Manifestation Of Empathy Research Articles

Empathy and Autism: Establishing the Structure and Different Manifestations of Empathy in Autistic Individuals Using the Perth Empathy Scale.

There is a common mischaracterisation that autistic individuals have reduced or absent empathy. Measurement issues may have influenced existing findings on the relationships between autism and empathy, and the structure of the empathy construct in autism remains unclear. The present study sought to address these gaps by examining the structure and psychometric properties of the Perth Empathy Scale (PES) in autistic individuals (N = 239) compared to non-autistic individuals (N = 690). Our moderated non-linear factor analysis revealed that the multidimensional empathy construct manifested similarly in autistic and non-autistic individuals, with the PES displaying good validity and reliability. Moreover, the results revealed that autistic individuals reported reduced cognitive empathy and reduced affective empathy for positive and negative emotions. However, there was greater heterogeneity of empathic tendencies in the autistic sample, indicating that these mean differences may not be generalisable for all autistic individuals. The present study highlights that the PES is suitable for assessing empathy across autistic and non-autistic individuals. This work with the PES also provides greater nuance to our understanding of empathy and autism, and based on these findings, we propose the empathy heterogeneity hypothesis of autism as a new way of describing empathy in autism.

Official Correspondence: New Challenges of Nowadays and Application Requirements

The aim of the article is to find out the specifics of modern official correspondence in Ukraine through the prism of modern challenges, new requirements and standards. Research methods ground on the general scientific studying of the problem. In the course of processing the professional literature of this scientific article, the review and analytical method is applied, as well as with the help of comparative analysis, a congruous research of the syntactic content of phrases in English and Ukrainian business letters is conducted. The use of the induction method makes it possible to make necessary generalisations and conclusions. The scientific study is built on the principles of objectivity and integrity. The scientific novelty consists in determining the main communicative requirements, linguistic and structural peculiarities of modern official letters. Main conclusions. Under the influence of recent events in Ukraine, official correspondence has acquired new features due to the changes in conditions and forms of communication, in particular, it is characterised by manifestations of empathy, openness and frankness, taking into account the fact that it is not always possible to adhere to working hours by maximum clarity of the formulated tasks. At the same time, the existing standards, and the legislative and regulatory framework regarding the design of official letters are being improved. Communications are moving to a remote plane, and electronic documentation is gaining advantages. Along with Ukrainian, English is becoming more and more functional for use. A comparative analysis of the language content of business letter phrases written in these languages shows that the structure of official letters remains unchanged regardless of the country to which they are sent, which makes it possible to create a conventional template of a letter to English-speaking partners and use it. Such typification of texts is suitable for further usage, provides an opportunity to significantly save time for writing similar letters in future. However, the role and advantage of the Ukrainian language functioning within Ukraine remains indisputable.

COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF THE CAPABILITIES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT BODIES TO ESTABLISH TRUST RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE POPULATION OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES

The article reveals the component composition of the abilities of law enforcement agencies to establish trusting relationships with the population of various categories. It has been established that the growth and accumulation of negative trends in society ‒ inattention or complete ignoring of the needs of citizens, requests to internal affairs bodies, disappointment in democratic rights and freedoms, regardless of national, religious and status affiliation, which give rise to doubts about the honesty and objectivity of law enforcement officers , low effectiveness in solving crimes contributes to the growth of negative attitudes of citizens towards the police, citizens begin to perceive police officers in a rather negative emotional way. The need to increase the professional competence and personal qualities of law enforcement specialists, necessary for effective work and building trusting relations with citizens, has been proven. The content of the ability of law enforcement officers to establish trusting relationships as a positive resource for the accumulation of social capital, which reflects the experience of positive relations of law enforcement officers with people, including confidence in honesty and benevolence, communicating through certain principles, traditions, and the interconnection of the constituent parts of these relations based on the system of positive expectations and form the basis of partnership relations. The components of the ability of law enforcement agencies to establish trusting relationships with the population are determined ‒ cognitive-pedagogical (presupposes and requires a specialist to have knowledge of age-related pedagogy and psychology, peculiarities of adolescents, youth, peculiarities of the adult population and citizens of retirement age), communicative-reflexive (the ability to communicate is attributed to the general personality culture, since mastering the art of communication allows a person to solve professional tasks and professional problems), empathic-trusting (characterized by the manifestation of empathy in law enforcement officers), organizational-partnership (effectiveness of trusting relationships) and level indicators of the formed ability ‒ high, medium and low.

