Wongi Research Articles

Produksi Dan Laju Dekomposisi Serasah Hutan Kampus Institut Pertanian Bogor, Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia

Forests are important habitats that support an ecosystem consisting of various types of plants that have production potential and litter decomposition rates. This research aims to find out how to calculate the production and decomposition rate of litter in homogeneous forest and heterogeneous forest terrestrial ecosystems. The research was carried out in homogeneous and heterogeneous forest areas in the IPB University campus area, Bogor Regency, West Java Province. The sampling process seemed to be carried out using 1x1 m nylon mesh litter trap method for 5 weeks. The results of the research show that the composition of the species that grow in heterogeneous forest areas is Kisabun (Filicium decipien), Sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki), Bisbul (Diospyros blancoy), Water guava (Eugenia aduea), Matoa (Pometia pinnata), Pinus (Cupressus lusitanica), and Meranti (Shorea sp), while in the homogeneous forest ecosystem is the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). The amount of waste collected in heterogeneous forest ecosystems is greater than in homogeneous forest ecosystems (Rubber forests), namely 98 grams and 5.2 grams respectively with results in heterogeneous forest ecosystems of 7.2 grams dry weight from 10 grams wet weight, whereas in homogeneous forest ecosystem (rubber forest 0.8 grams dry weight from 2 grams wet weight). The decomposition rate of litter in heterogeneous ecosystems is 0.21 grams/year, while in rubber forest ecosystems it is 0.17 grams/year.

Phytochemical Screening And Antidiabetic Test Of Ethanol Extract Of Sapodilla Kecik Leaves (Manilkara kauki (L) Dubard) On Decreasing Blood Glucose Of Diabetic Rats

The development of traditional medicine needs to be carried out so that Indonesia's natural wealth can be utilized as effectively as possible to improve people's welfare. As with diabetes, some reputable traditional herbal medicines contain antidiabetic properties. Natural antidiabetic drugs derived from compounds isolated from plants can be used as an alternative to traditional medicine for diabetes because they have potential side effects. Diabetes can be treated alternatively by using various substances, especially those containing polyphenols, such as flavonoids. Sapodilla kecik (Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard) from the Sapotaceae family is a type of plant used in traditional medicine; leaves, roots and bark can be used to treat diarrhoea in children, seeds can be used as a febrifuge, anthelmintic, and as an antileprotic. Secondary metabolites in sapodilla kecik leaves are flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids and glycosides. This research was carried out by characterizing and screening phytochemicals to determine the content of compounds in Sapodilla kecik (Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard) and carrying out antidiabetic tests on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. The results showed that sapodilla kecik leaves fulfilled the simplicia characterization requirements. Sapodilla leaves contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins and steroids. The ethanol extract of sapodilla kecik leaves at a dose of 500 mg/Kg BW starting from the 4th day of treatment, a dose of 250 mg/Kg BW starting on the 8th day of treatment, and a dose of 125 mg/Kg BW starting on the 12th day was able to reduce the KGD of induced diabetic rats with nicotinamide and streptozotocin.

MODELLING THE POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF SAWO KECIK (MANILKARA KAUKI (L.)) DUBARD USING MAXENT TO SUPPORT CONSERVATIONS OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL VEGETATIONS IN DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA PROVINCE

Modelling the potential distributions of Sawo Kecik (Manilkara kauki (L.)) Dubard using MaxEnt to support conservations of historical and cultural vegeta-tions in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province. Reinwardtia 22(1): 55‒67. — Sawo kecik or Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard, of the Sapotaceae family as it is formally known, is one of the species with significant cultural values in Yog-yakarta Province (DIY) culture because it symbolizes social righteousness. In connection with this, Yogyakarta's mu-nicipal and district governments have been encouraged to plant sawo kecik. Despite these efforts, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the possible range of this species, and this knowledge is essential to promoting the conservation of M. kauki in DIY. With the help of isothermality, precipitation of driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipita-tion of driest quarter, and precipitation of warmest quarter data, this study tries to simulate the probable distributions of M. kauki throughout cities and districts in DIY. The model estimated 1,275 km2 of DIY areas was suitable for M. kauki that concentrated in the central parts, spanning from the west to the east of DIY. Yogyakarta City followed by Sleman District has the largest areas categorized from high to very high suitable for M. kauki. While, Gunung Kidul followed by Kulonprogo Districts have the largest areas categorized as low suitable. To conclude, M. kauki can adapt areas with moderate precipitation as low as 20 mm during driest month and as low as 100 mm during driest quarter. During warmest quarter, M. kauki requires precipitation with value of 700 mm. The conservation effort and M. kauki planting should then concentrate on Yogyakarta City and Sleman District since such locations are thought to have high appropriateness for the species.

