Mangrove Wood Research Articles

Valuasi Ekonomi Ekosistem Mangrove Di Pulau Jeflio, Distrik Mayamuk, Kabupaten Sorong

Mangrove forest ecosystem is one of the natural resources of coastal areas that has very large functions and benefits. Economic valuation aims to provide economic value to the resources used in accordance with the real value from the community's point of view. The research was conducted on Jeflio Island, Mayamuk District. Methods of data collection using questionnaires and interviews. results Based on the research, the value of mangrove wood is Rp. 38,779,706,924; fish value Rp. 85.800.000; shrimp value Rp. 3,600,000; crab value Rp. 2,912,000; option value Rp.19,558,711; existence value Rp. 9,672,377. The total economic value of mangroves on Jeflio Island is Rp. 38,898,340,924. The utilization of the mangrove ecosystem on Jeflio Island is quite large so that the participation of related parties is needed in the management of the mangrove ecosystem.

Synergy of Institutional Partnerships in Realizing Village SDGs Through Utilization of Mangrove Fruits for Coffee

The problem in Bukit Batu District is the destruction of mangrove forests due to the logging of mangrove wood to be used as firewood, cerocok wood and charcoal wood, resulting in coastal abrasion of about 5 meters per year, even some villages in Bukit Batu District have shifted their coastline by about 200 meters. inland from the initial location due to abrasion. This incident is certainly contrary to the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Moreover, currently there is a policy that is required by the ministry of villages, development of disadvantaged areas and transmigration to all villages in Indonesia through the use of village funds to realize the Village SDGs through one of the village typologies, namely villages that care about the marine environment. The purpose of this service is to realize the Village SDGs, the village government is experiencing difficulties due to limited resources and knowledge, it is necessary to have a synergistic institutional partnership between the village government, community, universities and companies to facilitate the achievement of the Village SDGs. The method used is a participatory method by inviting people to care about the marine environment. Furthermore, providing knowledge by introducing the use of non-timber mangroves such as mangrove fruit for coffee. The success of this activity is judged by the changes in community activities and routines to preserve the mangrove ecosystem. Increasing public awareness and knowledge that mangrove ecosystems can provide social, economic and environmental benefits in accordance with sustainable development goals.

Actor’s Social Actions and Their Dynamics in The Social System: A Case Study of Traditional Charcoal-Making Business in The Livelihood of The Akit Community

The Akit community generally uses mangrove wood as raw material for charcoal. The purpose of this study was to analyze (a) the development of the charcoal-making business, (b) the type of social action in the Akit community's charcoal-making business, and (c) the dynamics of the charcoal-making business. This research was conducted using an ethnographic approach. The results: from the 1980s to 1994, production was initially regulated solely to meet local needs. In the era of 1995 to 2005, it experienced a high market demand for mangrove charcoal along with a flourishing business network with Malaysian toke. After 2005 the charcoal business dimmed again due to government regulations. The actors involved in the charcoal business are workers, owners of very small panglongs, and owners of small panglongs (tokes). The social action run the panglong business as an effort to meet their family needs, and thus they worked based on instrumental rationality. These charcoal-making entrepreneurs operated their businesses based on instrumental and traditional actions. The social action of the toke actor is instrumental rationality and value-oriented rationality. The dynamics of the charcoal business in the Akit community have experienced ups and downs.