Эмпатия как предиктор профессиональной успешности врача

The professional competence of the dentist requires the presence and development of appropriate communication skills and the ability to create a warm psycho-emotional contact with the patient. Research by renowned academic psychologists, scientific work in the field of medicine, and finally life experience prove that a trusting doctor-patient relationship has a positive impact both on the treatment process and on the immediate results of the treatment. Patients who experience a state of psychological comfort with their doctor are much more comfortable with dental procedures for which they are already a priori nervous. Subconscious tension and fear of procedures makes the patient consciously or unconsciously resist the actions of the doctor, which creates discomfort for both the patient and the doctor, which in turn can have a negative impact on the quality of treatment.
 The purpose and objectives of the presented article were to study the concept of "empathy" on the basis of developed scientific research, to analyze domestic and foreign literature on the topic under study, to conduct an experiment on the method of identifying the level of empathy by V. V. Boyko among dentists working in the state dental clinics and private clinics of the city of Moscow. Materials and methods: To determine the effectiveness of using empathy in communication between dentists and patients, testing, questionnaires, interviews, observation and an experiment were conducted among 10 dental clinics. The test was based on the analysis of the level of empathy according to the methodology of V. V. Boyko.
 The results obtained showed that the indicative level of empathy in the studied group of dentists corresponds to the average, which can be explained by the complexity of doctors' work. Medical workers receive various psychological traumas in the course of their activity, and involuntarily witness negative situations. In order to distance themselves as much as possible from this and avoid emotional exhaustion, they need to pay attention to their own feelings and emotions and avoid becoming overly involved in the problem. Therefore, when interviewed, many dentists emphasized moderate empathy, considering it to be the most appropriate due to the intensity of the field of work. Moreover, it was revealed that the manifestation of empathy in medical workers has its own peculiarities, and the level of emergence of empathy channels according to the method of V.V. Boyko's method varies, which is connected with professional differentiation.

Possibilities of Forming Empathic Reactions in Children with ASD

The purpose of this work was to analyze the possibilities of formation and manifestation of empathy in people with ASD. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), the deficit of socio-emotional reciprocity, which includes a reduced exchange of interests, emotions and affection, is defined as one of the diagnostic criteria of ASD.The analysis of papers covering this topic has shown that a decrease in empathic manifestations in people with ASD may be associated with unexplored relationships between the affective stimuli and corresponding empathic reactions. To correct this mismatch, a training program aimed at the formation of appropriate vocal and motor reactions in response to affectively charged situations presented was developed. Diagnostics of the initial level of empathic response showed that the main deficiency behind the lack or weak development of empathy is the inability to correlate the context of the situation and the relevance of a certain reaction (even if this reaction is present in the behavioral repertoire).The implementation of our program showed that 7–8-year-old children with autism can learn to demonstrate socially significant empathic response skills in pre-game conditions, and that these skills can extend to situations and toys not intended for learning, as well as situations in natural conditions. It is connected with the possibility of correlating the context and the relevance of a certain reaction. In other words, we can conclude that empathic response is available for children with ASD.At the same time, we came to a conclusion that people with ASD are characterized by an inconsistency in manifestation of affective reactions, including empathic ones, which predetermines difficulties in other people’s perceiving of such manifestations. Consistency in the manifestation of empathic response implies the contextual unity of eye contact, facial expressions, intonation accompaniment, and vocal and motor manifestations. As the results of this study show, we can help children and adults with ASD to show contextual components of the empathic response. The integration of empathic manifestations into a coordinated affective response was not observed in this study. To what extent such integration is fundamentally achievable and what are the ways and prospects for the formation of a coordinated empathic response is a question for future research.