Study on the Phenology of Three Fruit Trees Species in Purwodadi Botanical Gardens, East Java, and Its Relationship with Mesoclimates

Nowadays the study of phenology has taken an important contribution to climate change research. Therefore this study observed local fruit trees species collected in the Purwodadi Botanical Gardens (PBG); they were Flacourtia rukam (Zoll & Moritzi), Limonia acidissima L., and Manilkara kauki (L) Dubard. We used fruit phenology data from 2014 to 2018 as secondary data to describe the changes. We also observed the weekly phenology of flowering and fruiting for three years from 2019 to 2022. At the same time, mesoclimates components included precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature were daily recorded by the PBG weather station measurement. Data pairs were then analyzed by using a structural modeling of WarpPLS to determine the relationship among mesoclimates and phenology variables. Research showed that phenology of flowering and fruiting of F. rukam, L. acidisissima, and M. kauki was significantly shifted from 2014 to 2022, along with changes in rainfall patterns, maximum and minimum temperatures in the PBG. Based on the Friedman test, it was shown that the maximum and minimum temperatures significantly changed (p<0.05). Five months of mesoclimates were significant predictors and affected before the measurement of phenological flowering and fruiting of three species. High precipitation significantly reduced maximum temperature, and increased minimum temperature. The high precipitation reduced the probability of flowering and fruiting initiation, except for those of L. acidissima. Increasing maximum temperature reduced flower and fruit set of F. rukam and L. acidisissima, while it reduced flowering of L. acidissima. Furthermore, minimum temperature induced flowering, except in L. acidissima.

Biomass-derived activated porous carbon from Manilkara kauki L. bark as potential adsorbent for the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution

Biomass-derived activated porous carbon from Manilkara kauki L. bark as potential adsorbent for the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution

TREES PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO AIR POLLUTION IN TAMAN MARGASATWA RAGUNAN AND UI DEPOK CAMPUS

Air pollution is a common environmental problem. Planting trees can minimize the adverse effects of air pollution. Plants can absorb and accumulate air pollutants through stomata. Biochemical changes in the leaves will appear as a physiological response of plants to air pollution that can be known by calculating the APTI (Air Pollution Tolerance Index) value. This study aimed to analyze the differences in physiological responses of five tree species in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) South Jakarta and Universitas Indonesia (UI) Depok Campus as well as to find out the proper tree species planted in areas with high levels of air pollution. The leaves of five species (Hevea brasiliensis, Manilkara kauki, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Ficus septica, and Mangifera indica) were used to examine the effect of air pollution. Biochemical parameters (relative water content, leaf extract pH, total chlorophyll content, and ascorbic acid content) were observed from each species. The value of each parameter was calculated into the APTI equation. H. brasiliensis, F. septica, and M. indica were categorized as moderately tolerant plants, M. kauki were included as intermediate plants, and A. heterophyllus was a sensitive plant to air pollution in both locations. The highest APTI values were observed in M. indica in both locations. Thus, the recommended species planted in a polluted area was M. indica.

Long-Tailed Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) Food Preferences In The Mount Pengsong Area

This study aims to know the type and food preference for the long-tailed monkey (Macaca fascicularis) in the Gunung Pengsong area. Data were collected using the observation method by direct observation at certain predetermined points consisting at the forest area around the settlement of Kuranji Village. This research was analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results of the research on the type of food Macaca fascicularis found in the forest area of ​​Mount Pengsong as many as 28 plant species, while around the settlement of Kuranji Village as many as 17 plant species. The preference of Macaca fascicularis in the forest area of Mount Pengsong was obtained as many as 5 plant species consisting of Ficus benjamina 15.2%, Syzygium cumini 11.9%, Durio zibethinus 7.3%, Bambusa vulgaris 6.7% and Syzygium aqueum 6.6%, while the preference of Macaca fascicularis around the settlement of Kuranji Village was obtained as many as 9 plant species consisting of Muntingia calabura 17,5%, Moringa oleifera 12,4%, Syzygium cumini 11,3%, Nephelium lappaceum 10,3%, Ficus carica 8.9%, Mangifera indica 8%, Syzygium aqueum 7,9%, Ficus benjamina 6.8% and Manilkara kauki 5.7%.