Relative sea-level change in South Florida during the past ~5000 years

A paucity of detailed relative sea-level (RSL) reconstructions from low latitudes hinders efforts to understand the global, regional, and local processes that cause RSL change. We reconstruct RSL change during the past ~5 ka using cores of mangrove peat at two sites (Snipe Key and Swan Key) in the Florida Keys. Remote sensing and field surveys established the relationship between peat-forming mangroves and tidal elevation in South Florida. Core chronologies are developed from age-depth models applied to 72 radiocarbon dates (39 mangrove wood macrofossils and 33 fine-fraction bulk peat). RSL rose 3.7 m at Snipe Key and 5.0 m at Swan Key in the past 5 ka, with both sites recording the fastest century-scale rate of RSL rise since ~1900 CE (~2.1 mm/a). We demonstrate that it is feasible to produce near-continuous reconstructions of RSL from mangrove peat in regions with a microtidal regime and accommodation space created by millennial-scale RSL rise. Decomposition of RSL trends from a network of reconstructions across South Florida using a spatio-temporal model suggests that Snipe Key was representative of regional RSL trends, but Swan Key was influenced by an additional local-scale process acting over at least the past five millennia. Geotechnical analysis of modern and buried mangrove peat indicates that sediment compaction is not the local-scale process responsible for the exaggerated RSL rise at Swan Key. The substantial difference in RSL between two nearby sites highlights the critical need for within-region replication of RSL reconstructions to avoid misattribution of sea-level trends, which could also have implications for geophysical modeling studies using RSL data for model tuning and validation.

Value chain and sustainability of mangrove wood harvesting in Lamu, Kenya

Mangrove forests provide harvestable wood and non-wood resources to human society globally. The current study evaluated value chain of mangrove wood products from Lamu, Kenya, and how these impacts on resources’ sustainability. Results show that, exploitation of mangrove wood products in Kenya involves several actors, including national regulator, licensees, cutters, transporters, stockists and the consumers. Based on the differences between allowable and harvest data, Lamu mangroves can be said to be under-exploited. For the 1992–2018 period, an average of 223.5 scores ha−1yr−1 of mangrove poles were target for harvesting from Lamu. During the same period, the harvest data indicate an average of 6.2 scores ha−1yr−1 of mangrove poles were removed. However, based on stand level data generated as part of this study, mangroves in Lamu are over-exploited and stocked with non-merchantable poles. There are differentiated net income among various actors in mangrove trade in Kenya. Mangrove cutters are among the ‘losers’ in mangrove trade value chain earning a monthly net income of USD118.6 ± 17.9. Winners in mangrove trade is the Kenya Forest Service, Licensees, transporters, and mangrove dealers (or stockists) in urban centers. The findings of this study are critical in development of the harvesting plan for Lamu mangroves. The results will provide insights toward streamlining mangrove trade for community development, revenue generation and environmental sustainability.

Benefit Value of Mangrove Forest in Sarawet Village, Likupang Timur, Minahasa Utara

The purpose of this study is to: 1) identify various types of direct and indirect benefits of mangrove forests, and 2) estimate the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village. This type of research is descriptive and quantitative using survey methods. Data analysis in this study uses descriptive and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the activities of utilizing natural resources of mangrove ecosystems, while quantitative analysis is used to calculate the total economic value of mangrove ecosystems. The selection of respondents used the purposive sampling method, with a total of 76 respondents. Analysis of the total economic value for the value of direct benefits using market prices, and the value of indirect benefits using replacement costs. The results showed that the people of Sarawet Village use the mangrove forest ecosystem directly in the form of mangrove wood used as firewood and fence stakes, leaves Nipah are made with roofs, and the community carries out fishing and crab activities around mangrove waters.Analysis of the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village amounted to Rp. 6.884.344.178,-/year. The total economic value is obtained from the value of direct benefits including utilization as firewood Rp. 4,160,000,- /year; fence pegs Rp. 87.500,-/year; roof of the house Rp. 330.000,-/year; fishing Rp. 769.174.000,-/year; crab fishing is Rp. 190.320.000,-/year, and the value of indirect benefits is as a barrier to abrasion and seawater waves Rp. 5.920.272.678,-/year. The large economic value of the total mangrove forest ecosystem in Sarawet Village shows that the mangrove ecosystem provides great benefits to the community.Keywords: direct benefit value, indirect benefit value, total economic value, MangroveAbstrakThe purpose of this study is to: 1) identify various types of direct and indirect benefits of mangrove forests, and 2) estimate the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village. This type of research is descriptive and quantitative using survey methods. Data analysis in this study uses descriptive and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the activities of utilizing natural resources of mangrove ecosystems, while quantitative analysis is used to calculate the total economic value of mangrove ecosystems. The selection of respondents used the purposive sampling method, with a total of 76 respondents. Analysis of the total economic value for the value of direct benefits using market prices, and the value of indirect benefits using replacement costs. The results showed that the people of Sarawet Village use the mangrove forest ecosystem directly in the form of mangrove wood used as firewood and fence stakes, leaves Nipah are made with roofs, and the community carries out fishing and crab activities around mangrove waters.Analysis of the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village amounted to Rp. 6.884.344.178,-/year. The total economic value is obtained from the value of direct benefits including utilization as firewood Rp. 4,160,000,- /year; fence pegs Rp. 87.500,-/year; roof of the house Rp. 330.000,-/year; fishing Rp. 769.174.000,-/year; crab fishing is Rp. 190.320.000,-/year, and the value of indirect benefits is as a barrier to abrasion and seawater waves Rp. 5.920.272.678,-/year. The large economic value of the total mangrove forest ecosystem in Sarawet Village shows that the mangrove ecosystem provides great benefits to the community.Keywords: direct benefit value, indirect benefit value, total economic value, Mangrove.

