounting. In it I highlight what the definitions of creative accounting are, the views on creative accounting, the motivation for using creative accounting and the topics discussed on creative accounting in the literature. The research is conducted on a sample of 14 articles selected from the EbscoHost and ProQuest databases. In the articles included in the sample, creative accounting is generally viewed from a negative perspective, as a manipulation of financial statements, aiming to mislead the users of these reports. Reasons why companies choose to use creative accounting practices include: keeping company results within the limits set by shareholders, raising additional capital at a favorable price, meeting listing requirements, lower taxation, deferring insolvency, smoothing earnings to show a better image to investors, hiding poor management. This research aims to be a literature review showing what the view of creative accounting has been in recent years, with most of the articles reviewed from the period 2010-2022.

Identification of fraudulent financial statements through a multi‐label classification approach

SummaryAlthough the financial audit controls in companies have advanced over the years, the number of corporate fraud instances is growing, thus raising the need for investigating the factors that can be used as early warning signals and developing effective systems for identifying financial fraud. In this paper, financial statements from 133 Greek companies listed in the Athens Stock Exchange over the period 2014 to 2019 are investigated, based on the fraud diamond theory. Financial data and corporate governance variables are used as inputs to data mining techniques to develop models that can identify patterns of irregularities in a company's financial reports. To this end, popular machine learning classification algorithms are employed in a novel multi‐label classification setting that not only identifies fraudulent cases but also considers the nature of the auditors' comments. The results indicate that the proposed multi‐label approach provides enhanced results compared to binary classification algorithms, avoiding inconsistent outputs with respect to the existence of different forms of manipulation of financial statements.

THE EFFECT OF INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY SET (IOS), EARNINGS PERSISTENCE, AND FIRM SIZE ON EARNINGS QUALITY WITH INFORMATION ASYMMETRY AS A MODERATING VARIABLE

This study examines the effect of investment opportunity set (IOS), earnings persistence, and firm size on earnings quality with information asymmetry as a moderating variable. The primary impetus for this study was the number of instances of financial statement manipulation, which indicated that the firm's earnings quality was low and earnings information was subject to change. In 2020-2022, the sample consisted of as many as 15 infrastructure firms listed on the IDX, selected using purposive sampling. This study employed multiple linear regression analysis, and moderated regression techniques to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that earnings quality was unaffected by the investment opportunity set (IOS) and earnings persistence. Meanwhile, the firm size did affect the earnings quality. According to the results of moderated regression analysis (MRA), information asymmetry did not reduce the effect of investment opportunity set (IOS), earnings persistence, and firm size on earnings quality.

Does Religiosity and LGBTQ Inclusiveness ImpactThe Probability of Financial Statement Manipulation?

Previous research finds that greater gender diversity and inclusion in firms, on boards of directors, and on audit committees, improves the quality of financial reporting, lowers the likelihood of accounting restatements, and decreases the likelihood of financial misconduct. This is the first study to examine whether lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, queer, or questioning (LGBTQ) diversity in companies will also result in higher ethical actions regarding financial statements. With regression analyses, this study examines whether companies’ Corporate Equality Index (CEI) ratings of support for the LGBTQ community, as a measure of diversity, help explain companies’ M-scores or manipulation scores, a measure of accounting-based earnings manipulation. Likewise, we examine if the religiosity of the county where a company is headquartered influences the company’s manipulation score because previous research finds that companies headquartered in more religious areas are less likely to engage in financial misconduct. We conduct OLS and logistic regression analysis with M-score as the dependent variable, and headquarters area religiosity and company CEI ratings as independent variables of interest. Regression results provide little indication that the people's religiosity in the county where a corporate headquarters is located affects the firm’s M-score. However, we find that the higher the CEI rating, the lower the probability of financial statement manipulation as measured by the M-score. This study sheds light on an underexplored aspect of corporate governance and diversity,further reinforcing the notion that diversity benefits companies in many ways, including those tied to governance.

Law enforcement and auditors' roles, responses, and complicated relationships in accounting fraud?

Financial statement falsification or fraud that directly affects financial statements. The most extreme financial statement manipulation is accounting fraud. Beyond financial losses, fraud affects employees, industry, the environment, and society (International Public Sector Fraud Forum, 2020). Fraud causes corporate bankruptcy, reducing family income. Fraud distorts markets by giving fraudulent companies an advantage over legal ones. Accounting fraud can cause controversies that impact society and stakeholders. Regulators, practitioners, and researchers prioritize preventing these potentially dangerous events. Corporate activity monitoring has improved, but severe accounting fraud remains in ostensibly robust and diverse institutional environments. Accounting literature on auditor-law enforcement fraud coordination is examined in this study. This literature review uses a mixed methods research synthesis to analyze accounting journal articles from 2014 to 2024 using keywords like "Auditors," "Enforcement," "Accounting fraud," "responses," and "complicated relationships." Auditor and law enforcement roles, leading fraud indicators, and stages will be studied. Use Publish or Perish (PoP) and SLR 7P to collect data from SINTA, SEMANTIC Scholar, and Google Scholar. The investigations show the range of fraud terminologies and concepts, quantitative measurement discrepancy, and shallow fraud analysis. This study suggests more law enforcement-auditor case studies. This work will inform fraud accounting research. This paper underlines the need for academic, political, and practitioner cooperation to limit fraud's economic and social harms in a complex and interrelated system. This study examines how the accounting literature addresses law enforcement-auditor relationships in accounting fraud rather than monitoring systems or broad fraud discussions. Law enforcement actions have a significant impact on auditor-client relationships and information disclosure. Customers' perceptions of auditor quality and risks will be examined in the essay.