Empathy Competencies and Behaviors in Professional Communication Interactions: Self Versus Client Assessments

Empathy is an important competence for communication professionals. This article investigates two aspects of empathy in an educational setting: the validity of self versus other assessments and the manifestation of empathy in communicative behaviors. Communication students were given a mediating role in discussions with two clients and their empathy was measured using self-ratings and client assessments. Videos of highest- and lowest-rated students were analyzed to identify empathy-related behaviors. No correlation was found between self-rated empathy and clients’ assessments. Several verbal and nonverbal behaviors corresponded to empathy: body language, an other-orientation in asking questions, paraphrasing, and a solution orientation.

Communication as a Factor of Interpersonal Interaction and Manifestation of Empathy

This paper reveals a way to communicate at the level of empathy, which is the leading activity in the interaction of people. Communication gives a person the necessary information for the perception and understanding of another person. Communication is the bridge for building interpersonal relationships. If there is no communication in the world, it will be an unimaginable world. Communication skills allow us to live openly, share humanely, put people first, and fully enjoy freedom, harmony, and equality in interpersonal interactions. It is easy to imagine how closed, boring it would be if there were no communication between people. The modern world is a world of communication, through communication we can expand the network of personal relationships and develop a support system in interpersonal relationships, make communication useful, simple and enjoyable, make the interlocutor feel your respect and understanding, quickly inspire others to your understanding, allow others to voluntarily bring more help and develop mutually beneficial cooperation relationship; in addition, it can avoid unnecessary disputes between people, do not hurt the feelings of both parties, reduce the pressure caused by misunderstanding, and overcome anger and fear, shyness and other harmful emotions, and promote physical health. Communication is like a ray of sunshine in the dark, making everything alive and dynamic.

Listening in Sophocles: The Sounds of Empathic Dialogue

This article explores how listening sounds in Sophoclean tragedy. Engaging with insights from the work of psychotherapists and philosophers of sound and voice, I offer an understanding of listening as an active form of vocalization—a manifestation of empathy. By focusing on metric structures and other poetic effects making up the vocal soundscape of Sophocles, I explore how such listening is sonically performed between characters as they engage in sung dialogue, and how such dialogues may offer a possibility of healing during or after extreme suffering. Musical passages in particular bring together the protagonist and the chorus, a collective body of listener-witnesses, in moments of great distress and heightened emotionality. Three sung dialogues are examined in detail: one from Oedipus Tyrannus and two from Oedipus at Colonus. The exchange between the chorus and Oedipus the King immediately following his act of self-blinding already suggests the possibility of mitigating and making sense of suffering through empathic resonance. The first dialogue at Colonus exemplifies the chorus's refusal to empathically listen to Oedipus, an interaction that magnifies his traumatic experience; the second demonstrates the subsequent development of choral listening and the radical therapeutic potential of a reciprocally empathic vocal exchange.

Factors impacting the experience of empathic distress in social anxiety: a path analysis approach

ABSTRACT Personal distress is a manifestation of empathy characterized by a tendency to respond to others’ difficulties by increasing one’s distress. Previous work on socially anxious individuals has shown mixed results, consistent with a model of social anxiety symptomatology characterized by increased personal distress in empathy eliciting situations, which is driven by emotional dysregulation. The current study aimed to test a serial mediation model to uncover the role of emotional dysregulation in the relationship between social anxiety and empathic distress. 330 young adults were included in the sample. Social anxiety symptomatology, difficulty identifying one’s feelings, expressive suppression, and empathic distress were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling. Measurement and structural models were supported by data, with social anxiety exhibiting direct and indirect effects on empathic distress. Results also suggest that expressive suppression exhibits a negative effect on the distress exhibited in empathy eliciting situations, which brings forth relevant theoretical and clinical implications.

