Manifestations Of Infectious Diseases Research Articles

Unusual Presentation of PLA2G6-Related Neurodegeneration with Retinal Vasculitis.

Unusual Presentation of PLA2G6-Related Neurodegeneration with Retinal Vasculitis.

Nosological profile of infectious pig diseases in the Krasnodar region

The authors analyzed the main indicators of nosological profile and epizootic manifestations of infectious diseases of pigs in the Krasnodar territory for the period from 1990 to 2019. As a result of the analysis of pig diseases of infectious etiology, 24 nosological forms of diseases were established. During the study period, 3006 disadvantaged areas were registered in the province, where 472.6 thousand heads of pigs of various age and sex groups fell ill, of which 131.3 thousand fell ill. In the nosological structure of infectious diseases of pigs, bacterial, viral and chlamydial infections occupy a significant share: colibacteriosis-34.0 %, salmonellosis-20.3, pseudomonosis-9.9, streptococcosis-7.9, pasteurellosis-5.6, viral gastroenteritis-4.2, erysipelas-3.4, African swine fever-2.3, chlamydia-0.5 %. The largest number of points that were affected by infectious diseases of pigs was registered in 1999 - 354; of these, 4.8% were viral diseases: aujeski disease, viral gastroenteritis; 94.9 - for bacterial: streptococcosis, diplococcosis, colibacteriosis, edema, leptospirosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, erysipelas, pseudomonosis; 0.3 % - for chlamydia. The smallest number of points with problems related to infectious diseases of pigs was registered in 2013: in 1 point with problems related to African swine fever (ASF), 3 heads fell ill. The number of sick animals was the highest in 1994: 66.9 thousand animals fell ill in 80 disadvantaged areas, of which 23.4 thousand died. The greatest economic damage to pig farms was caused by ASF. This infection led to a reduction in the number ofpigs in the Krasnodar territory from 1200.0 to 300.0 thousand heads. In the period from 2008 to 2019, ASF was registered on the territory of the province in 33 out of 44 municipalities, in 79 disadvantaged localities, including 13 among the wild boar population. In total, 7.4 thousand heads of domestic pigs and 157 wild boars fell ill in the centers of ASF, 33 objects infected with the ASF virus were identified.

Principles of Interpretation of Laboratory Diagnosis and Infection Treatment at the Present Stage

Due to the variability in the etiology and clinical manifestation of infectious diseases, immunological analysis techniques play an increasingly important role in their diagnosis. These can be subdivided into nonspecific techniques, which reveal general changes indirectly associated with the pathology, and specific techniques, which reveal the precise immune mechanism of the pathology. Some modern principles of disease treatment are discussed as well.

The Current Aspects of Using Chemically Synthesized Compounds of Silver Nanoparticles in Animal Husbandry and Agrochemistry

The areas of silver nanoparticle (NPs) application in agriculture are considered in the present paper. Publications dedicated to the use of silver NP compounds as feed components and drugs for farm animals are reviewed. The main directions of nanosilver introduction into the practice of cultivated plant protection and growing are considered. The authors present the major results of their own studies in this area. Argovit with silver NPs and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the main components reduced the antibiotic resistance and the adhesive and anti-lysozyme activities of pathogens from the genera Enterococcus, Salmonella, and Escherichia, which determine the emergence, development, and manifestations of infectious diseases in animals. Silver nanocomposites (NCs) that consist of silver NPs embedded in matrices of a natural polysaccharide (arabinogalactan) or humic substances were shown to have an antibacterial effect on bacteria that cause potato ring rot. Moreover, the NCs had a stimulatory effect on potato plants in vitro. The presented data confirm the high potential of wide use of silver NPs in agriculture.

Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Emergency care of the sick child can be daunting. Manifestations of infectious diseases in the pediatric population are multifaceted, which can make the exact diagnosis difficult. Pediatric emergency nurses must immediately recognize the possible infectious disease causing the child’s symptoms to prevent a potential lethal outcome. If an infectious disease is suspected, the nurse should immediately initiate isolation precautions. If indicated, interventions to maintain adequate airway, breathing, oxygenation, circulation, and hydration of the sick child should be initiated. The nurse should stabilize the child first and then identify the diagnosis and provide definitive care (Table). TableCommon signs and symptoms and possible differential diagnoses 1 Emergency Nurse Association Emergency Nursing Pediatric Course Provider Manual. 4th ed. Emergency Nurse Association, Des Plaines, IL2014 Google Scholar , 2 London ML Ladewig PW Ball JW Bindler RC Cowen KJ Maternal & Child Nursing Care. 3rd ed. Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ2011 Google Scholar Sign or symptom Possible differential diagnoses Fever Bacterial meningitis, malaria, otitis media, septic arthritis, sinusitis, pneumonitis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, influenza, urinary tract infections, septicemia, Ebola, mumps, rabies, Lyme disease, herpes simplex viruses Rash Bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, chicken pox (varicella), coxsackievirus, diphtheria, erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), measles (rubeola), roseola, rubella (German measles), Rocky Mountain spotted fever, mononucleosis, community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, toxic shock syndrome, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, group A streptococcus, sexually transmitted diseases, herpes simplex virus Soft-tissue infections Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, abscess, scalded skin syndrome, cellulitis, group A streptococcus, tetanus Vomiting Respiratory infection/pneumonia in children, viral or bacterial gastrointestinal infections Vomiting and diarrhea Rotavirus, gastrointestinal bacterial infections, gastrointestinal viruses, salmonella, Ebola (rare in children), norovirus Diarrhea Viral infection, bacterial infection, parasitic infection, antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Clostridium difficile), gastroenteritis, Escherichia coli, calicivirus, adenovirus Bloody diarrhea Hemolytic uremic syndrome, rotavirus, E coli, shigella, campylobacter, salmonella, other enteropathogens Respiratory distress including rapid breathing Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, respiratory syncytial virus, upper respiratory infections, enterovirus D68, other enteroviruses, epiglottitis, rhinoviruses, tuberculosis Cough Croup, pneumonia, pneumococcal infections, flu, upper respiratory infections, pertussis (whooping cough) Malaise, body aches, fatigue Mononucleosis, flu, viral syndromes, septicemia, hepatitis, poliomyelitis It should be noted that symptoms overlap in many infectious diseases. A child with chronic infections should undergo a thorough evaluation by his or her pediatrician for undiagnosed underlying conditions such as cystic fibrosis, human immunodeficiency virus, genetic disorders, or malignant disorders. Open table in a new tab It should be noted that symptoms overlap in many infectious diseases. A child with chronic infections should undergo a thorough evaluation by his or her pediatrician for undiagnosed underlying conditions such as cystic fibrosis, human immunodeficiency virus, genetic disorders, or malignant disorders. Patricia A. Normandin, Member, Massachusetts ENA Beacon Chapter, is Emergency Department Staff Nurse, Tufts Medical Center and Northeastern University, Boston, MA; Adjunct Nursing Faculty, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; and Term Lecturer, Site Clinical Instructor, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.

Sex differences in infectious diseases-common but neglected.

Women and men are different-and this fundamental observation extends to their susceptibility and response to different diseases, including autoimmune and infectious diseases. Apart from cultural and behavioral differences between the sexes that play a prominent role in the exposure to pathogens, increasing data show that women and men also differ in their immune responses to infections. This applies to infections with viruses, bacteria, and parasites, including the pathogens most relevant for human health, causing malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS, hepatitis, and influenza. Only recently, the biological pathways responsible for these sex-based differences in the manifestations of infectious diseases have been started to be unveiled. These include immunological pathways affected by sex hormones, as well as consequences of differential expression of X-chromosome-encoded genes on immune responses to pathogens. Further research is required to gain a better understanding of the differences in immunity to infections between women and men in order to develop individualized treatment concepts in infectious diseases that take sex-specific host factors into account.

Application of thin‐layer chromatography/infrared matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization orthogonal time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry to structural analysis of bacteria‐binding glycosphingolipids selected by affinity detection

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) play key roles in the manifestation of infectious diseases as attachment sites for pathogens. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) overlay assay represents one of the most powerful approaches for the detection of GSL receptors of microorganisms. Here we report on the direct structural characterization of microbial GSL receptors by employment of the TLC overlay assay combined with infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IR-MALDI-o-TOF-MS). The procedure includes TLC separation of GSL mixtures, overlay of the chromatogram with GSL-specific bacteria, detection of bound microbes with primary antibodies against bacterial surface proteins and appropriate alkaline phosphatase labeled secondary antibodies, and in situ MS analysis of bacteria-specific GSL receptors. The combined method works on microgram scale of GSL mixtures and is advantageous in that it omits laborious and time-consuming GSL extraction from the silica gel layer. This technique was successfully applied to the compositional analysis of globo-series neutral GSLs recognized by P-fimbriated Escherichia coli bacteria, which were used as model microorganisms for infection of the human urinary tract. Thus, direct TLC/IR-MALDI-o-TOF-MS adds a novel facet to this fast and sensitive method offering a wide range of applications for the investigation of carbohydrate-specific pathogens involved in human infectious diseases.