Moderasi Komite Audit Sebagai Peredam Kecurangan Pelaporan Keuangan

Financial statement manipulation is a form of fraud that can lead to losses in a company's performance. This study aims to assess the influence of factors in detecting fraudulent corporate financial statements. The research focuses on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2017 to 2021. The dependent variable used in this study is fraudulent financial reporting. The independent variables include pressure (comprising financial targets, financial stability, and external pressure), opportunity (comprising ineffective supervision and industry nature), rationalization (comprising auditor turnover and rationalization), competence (measured by director turnover), and arrogance (measured by the frequency of CEO photo appearances). Additionally, the Audit Committee is used as a moderating variable. The test results indicate that financial targets have a significant negative impact on fraudulent financial reporting, while financial stability has a significant positive influence. However, external pressure, ineffective supervision, industry nature, auditor turnover, rationalization, director turnover, and the frequency of CEO photo appearances do not significantly affect fraudulent financial reporting. The implications of this research highlight the importance for companies to carefully monitor and manage their financial targets to avoid fraudulent practices in financial reporting. Furthermore, the role of the Audit Committee in overseeing financial statements needs to be strengthened to mitigate the risk of fraud. The research methodology employed in this study involves panel data regression analysis to examine the influence of the mentioned variables on fraudulent financial reporting.

Earnings Quality Assessment of Financial Statments Using the Beneish M-Score Model in Manufacturing Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)

This study aims to analyze and assess the level of manipulation of financial statements and to analyze the quality of earnings of manufacturing companies in terms of relevance based on Beneish M-score. The type of research used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The object of this research is a manufacturing company listed on the Indoneisa Stock Exchange (IDX) totaling seven companies. The results of the study using the Beneish ratio index show that in 2019 the number of manufacturing companies classified as non-manipulators both LQ45 and non-LQ45 and in 2020 the results of the Beneish ratio index show that manufacturing companies are classified as non-manipulators, because the companies classified as non-manipulators have no more than three parameter indices of the eight parameter indices that have been determined. In the Beneish M-score results, there is one company that is classified as a manipulator where there is a possibility of an increase in the parameter index which affects profit and loss which causes the company to have poor prospects. Companies categorized as non-manipulator companies based on the Beneish M-score index can be assessed that the company has good financial performance, is able to manage items in the financial statements effectively and efficiently such as in profit and loss, good financial performance can indicate the company has good earnings quality, Beneish M-score results when associated with earnings quality in relevance means that the financial statements and measurement index on the company accurately reflect the company's operational performance, providing an accurate overview of the company's financial condition.

The Fraud Triangel Approach: Detecting Fraudulent Behavior in Business Finance in Sidoarjo

Fraud that occurs in MSME players today is increasingly diverse. Fraud can take the form of financial statement fraud, mixing personal finances with business finances or dishonesty in running a business. This causes a prolonged dilemma for MSME actors in managing business income. Many MSMEs have not been able to manage good financial reports. This Research Objective is used to gain a deeper understanding of the behavior and detection of fraud that occurs in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) based on the Fraud Triangle Theory and the efforts made by MSMEs in preventing and detecting fraud early. The type of sample experiment research used is the random method. The method of collecting information through direct observation and questions, FGDs and the technique of using documentation in the data collection process. The data analysis approach involves the steps of data reduction, data presentation and data verification. The results of the analysis explain that MSME actors do not all carry out financial statement management and still carry out a lot of fraud. The implications of this research contribute to the understanding of fraud, especially by forensic accountants, auditors, fraud examiners and anti-fraud examiners who are used to see fraud in MSMEs. Highlights : Fraud in MSMEs is multifaceted, encompassing financial statement manipulation and unethical business practices. Research aims to understand fraud behavior using the Fraud Triangle Theory and explore MSME efforts in fraud prevention. Utilizes random sampling and data collection methods like direct observation, FGDs, and documentation to gather comprehensive insights. Keywords : Fraud Triangel, Financial Statements, Fraudulent Behavior and MSMEs