Polyisoprenoid Compounds from Tropical Fruit Trees in Universitas Sumatera Utara Campus

Tropical trees are a source of secondary metabolite compounds that have various biological activities that can help human life both for industrial and pharmaceutical needs. One of the secondary metabolites is polyisoprenoid. This study aims to identify and analyze polyisoprenoid compounds quantitatively from tropical fruit trees at the Universitas Sumatera Utara. Nine samples of tropical fruit were obtained, namely: Psidium guajava, Tamarindus indica, Manilkara kauki, Morinda citrifolia, Mangifera indica, Artocarpus communis, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Gmelina arborea, and Syzygium aqueum. Each sample was extracted and isolated the polyisoprenoid alcohol, then analyzed using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The polyisoprenoid in fruit samples found at the Universitas Sumatera Utara was a type II and III polyisoprenoid compound. The total lipid values ranged from 48.7 mg/g dw to 262.9 mg/g dw, polyisoprenoids ranged from 1.2 mg/g dw to 9.5 mg/g dw, and polyprenols ranged from 0.5 mg/g dw to 5.7 mg/g dw. Carbon chain length and dolichol polyprenol lengths of each fruit were collected (Psidium guajava L.) (C70 C80), (Tamarindus indica L.) (C80 C95), (Manilkara kauki L.) (C80 C95 and C70 C90), (Morinda citrifolia L.) (C75 C100), (Mangifera indica L.) (C80 C90 and C75 C90), (Artocarpus communis) (C75 C95), (Artocarpus heterophyllus) (C70 C75 and C70 C100), (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) (C90 C95), and (Syzygium aqueum) (C65 C90 and C75 C90).

Preliminary Study on Antibacterial Activity of Sawo Kecik (Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard) Roots Extract

The roots of sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard) contain astringent that can be used to treat diarrhea for infants. However, the active antibacterial substance in sawo kecik roots has not been known. Therefore, the research to understand the antimicrobial activity of sawo kecik roots extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was performed. Sawo kecik roots were macerated using methanol and chloroform. The result was then treated with E.coli and S.aureus with a concentration of 5 ppm and compared to negative control (solvent) and further observed and analyzed how reduced the bacterial growth with Two Ways ANOVA without interaction. The research results indicated that the sawo kecik roots methanol extract was effective to slow down the growth of S.aureus (0.160 ± 0.007) but ineffective against E.coli, whereas sawo kecik roots chloroform extract was not effective to reduce both bacteria. It can be concluded that further research is required to measure and verify the antibacterial activity of the extract using higher concentration samples and different research methodology.

The damage trees study for a good and save roadside greenery planning in Surakarta City, Central Java

Purpose: This research question is ‘how to plan a good and save the road side greenery in Surakarta?’ The research objectives are: Identification of the trees characteristics (type and size); Identification level of the health trees, and Trees location. Methodology: This research used categorized methods by health of tree, that is: health, little damage, moderate damage and heavy damage. The research location at Slamet Riyadi street, Jenderal Sudirman street and Urip Sumohardjo street at Surakarta City. Results: This research has built a Tree Inventory Application, named SIPPOHON. Through SIPPOHON trees can be inventoried by the name, type and characteristics. Tree location is integrated in a global positioning system (GPS); The Polyalthia longifolia, Mangifera kemanga, Diospyros blancoi have a strong endurance tree; Pterocarpus indicus, Erythrvna, Manilkara kauki, Langerstroemia and Casuarina tend to be damaged or unhealth; Some forms of tree damage are caused by: hole and trunks hollow; mechanical damage (scratches and cuts at the tree until the cortex); the brittle stems caused by pest attacks; swelling of the stem; the dead of partial canopy; trees tilted into the electricity grid; and roots appear to the surface of land. Applications: The result of the research are an SIPPOHON application to manage the green roadside, especially: Treatment of pest are needed to prevent the spread of disease and Routine maintenance and monitor the tree condition.