Life on the Edge: A Powerful Tsunami Overwhelmed Indian Ocean Mangroves One Millennium Ago

In this paper, we demonstrate how subfossil mangrove wood can be used to elucidate the timing of past tsunami events. Although tsunamis generated by submarine earthquakes along the Makran subduction zone in the Arabian Sea are not unusual, rigorous age documentation is generally lacking. The best known is the only instrument-recorded tsunami, which affected the coastlines of Iran, Pakistan, India, and Oman in November 1945. Eyewitness accounts of the effect along the Oman coastline assert that this tsunami was not destructive. However, a 25-cm-thick shell layer in the lagoon adjacent to the city of Sur was attributed to the 1945 tsunami, although dating of the shell deposit proved difficult, and the radiocarbon dates of mollusk shells were regarded as unreliable. Here, we reinterpret the age of this tsunamigenic layer based on the new discovery of parallel-oriented woody axes in the sedimentological context of the tsunami shell layer in the Sur lagoon. The woody axes were analyzed anatomically and identified as pertaining to the gray mangrove Avicennia. Radiocarbon dating of the wood (905–722 cal BP), along with sedimentological investigations, suggests that the deposition of the woody axes should be attributed to an older tsunami event that occurred ca. 1000 years ago, which has been documented at other locations along the Arabian Sea coastline. From this, we conclude that mangroves grew in this lagoon at that time. Very little is known about ancient mangrove distribution in this region and, so far, no records have been provided for this time window at this site. We also deduce that the tsunami event that occurred one millennium ago must have been substantially more severe than the one in 1945. More accurate dating of tsunamigenic events will aid in calculating the recurrence intervals and magnitude of tsunamis generated along the Makran subduction zone.

Stocks and Productivity of Dead Wood in Mangrove Forests: A Systematic Literature Review

The functional and ecological importance of dead wood in terrestrial forests is widely recognized and researched. In contrast, much less is known about dead wood in mangrove forests, despite its known or demonstrated contribution to key ecological processes including nutrient cycling and seedling recruitment. In addition, mangrove dead wood provides an important service for millions of people; harvesting wood for fuel is widespread in mangroves and is often vital for the lives and wellbeing of people living close to these forests. Limited information on stocks and production, and the drivers of these, means that understanding and managing the supply of this service is difficult. Here we conduct a systematic review of the literature on dead wood stocks and production in mangrove ecosystems. Four hundred and seventy-five subject articles were found, with large gaps in geography, species, and forest type. After excluding records that were not relevant to our study and those from mass mortality events, 68 studies remained. We also added new data from 9 sites in Kenya, to provide overall estimates of mean (± SD) stocks of dead wood of 16.85 ± 25.35 Mg ha−1 standing and 29.92 ± 36.72 Mg ha−1 downed. Our analysis shows that potentially, higher stocks of dead wood might be found in forests without evidence of human impact. Average mean production with 95% CI was 6.30, 3.10–11.40 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Estimates of daily wood use were applied to give likely demands on wood from mangrove dependent communities. This review reveals the paucity of research on mangrove dead wood, hence these estimates of average stocks and productivity remain very limited and thus, further work on the dynamics of dead wood in mangroves and the ecological effects of its removal is needed.