Conceptualization of the forgiveness phenomenon in the interdisciplinary discourse

The aim of the study is to conceptualize forgiveness as a socio-psychological phenomenon, to identify the criteria for forgiveness by analyzing, systematizing, and generalizing the scientific views of local and foreign scientists on this phenomenon. The empirical study used the Forgiveness Scale as Character Traits questionnaire by J. W. Berry, et. al; «Diagnosis of depression and anxiety» method by L. R. Derogatis, «Diagnosis of the level of empathic abilities» method by V. V. Boyko, research on social intelligence method by J. Guilford in the adaptation of O. S. Mikhailova. It is concluded that the forgiveness phenomenon is a multidimensional and multilevel phenomenon that has a multicomponent structure and includes cognitive, affective, conative, and motivational components. The criteria for forgiveness are as follows: 1) overcoming the negative emotions and judgments about the offender, that is the refusal of the offended person from anger and resentment, hatred, indignation, sadness; 2) replacement of negative feelings towards the offender with more neutral, and, finally, positive, particularly, tolerance, manifestations of empathy in the form of compassion, empathy, mercy (the benevolence towards the offender is a positive dimension of forgiveness); 3) refusal of vengeful behavior towards the offender; 4) overcoming the motivation to avoid the offender. Forgiveness can perform different functions, can have different conditions of its development, different types, different modalities, levels of awareness, different subject meanings, different impacts on the person. Thus, unforgiveness is a more complex construct than just the opposite of forgiveness. E.g., crimes against humanity are unforgivable. The ability to forgive is determined by the development of a number of social cognition mechanisms (social and emotional intelligence, empathy for the offender). Forgiveness is associated with reflexive mentality, conscious reworking, and restructuring of one’s attitude toward the offender and the situation of resentment. The prospect of further research is seen in the identification of different socio-psychological factors of forgiveness depending on its subject content, level of awareness, types, and different modalities

The Study of Educational Programmes as a Way of Effectiveness of Moral Education of Preschool Children

Moral education of preschool children is a focused process of their initiation of moral values of mankind (humanism, kindness, humanity, justice, mercy and altruism) and stimulation of manifestations of empathy, sympathy and support in people’ world. Moral education is of great importance in the modern, very dynamic and constantly changing world. There is an urgent necessity to understand that human community is a family, where everyone is a part of the universal whole. It is necessary to avoid conflicts and wars in unity and live in peace. To overcome disputes and solve common problems at the negotiating table rather than by means of armed conflicts. To provide political, economic and social development of society constructively. To overcome any obstacles for free, democratic communication and human interaction. Moral education of preschoolers is based on specially developed content presented in educational programmes. The development and improvement of programmes is carried out throughout the entire period of development of national preschool education. Every document of the programme is created at a certain historical stage of development of society, reflecting its political, economic and social status as well as the level of development of the theory and practice of preschool education. At the present stage of the development of national preschool education, there is a need to study the history of development of the content of moral education of preschool children in national and foreign (Russian) educational programmes, which has not been studied specifically before. This has become the goal of our study and helped to set the objectives and content of moral education of preschoolers for the new edition of the program “Child” (2016)

Emotional intelligence of juvenile convicts in the manifestations of empathy, emotional creativity and emotional self-awareness

Emotional intelligence of juvenile convicts in the manifestations of empathy, emotional creativity and emotional self-awareness

ЕMPATHY IN TIMES OF CRISIS

This paper presents the specifics of empathy as a quality. People who show empathy can empathize with others, adapt to their colleagues, respond in a timely manner to the problems of loved ones and show sensitivity. This is possible as a result of mirror neurons, the connection between empathy and emotions, as well as reading body language. Empathy is related to emotions, but that doesn’t mean taking on the emotional life and opinions of others. In specialized literature, the most commonly used synonyms of the term ‘empathy’ are: compassion, sympathy, sensitivity, understanding, attention, tenderness. The purpose of the author is to study the quality of empathy as a key factor not only for professional career and personal success, but also its application in times of crisis. To achieve the formulated goal the following research methods are used: comparison, analysis, interpretation, summary of expert evaluations. The author’s hypothesis is that the manifestation of empathy helps people to cope with problems even in times of crisis. The results of the study are presented in tabular form. In conclusion recommendations are provided for the use of empathy and the skills of empathetic people, which help to overcome problems even in times of crisis.