The rise big data for maintenance roadside greenery (Study the damage tree database in Surakarta, Central Java)

This research question is ‘how to build the database of trees roadside in Surakarta?’ The reasearch objectives are: (1) Identification of the trees characteristics (type and size); (2) Identification level of the healthy trees, and (3) Trees location. This research used categorized methods by healthy of tree, that is: healthy, little damage, moderate damage and heavy damage. The research location at Jalan Slamet Riyadi, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman and Jalan Urip Sumohardjo at Surakarta City. There are several resuts can be drawn: (1) This research has build a Tree Inventory Application, named SIPPOHON. Through SIPPOHON trees can be inventoryed by the name, type and characteristics. Tree location is integrated in a global positioning system (GPS); (2) The Polyalthia longifolia, Mangifera kemanga, Diospyros blancoi have a strong endurance tree; (3) Pterocarpus indicus, Erythrina, Manilkara kauki, langerstroemia and Casuarina tend to be damaged or unhealthy; (4) Some forms of tree damage are caused by: hollow and hollow trunks; mechanical damage (scratches and cuts that hurt the tree to the cortex); pest attacks that cause the stems to become brittle; swelling of the stem; the partial canopy is dead; trees tilted into the electricity grid; and roots come to the surface. The result of the research are applicaton to manage the green roadside, expecialy: (1) Treatment of pest are needed to prevent the spread of disease; (2) Routine maintenance and monitor the tree condition.

Ethnobotanical Study of Plant in Historical-Religious Tourism Area and the Sacred Place at Sumenep, Madura

An ethnobotanical study in the Sumenep regency of Madura island has been carried out by observing nine locations, including the historical-religious tourism area and sacred places. This article described plant diversity, use value associated with local knowledge, and socio-cultural value associated with local wisdom. Totally 35 respondents were interviewed consist of primary respondents from each research area and typical respondents. Totally 31 plant species were found in study sites, covering cultivated and socio-cultural plants. Plant diversity was related to role of the location where they took place. Sumenep Palace, the main tourism area located in the center of town, reached the highest diversity of two socio-cultural and 18 cultivated plants as its domestication efforts to attract visitors. Ficus benjamina had the highest socio-cultural values as a usual dwelling for spirits and used to place some offerings, accelerate fortune and specific occasions. The local wisdom of Sumenep people directly related to how these plants can provide benefits, such as Manilkara kauki and Morinda citrifolia which were valuable as socio-cultural plants and fruit trees at once. Ficus benjamina which were valuable as socio-cultural plants related to local wisdom indirectly.

The Effect of Gibberellin Extracted from Eichhornia crassipes Root on the Viability and Duration of Hard Seed Germination

The germination process is influenced by external and internal factors including the type of seed. Hard seeds require special treatment in stimulating the germination process such as scarification and stratification (for example applying exogenous hormones to seeds during the germination process). This study aimed to describe the effect of exogenous gibberellin hormone extracted from Eichhornia crassipes root on the viability and duration of germination of three different hard seeds. This study used RBD (Randomized Block Design) with two treatment factors, namely root extract concentration from Eichhornia crassipes (0 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, and 500 ppm) and hard seed types (sapodilla seeds =Annona muricata, soursop seeds =Manilkara kauki, and longan seeds = Dimocarpus longan) with three replications. The observed parameters for seed viability were germination percentage and vigour index, while duration of germination parameters was germination index. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan Test. The results showed that there was a significant effect of the root-extracted gibberellin concentrations and types of seeds on viability and duration of germination seeds. The optimal concentration of root-extracted from Eichhornia crassipes was 500 ppm, with the highest germination percentage, vigour index, and germination index were 80.55%, 387.33%, and 0.254%/etmal respectively. The longan seeds revealed the best viability and shortest duration of germination due to applying the exogenous gibberellin hormone extracted from Eichhornia crassipes root. The findings revealed that there was a positive synergism between exogenous and endogenous gibberellin on the effect of germination process in three different hard seeds tested.