Importance, Value Addition and Marketing Chain of Mangrove Wood in Fako Division, South West Region, Cameroon

Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems which are adapted to survive in harsh brackish water and at the interface between land and sea. This study examines the socio-economic and ecological importance of mangroves, value addition and marketing chain of mangrove wood in Fako. This study employed the cross- sectional research design. Data were obtained using primary and secondary sources. Primary data were obtained through field observations, structured interviews, focused group discussions and the administration of questionnaires. Secondary data were obtained from published and unpublished materials and reports. Data were entered using EpiData Version 3.1 and analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Data were presented using prose, frequency tables and illustrations. The study found out that mangroves serve socio-economic and ecological, functions to the population. Also, mangrove wood is harvested from major areas such as Tiko and Mudeka, and sold throughout the coastal settlements of Mutengene, Buea and Limbe. This is achieved through value addition and commercialisation of mangrove wood. The study recommended the implementation of legal and institutional framework, community participation and integrated management of shared resources and strict enforcement of other international legal instruments ratified by member countries such as the Ramsar Convention and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) so as to better conserve mangrove forests.

Adsorption of Volatile Organic Compounds Onto Biomass-Derived Activated Carbons: Experimental Measurement and Comparison

Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a class of hazardous gaseous materials emitted from certain solids or liquids. They are thought to possess serious short- or long-term adverse effects on human health. Nowadays, an energy-efficient and cost-effective volatile organic compound removal system is of absolute necessity due to its adverse effects. In this regard, solar or waste heat-driven adsorption-based technologies can provide an energy-efficient system; however, most of the time, their utilization is limited by the high cost of the adsorbent materials. Right now, only one commercial high-grade activated carbon named Maxsorb III is known to have high capturing capacities. The purchasing cost of this adsorbent is very high, and it is derived from a non-renewable source. Therefore, this study is intended for the quest for low-priced biomass-derived activated carbons for an energy-efficient and cost-effective VOCs removal system. Two biomass-derived activated carbons synthesized from mangrove wood and waste palm trunk precursors are chosen, and four types of VOCs (ethanol, dichloromethane, acetone, and ethyl acetate) adsorption onto them are measured experimentally using the inverse gas chromatography technique. The zero uptake adsorption enthalpy and specific entropy of the adsorption are theoretically computed for all the adsorbent/adsorbate pairs. After that, these data are compared with the obtained data for Maxsorb III to assess the performance of the biomass-derived activated carbons. Results show that, for all the VOCs, the cost-effective mangrove-based activated carbon can be an excellent alternative to the high-priced Maxsorb III when employed as an adsorbent material for VOCs removal.

Gender Roles in the Utilization and Challenges in the Management of Mangrove Forests in Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines

Mangrove utilization and management were observed done by men and women depending on their needs and priorities in Casiguran, Aurora. This study, therefore, tried to investigate the gender roles in the utilization and management of mangrove forests, the existing mangrove management practices and their challenges, and the relationship between gender and mangrove resources management. A mixed-method approach was used and data were obtained through triangulation. Respondents were obtained through snowball sampling and interviewed using a structured questionnaire with a few open-ended questions. Results revealed that the majority of the respondents were women (60.7%) and residents of Brgy. Esteves (52.5%) live within or near the mangrove forest. Mostly married (59%) who were providing food and income for the family. They utilized mangrove woods (58.20%) with an average quantity of less than 10 board feet (34.4%) for cooking (40.2%). Roots were utilized in minimal amounts (2.50%) for mythical, medicine, and cork purposes. Mollusks (93.44%), commonly bivalves (93.4%), were primarily gleaned by women for food consumption (93.4%) and as a source of income (93. 61%). On the other hand, catching of crabs (57.4%) for consumption (56.6%) and as a source of income (14.8%) and catching of fish (31.1%) for consumption (27.9%) were done by men. Both genders were involved in mangrove management practices, although only 65% of them had actual involvement in mangrove planting, 19% in mangrove nursery development and maintenance, and 16% in mangrove plantation maintenance. Challenges in management include low survival rate of planted mangroves (33%), lack of maintenance activity (20%), and lack of funds for mobilization (20%). A chi-square test of independence revealed that both men and women have no significant difference in their involvement in nursery establishment and maintenance, mangrove planting, and plantation management.

Analysis mixed characterization of Kalimantan coal and mangrove wood charcoal character as briquette raw material

This study using three types of coal from East Kalimantan and South Sulawesi Mangrove Wood Charcoal which consisted of various compositions. In sample analysis using analysis, namely: proximate, ultimate, and calorific value. Proximate analysis: ash content, volatile matter, moisture content, fixed carbon; ultimate analysis: carbon and sulfur content and the calorific value using the bomb calorimeter method. The results of the proximate analysis showed that the fixed carbon content was obtained in the mixture of MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 52.45%, while the lowest was obtained at IC 100% = 32.86%; The highest volatile matter was obtained at KJA 100% = 44.23%, the lowest was at MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 31.90%, the highest ash content was IC 100% = 9.14% the lowest was at MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 5.94% and the highest moisture content was seen at IC 100% = 15.17% but MWC 75% + IC 25% = 9.52%. The results of the ultimate analysis showed that the lowest sulfur content was in the mixed variation of MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 0.168%, while the highest sulfur content was obtained at IC 100% = 0.874%. However, it was still in the low sulfur category <1. The highest calorific value is obtained by varying the composition at MWC 75% + IC 25% = 5919 cal/gram, while the lowest was obtained at KJA 100% = 4913 cal/gram. So based on this research, the addition of mangrove charcoal is very good for increasing the calorific value.

Interspecific variations in mangrove stem biomass: A potential storehouse of sequestered carbon

Variations in stem biomass and carbon density in 12 mangrove species were studied to understand the potential of carbon storage in the live biomass of Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystems, South-East Coast of India. The results highlighted significant inter-species variations (p<0.01; ANOVA) in the stem wood density and carbon content and could be attributed to the spatial variations in soil fertility, adaptation, freshwater supply, genus identity as well as properties of the fibre lumen and wall. Among the studied species, Avicennia officinalis showed the highest carbon density and Corg/Ntot ratios followed by Heritiera fomes. Further, the higher carbon sequestration capacity of these two mangrove species was confirmed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Corg, Corg/Ntot and cellulose/protein ratio were strongly associated with the wood density of the studied mangrove species. Mangrove stem diameter (at breast height; DBH), wood density and tree height were used to estimate the above-ground biomass of all the species, which showed remarkably higher biomass for Avicennia officinalis. Possible adaptation of these species under extreme environmental conditions in addition to variations in vessel wall thickness caused by differential carbon fixation and storage in the form of biomass could explain the variability in elemental properties of mangrove stem wood. Heritiera littoralis and Kandelia candel with relatively higher lignin to cellulose content showed greater potentials to sustain biotic and abiotic stresses and indicated higher carbon sequestration as recalcitrant biomass. The lowest carbon density and highest ratio of cellulose/lignin in the Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris species indicated faster plant growth compared to the other studied species. FTIR analysis evidenced that the increase in the 1728–1733 cm −1 band height assigned to cellulose and decrease in the 1517–1519 cm −1 band height assigned to lignin.