Obciążenie pracą i przejawiana empatia a objawy wtórnego stresu traumatycznego u profesjonalistek pracujących z osobami po doświadczeniach przemocy

Introduction: Professionals working with trauma victims are exposed to secondary traumatic stress (STS). Factors determining its occurrence include various aspects of work, especially occupational load, as well as individual properties of helpers, including empathy. The aim of the study was to establish a relationship between workload, manifestation of empathy and symptoms of STS in professionals who, as part of their work, help people who have experienced trauma related to violence. Material and methods: The results of 154 women representing three professional groups (therapists, social workers and probation officers) aged 26–67 (M = 43.98, SD = 10.83) were analyzed. The study used a survey developed for the purpose of the study, containing questions about workload indicators and two standard measurement tools, i.e. a modified Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and the Empathic Sensitiveness Scale, measuring three aspects of empathy, i.e. empathic concern, personal distress and perspective taking. Results: High severity of STS symptoms, meaning a high probability of diagnosis of secondary posttraumatic stress disorder was recorded in 14.3% of respondents. This risk was higher for social workers (26.7%) than for probation officers (14.5%) and therapists (8.7%). Positive correlations of STS with workload and all three aspects of empathy were revealed. Regression analysis showed that the main predictor of STS is personal stress, i.e. a tendency to experience anxiety and discomfort in response to strong negative experiences (suffering) of other people. Conclusions: There is a need to cover preventive actions for professionals working with victims of trauma, especially social workers.

A critical review of interdisciplinary perspectives on the paradox of prosocial compared to antisocial manifestations of empathy

Empathy is the ability to experience affective and cognitive states of another person, whilst maintaining a distinct self, in order to understand the other. It is a multidimensional phenomenon, ranging from vicarious distress to near complete understanding, with many shades in between. As an almost universal and integral human construct, empathy has been considered in many disciplines and contexts, from evolution to gender, politics, economics, ethics, human rights and neuroscience. Each of these disciplines offers a range of definitions of empathy, and provides unique insights into the role of empathy in achieving different types of social outcomes, including those with both prosocial and antisocial intentions. The conceptualization generated from interdisciplinary perspectives is important because it allows us to identify commonalities that could be mobilized synergistically to achieve greater social benefit through prosocial empathy. This review discusses the benevolent and malevolent manifestations of empathy from the perspective of social, legal and psychological sciences in order to lay the foundation for a theoretical discussion on the potential of harnessing prosocial empathy to advance equality and non-discrimination.

FEATURES OF EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN CHILDREN IN THE ASPECT OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP FORMATION

The topicality of the research lies in the fact that negative changes in modern children’ development are more common nowadays.The aim of the article is to analyse peculiarities of the child’s emotional development in senior preschool age. The following key features of the preschooler’s emotional sphere were singled out in scientific literature: the ability to realize emotional states of others around him, the ability to empathize. During diagnostics, the formation of the following indicators was checked: awareness of emotional states of others and the ability to empathize. The following methods were used: «Study of understanding the emotional states of people», «Study of children’s awareness of moral norms» (G.Uruntayeva, Y.Afonkina), «The nature of empathic reactions’ manifestations in behaviour» (A. Shchetinina), «Unfinished stories» (T. Gavrilova). The analysis of the methods showed that 70.5% of older preschoolers demonstrate zero and elementary levels of awareness of the emotional states of others. This is manifested in the fact that preschoolers partially understand the emotional states of others, allow inaccuracies when asked to determine them. As a rule, children cannot identify mimics which helped them to identify emotions. In most cases, preschoolers mention situations or possible causes of the emotional states being assessed. Zero and elementary levels of empathy were demonstrated by 56.3% of preschoolers. Children show occasional interest in the emotional behavior of their peers, sometimes «get infected» by their emotional state. Manifestations of empathy are isolated and often depend on the presence of an adult. As a rule, preschoolers understand the situation only from their point of view, thus there is no peer orientation.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЕМПАТІЇ НА РІЗНИХ ЕТАПАХ ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ПРАКТИЧНИХ ПСИХОЛОГІВ СИСТЕМИ ОСВІТИ