THE LICHENS DIVERSITY IN TRIANGULATION OF ALAS PURWO NATIONAL PARK, EAST JAVA

<p>The lichen flora of tropical areas is still much underworked Java in general and Alas Purwo in East Java for specially is no exception. Alas Purwo National Park is representative of a typical lowland tropical rain forest ecosystem in Java. . It is famous with peculiar and endemic species of plant include sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki) and manggong bamboo (Gigantochloa manggong). , beside among the other plants also ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), kepuh (Sterculia foetida), and keben (Barringtonia asiatica). Moreover, in lowland tropical rain forest ecosystem have reported the lichens species diversity is very high and may include over 200 species in 1 ha. There is no reported have found concerning the lichens richness in Alas Purwo. Recently preliminary study of Lichens diversity have been done at triangulation Zone Alas Purwo National Park , East Java. The lichens of the study area have not been treated comprehensively. We explored the lichenological characteristics of putative”tropical lowland cloud forest” (LCF) in a lowland area (0–20ma.s.l.) near Triangulation using macrolichens (cortocoulous species) as indicator taxa We analyzed lichen diversity on 20 trees in two 0,25 ha plots. In tropical lowland forests, corticolous green algal lichens are abundant and highly diverse. This may be related to adaptation to prevailing microenvironmental conditions including, for example, high precipitation and low light intensities. In the understory of a tropical lowland rain forest in Alas Purwo , we studied the morphology and anatomy of corticolous lichens and microcristal test. We found that from Tetrasigma sp , Serbella otodans, Hemandia feltata Baringtonia aciatika Pandanaceae Manilcara cauci Swetinia mahagoni trees there are 30 species of lichens, dominated by Dyorigma sp Graphis and Glyphis from familia of Graphidaceae and Dirinaria Physcia Pyxine Ramalina from familia of Parmeliaceae. The thallus calour was variety from Green-grey, Green-bllue, green, light green, grey, brown, dark green to orange. They have vegetative as wel as generative reproduction such as isidia, soralia, soredia, chypellae, histerothecia, perithecia,and apothecia. The lichenic acids contain such as gyrophoric acid, barbatic acid, usnic acid, atranorin, acid, divaricatic acid and lecanoric acid, </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Alas Purwo, lichens and lichenic acid.</p>

Supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) micronization of Manilkara kauki bioactive fraction (DLBS2347)

Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in particle modification showed promising results due to less toxic solvent used and its relatively easy alteration on particle characteristic. Unfortunately, the use of this technology in herbal drugs or extracts is still limited. This research studied a new approach of herbal drugs processing technology. The micronization of Manilkara kauki L. Dubard's leaf extract (DLBS2347) using supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) was conducted with carbon dioxide as anti-solvent. Experiment results showed that type of solvents, pressure, temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) mol fraction influenced its morphology and active compound concentration. Polar solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol and ethanol produced sticky particle due to hygroscopic nature of simple carbohydrate that present in the product. Acetone precipitation of DLBS2347 has the highest active compound concentration. Lower pressure, temperature and CO2 mol fraction resulted small particle size (<1μm) of DLBS2347. In addition, precipitation of active compound is mainly affected by pressure that correlated to extract impurities. Taken together, optimum condition for micronizing DLBS2347 using SAS with acetone solution was at 40°C, 15MPa and 0.95mol fraction CO2.

Penentuan Metode Pengujian Kadar air dan Percambahan Banih sawo Kecik

Standard method in physical and physiological quality testing is very imprortant to support a controlling system of distributed seed quality by certification that will provide a guarantee to prosedure; distributor, and user. Five seed lot of sawo kecil (Manilkara kauki) from Mokmer (Bali), Benoa (Bali), Lombar (Lombok), Kaliurang (Yogyakarta) and Alas Purwo (Banyuwangi) were used to identify the best method for moisture content and germination testing. Completely randomized design was applied to determine the best method for moisture content testing. The treatments in selection of the appropriateMethod were oven method on the temperature 130 – 133 o C (1-,2-,3-, and 4 hours) and temperature 103 ± 2 0 C (16-,18-,20-,22-, and haours). The selection of germination method used completely randomized design with 3 factors of treatment, i.e. sowing media, pretreatment, and germination condition. The result showed that oven method at temperature 103 +_20C for 24 hours and at temperature 130-1330 C 4 hours provided the best result for seed moisture content testing. For seed germination testing, seeds sowed on the sand media with drying-wetting pretreatmen for 3 days on the germination box covered by transparent plastic provided the best germination capacity and speed toward 5 seed lots. The methods can be considered to be appied in the testing of moisture conten and germination of sawo kecik seeds.

Healing country and healing relationships

Healing country and healing relationships