Overlapping clinical features of lupus and leptospirosis

Systemic manifestations of infectious disease may be confused with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), leading to potential patient morbidity and mortality. We report the case of a patient with severe renal failure and liver involvement who was initially diagnosed and treated for leptospirosis infection. It was later determined that his organ involvement was related to active SLE. We review the clinical and laboratory features common to both SLE and leptospirosis infection to highlight not only the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for infectious organisms in a patient with a suspect travel history but also the recognition of atypical features of a systemic autoimmune disease.

Sinnvolle Mikrobiologische Diagnostik

In the industrialized world the threat of infectious diseases is mainly due to nosocomial infections and multi-resistant agents. In this context, microbiological evaluations have not only a benefit for the individual patient, but also allow to evaluate the local epidemiologic situation. However, quality and benefits are often compromised by incorrect specimen collection. This review attempts to summarize diagnostic procedures, collection and transport of appropriate specimens and relevant causative agents for prominent clinical manifestations of infectious diseases.

Oculo-renal Disorders in Infectious Diseases

The aim of this article is to review the potential ocular and renal disorders in infectious diseases to which humans are susceptible and to determine prevalence of these diseases. Published cases of oculo-renal disorders associated with various infectious diseases were collected from the international literature by searching the MEDLINE database (PUBMED 1970-2004) for original reports and review articles published in English. Citations from papers retrieved were screened and retrieved papers were evaluated. Based on the screened data, we propose a practical, structure-oriented checklist of such lesions divided into bacterial, viral, parasital, and fugal infections. The oculorenal manifestations of infectious diseases may be flagrant or subtle. Awareness of the signs and symptoms of infections allows early recognition and prompt, appropriate management. The clinical presentation and relative frequency of those manifestations are reviewed.

Prokaryotic chromosomes and disease.

Recent insights into bacterial genome organization and function have improved our understanding of the nature of pathogenic bacteria and their ability to cause disease. It is becoming increasingly clear that the bacterial chromosome constantly undergoes structural changes due to gene acquisition and loss, recombination, and mutational events that have an impact on the pathogenic potential of the bacterium. Even though the bacterial genome includes additional genetic elements, the chromosome represents the most important entity in this context. Here, we will show that various processes of genomic instability have an influence on the many manifestations of infectious disease.

REDUCTION OF EGG SIZE IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF THREESPINE STICKLEBACK INFECTED WITH A CESTODE MACROPARASITE

Manifestations of infectious disease may represent host adaptations to avoid or reduce the effects of infection on host fitness, parasite manipulations that benefit the pathogen's fitness, or nonadaptive side effects of parasitism. Threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from Alaska and the cestode macroparasite Schistocephalus solidus provide an excellent system for study of the effects of parasitism on host egg size because females in populations there are capable of producing clutches of eggs in the face of substantial infection, contrary to the inhibition of reproduction that has been observed in other stickleback populations or other species of fish. A side effect resulting in reduction of mean ovummass among infected females was predicted based on the egg production process in female stickleback, the considerable energy and resource demands of S. solidus, and the chronic and progressive nature of the effects the macroparasite should have on the host fish. In each of 9 populations of G. aculeatus representing replicate natural experiments in lakes scattered across the Matanuska-Susitna Valley and the Kenai Peninsula of south-central Alaska and among all populations combined, the mean ovum mass of infected female fish is significantly reduced in comparison with that of uninfected females taken from the same population at the same time. Reduction in mean female egg mass ranged from 8 to 32% across all populations. To examine whether reduction in mean female ovum mass was a nonadaptive side effect or an adaptation, relatively large data sets from 2 of the populations were used. Mean ovum mass of infected females was predicted to decrease directly in relation to parasite index (PI) if the diminution in mean egg mass were the result of a nonadaptive side effect resulting from host nutrient loss. Alternatively, the absence of a relationship between PI and reduction in ovum mass is predicted if decreases in mean female ovum mass result from host or parasite adaptation (or both) because lightly infected hosts should show a response similar to that of heavily infected ones. In each of the 2 populations, there is a significant, negative relationship between mean female ovum mass and PI, demonstrating a correlation between the decrease in ovum mass and the level of infection. Thus, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the reductions in mean female egg mass represent side effects of parasitism involving nutrient theft. Moreover, the proportional decline in egg mass with increasing PI apparently differed between the 2 populations, and there was no significant relationship between mean percent decrease in mean female ovum mass and mean PI across populations. These observations suggest that unknown ecological and evolutionary factors influence the degree of reduction in mean ovum mass in a population-specific manner.

Back to basics: host responses to infection.