Upaya Pencegahan White Collar Crime

White collar crime is increasingly prevalent in various corporate sectors and causes significant financial losses and damage to public trust. This type of crime includes embezzlement of funds, manipulation of financial statements, bribery, insider trading in the capital market, and theft of customer personal data. Although it occurs a lot, the prevention of white collar crime is still not optimal and the perpetrators are rarely prosecuted properly. This paper aims to analyze the various determinants that influence the occurrence of white collar crime in order to formulate policy recommendations and prevention strategies in the future. A systematic approach is used by applying the fraud triangle theory which focuses on the three main elements that cause fraud, namely pressure, opportunity and rationalization. The results of the study show that pressure to meet high performance targets and large bonuses often encourage individuals to commit fraud. Meanwhile, weak supervision and lack of transparency create opportunities for fraud. Perpetrators also often justify their actions, for example by assuming that they will not be caught or the value of the loss is small. The complexity of modern corporate operations also increases opportunities for white-collar crime. Effective prevention efforts must be comprehensive by involving various parties and strengthening a number of aspects as controls. The role of internal and external supervisors (auditors) of companies needs to be continuously improved, supported by modem fraud detection technology tools. Whistleblowing mechanisms need to be strengthened in every company and kept confidential to encourage early reporting of fraud indications.

A Review of Chief Executive Officer Behavioral Aspects and Company Performance in Indonesia Literature

his study aims to comprehend the aspects of CEO personality and behavior on company performance in Indonesia. This study uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), which involves an in-depth analysis of relevant literature topics. This study found that CEOs who hold ethical leadership and are committed to the principles of good governance tend to create a work environment that is transparent and with integrity. A work culture that values honesty and accountability motivate employees, increases shareholder trust, and contributes to the company's growth. Ethical leadership, integrity, and commitment to the principles of good corporate governance are considered to have a positive impact on company performance. Besides that, less ethical and self-interest-oriented behavior can have a negative impact. However, CEO behavior that is less ethical, authoritarian, or overly self-interest-oriented can have negative repercussions, including manipulation of financial statements and conflicts of interest. We concluded that the CEO has a significant role in influencing the performance of companies in Indonesia. The development of ethical leadership, integrity, and commitment to the principles of good corporate governance are key to achieving sustainable corporate performance. The role of a responsible and integrity CEO establishes a work culture oriented towards honesty, transparency, sustainable performance and long-term success of companies in Indonesia.

Why Are Companies Too Creative in Accounting? An Empirical Study in Slovakia

Why Are Companies Too Creative in Accounting? An Empirical Study in Slovakia

Detecting probable manipulation of financial statements. Evidence from a selected Zimbabwe Stock Exchange-Listed bank

Purpose: The study used the Beneish M Score to discover probable financial statement manipulation by a selected Zimbabwe Stock Exchange-listed bank. Research methodology: The Beneish M Score eight variable statistical model was applied to secondary data of the selected bank from 2011 to 2018. The model utilizes ratios in distinguishing between manipulators and non-manipulators, with a yardstick measure of -2.22. Results greater than -2.22, classify the organization as a financial statements manipulator with less than -2.22 classify it as a non-manipulator. Results: The M score model detected manipulation for the years 2011 (-0.74), 2013 (-1.84), and 2015 (-2.19), which are greater than the benchmark of -2.22. The years 2012 (-3.17), 2014 (-2.46), 2016 (-3.07), 2017 (-2.80) and 2018 (-2.42) reveal the bank as a non-manipulator as these values are less than -2.22. Limitations: The Beneish M score statistical model was modeled for manufacturing companies. The study sought to test the M Score’s applicability in the banking sector and it was restricted to the selected bank for the years 2011 to 2018. Contribution: The Beneish M score is a valuable model for users of issued annual financial statements to guard against earnings manipulation. Stakeholders rely on audited financial statements, believed to be free from manipulation, yet companies fold up with unqualified audit opinions contained in published financial statements. The study validates the Beneish M score statistical model for detecting manipulation in published annual financial statements in Zimbabwe, where there is limited research on earnings manipulation.

Textual analysis and detection of financial fraud: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms

With the increasing complexity of financial statement manipulation, relying solely on quantitative financial data may not effectively detect financial fraud. While textual analysis can provide additional insight, little research has been conducted on its multiple dimensions. Using 579 listed Chinese manufacturing firms in 2020, we select readability, forward-looking, similarity, matching degree, and positive and negative sentiment indicators from textual language structure, quality, and expression of management discussion and analysis texts, in combination with financial indicators, to detect financial fraud. Our findings indicate that fraudulent firms tend to be overly cautious in their financial reporting, express fewer positive sentiments, and conceal financial fraud by increasing the complexity of their annual reports and using more degree adverbs to modify forward-looking information. This study also highlights the importance of considering textual language expression in detecting financial fraud in state-owned and non-state-owned firms.