Дослідження емпатії практичних психологів та її трансформацій на різних стадіях професійного становлення є важливим для попередження емоційного вигорання фахівців, збереження їхнього психологічного здоров’я. Метою статті стало вивчення особливостей емпатії у практичних психологів системи освіти на різних етапах професіогенезу. Для емпіричного вивчення показників емпатії було використано «Тест на визначення емпатії» Л. Журавльової, для з’ясування особливостей суб’єктивного переживання різних етапів професійного розвитку досліджуваних – методику «Професійний шлях» Г.Пирог. Результати дослідження засвідчили, що для практичних психологів системи освіти найбільш характерними є середній і високий рівні емпатійності. Серед форм емпатії домінують активні емпатійні ставлення, пов’язані з емоційною і дієвою підтримкою людини. Прояви емпатії пов’язані з віком – чим старшим є психолог, тим вища його загальна емпатійність, хоча при цьому він менше переживає з приводу почуттів іншого. Зв’язок емпатії зі стажем виявлено лише в групі «молодих фахівців»: на початку професійної діяльності відбуваються досить інтенсивні зміни в проявах емпатії у напрямку зменшення її загального прояву і збільшення антиемпатії. Це пояснюється особливостями професійного становлення, а саме: змінами в емоційних оцінках професійно значущих подій, їх підсумках, характері труднощів, що призводить до усвідомлення власних проблем і зниження емпатійності. Після періоду професійної адаптації ставлення психологів системи освіти до власної професії починає мати менш емоційний і більш «інструментальний» характер. Вищий рівень емпатійності виявляється у тих досвідчених психологів, які в професійній діяльності орієнтуються на інших людей і мають високу емоційність. Подальші дослідження плануються у напрямі вивчення зв’язку емпатії практичних психологів з локусом контролю, а також розробці програми розвитку оптимальних емпатійних ставлень для попередження емоційного вигорання.

Социокультурные последствия трансформаций современного образования в Российской Федерации

The study analyses the specific character of the in-ternal content of Russian education system trans-formations at the present stage of society develop-ment. Particular attention is given to the research of changes in the structure and content of the educa-tion system. It is noted that the changes affect all levels of the system and the complex of interrela-tionships between these levels to assist the recon-struction of the entire system. On this basis, it is concluded that the system of modern Russian edu-cation acquires different from traditional Russian and Western models of education features of a new quality. Identification of positive and negative dy-namics of transformation processes in education allows to determine the trends in the development of sociocultural sphere of life in Russian society and to reveal the sociocultural consequences of changes in education. The negative consequences of the education system transformations include strength-ening of migration processes in the country (the outflow of population from regions), declining in the quality of education and life of the Russian Federa-tion population, spreading of clip-based thinking, deformation of the educational process, intensifica-tion of deviations. As for the positive consequences, they are the growth of political and legal awareness of young people, the development and activation of self-administration units in the youth environment, the manifestation of empathy and mutual assis-tance.

Theological and psychological understanding of the phenomenon empathy

In the present article, psychophysiological studies are given concerning the mirror neurons responsible for the manifestation of empathy; empirical research findings on the interdependence of empathy and aggression, empathy and religiosity are analyzed; a psychological and theological understanding of the phenomenon of ematia is carried out in Islamic and Christian discourse; empathy of deep religious world perception is analyzed.

The manifestation of empathy within design: findings from a service-learning course

The emergence of human-centred design strategies has directed attention to the role of empathy within design. While research on co-design acknowledges the potentially improved outcomes of using an empathic design approach, a comprehensive analysis on how empathy functions throughout the design process has been minimally explored in this literature. In this study, we analysed a series of design review videos depicting students’ design procedures within a service-learning course. These student designers were tasked to design a universally accessible zip-line and access ramp along with associated features. Our objective was to explore how empathy functioned throughout the development of the students’ final design solutions, which included a zip-line access point, ramp and cheering platform. To guide our depiction of these empathic design pathways, we relied on a set of pre-established empathic design techniques utilised by student designers. We provide a visual summary of student designers’ empathic design techniques, the interrelation of these techniques, along with implications for how design educators might effectively embed empathy throughout design curricula.