1. Armond S. Goldman, MD* 1. 2. *Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology/Allergy/Rheumatology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. Dr. Goldman is the recipient of several small grants from Wyeth Nutritional International for research concerning bioactive factors in human milk. An understanding of host responses to infections is important to pediatricians for five major reasons: 1) The manifestations of infectious diseases are due not only to microbial pathogens but also to their interactions with the immune system of the host. 2) Both the type of immune response and the infecting agent dictates whether the disease will be acute or protracted. 3) Because the immune responses of the child are age-related, manifestations and outcomes of certain infections depend on the child’s developmental status. 4) The immune state of the infant is modified by maternal factors transferred during fetal life via the placenta and during infancy via the mammary gland. Therefore, resistance to infection is decreased if the duration or degree of placental transfer is decreased or if infants are not breastfed. These factors can be modified to some extent by pediatricians and their colleagues. 5) Because resistance to many common infections can be induced by immunizations, it is important for pediatricians to understand the immunologic strategies used to develop immunizing agents. In childhood, the external environment initially is encountered by the skin, the respiratory tract, and the alimentary tract. The skin defines the external limits of the organism, aids in temperature regulation, and is a site of insensible water loss. The respiratory tract regulates respiratory gas exchange and insensible water loss. The alimentary tract is responsible for ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients; some insensible water loss; and excretion of waste products. Each of these vital systems is exposed to environmental pathogens. Innate and specific adaptive defenses have evolved to protect these vital structures and systemic sites that may become invaded if first lines of defense at the skin or mucosa fail (Table 1⇓ and Fig. 1⇓ ). View this table: Table 1. Major Features of Innate and Specific Adaptive Immunity ### INNATE DEFENSES Innate defenses are …

Back to Basics: Host Responses to Infection

Back to Basics: Host Responses to Infection

Imaging and Radiologic Management of Upper Urinary Tract Infections

There are many manifestations of infectious disease within the upper urinary tract—from acute to chronic, from those requiring no radiologic imaging to those requiring the expertise of an interventional radiologist, from those treated medically to those processes where surgical intervention is necessary. This overview of upper urinary tract infections (UTI) emphasizes imaging and radiologic intervention in a variety of complex and uncommon processes.

Rheumatic manifestations of infectious diseases in children.

Infections associated with rheumatic diseases in children remain an important area of pediatric rheumatology. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis are essential. Rheumatic fever is a significant public health problem particularly in the developing world. A variety of nonbacterial infections are also associated with rheumatic diseases in children. There is also the unfortunate possibility of children developing AIDS-associated rheumatic diseases.

Infectious arthropathies and other rheumatologic manifestations of infectious diseases.

Infectious agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many rheumatologic diseases. In most of these diseases, including those in which specific organisms are known to play a role, the details of pathogenesis remain incompletely defined. Recent studies have aimed to isolate bacterial and viral pathogens from patients with rheumatic diseases, efforts have been made to further define the host immune response to infection, and there have been attempts to develop improved methods of diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system. This review discusses recent studies on the association of infection with illnesses affecting the joints and musculoskeletal system, with an emphasis on the rheumatic diseases of childhood.

The Only Outlet

The presentation was the culmination of 2 years' work. Diarrheal disease remains the major threat to the life and health of children in the world, especially in developing countries such as this one There was no outlet for the overhead projector: the European-type plug with two round pins did not fit the African-type outlets with three square holes. We decided an x-ray viewing box would be adequate to illuminate my carefully prepared transparencies. . Parasitic intestinal infections cause a large proportion of these cases of diarrhea Only one electrical outlet worked and it was located in the ward itself, where the light box was already plugged in. My audience was small—only the staff physicians and nurses of ward 17, the pediatrie diarrhea ward. . Since the advent of this era of HIV infection, the distribution and manifestations of infectious diseases are changing. Certain pathogens are associated with the immunodeficiency state caused by HIV and increasing evidence of the importance of cell-mediated immunity in host defense against others

A piece of my mind. The only outlet

The presentation was the culmination of 2 years' work. "Diarrheal disease remains the major threat to the life and health of children in the world, especially in developing countries such as this one . . ." There was no outlet for the overhead projector: the European-type plug with two round pins did not fit the African-type outlets with three square holes. We decided an x-ray viewing box would be adequate to illuminate my carefully prepared transparencies. ". . . Parasitic intestinal infections cause a large proportion of these cases of diarrhea . . ." Only one electrical outlet worked and it was located in the ward itself, where the light box was already plugged in. My audience was small—only the staff physicians and nurses of ward 17, the pédiatrie diarrhea ward. ". . . Since the advent of this era of HIV infection, the distribution and manifestations of infectious diseases are changing. Certain pathogens are associated with the immunodeficiency state caused by HIV and increasing evidence of the importance of cell-mediated immunity in host defense against others . . ."

Musculoskeletal manifestations of infectious disease in children

Musculoskeletal manifestations of infectious disease in children