FIRST REPORT: EXISTENCE OF ALPHEID SHRIMP (Alpheus lobidens De Haan 1849) IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM OF KUALA LANGSA, ACEH, INDONESIA

AbstractThe existence of alpheid shrimp species in Indonesia is not too much found in the latest scientific publications. Alpheid shrimp species can be used as an indicator to assess the quality of the environment in mangrove areas. The discovery of shrimp species from the Alpheid group adds to the list of biodiversity in the mangrove area of Kuala Langsa. Biodiversity of a high number of species in this group of shrimp is usually found in mangrove areas with muddy sand beaches. This is because, this type of shrimp has a habit of living in muddy areas. The living zone of this type of shrimp is almost the same location as the type of crab that is wrapped like the Scylla serrata group. Mangrove area kuala langsa although it has mangrove biodiversity that is relatively high. Kuala Langsa mangrove forests are dominated by the Rhizoporaceae group, which is a type of vegetation that is effective as a sediment trap from the direction of the river estuary while holding abrasion from the direction of the sea. In the current year there is also a condition of decrease in the number of large trees. This is caused by the harvest of mangrove wood to produce charcoal for fuel purposes. This condition will slowly make the function of the ecosystem decrease. Where the role of ecosystems provide living niches for aquatic organisms is decreasing. Land clearing of certain areas of the mangrove area for physical infrastructure purposes such as the construction of restaurants, settlements, roads, small aircraft runways, reduces the ability of the region to maintain the function of its ecosystem. The next thing is the ecological pressure for aquatic biota that has living niches in mangrove areas.Keyword: alpheid shrimp, alpheus, mangrove, ecosystem, kuala langsa, aceh

PENGARUH MEDIA CARBUZING ANTARA ARANG TEMPURUNG KELAPA DAN ARANG KAYU BAKAU TERHADAP NILAI KEKERASAN BAJA KARBON RENDAH

The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of carburizing media variation to the microstructure and hardness of low carbon steel in pack carburizing process. The pack carburizing process is after applied to get hardness in the surface and ductility in the middle of metal.This research, carburizing media used is coconut shell charcoal, mangrove wood charcoal with a percentage weight of each - each 900g and 50:50 coconut shell charcoal and mangrove wood charcoal. In this study carburizing process carried out at a temperature of 950oC with heating time of 180 minutes, 60 minute detention for the three processes Carburizing, The results of this research indicate that the media coconut shell charcoal is more effective as compared carburizing media mangrove wood charcoal and a 50:50 mixture of coconut shell charcoal and wood bakau.campurang 50:50 coconut shell charcoal and mangrove wood charcoal violence occurs on the outside of 55 HRC With percentage increase of 313.5% at the beginning and harder than the carburizing Media coconut shell charcoal and wood inside the mangrove but resilient.

Torréfaction of Mangrove Wood by Introducing Superheated Steam for Biochar Production

Torréfaction by superheated steam was carried out over mangrove wood in a rotary kiln carbonizer. The mangrove wood was obtained from Kuala Sepetang, Malaysia. The current biochar production process still applies the traditional carbonization method, which requires 30 days in hot air. The torrefaction process using superheated steam was performed by manipulating the operating time at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min operating at 300°C. The high heating value (HHV) for raw mangrove wood to solid char product raised from 16.7 MJ/kg up to about 30 MJ/kg. The HHV was 29.7 MJ/kg after 60 min torrefaction. The carbon percent increases from 47.4% to above 70%. For bio-oil products, the superheated steam torrefaction produces various acids, alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes range from 249 ml to 335 ml. In contrast, torrefaction products via hot air carried-out in Kuala Sepetang have a liquid that contains acetic acid, butanoic acid, and phenol. Torrefaction of mangrove wood by superheated steam significantly reduced the biochar production period from 30 days to one-hour operation.

Insights into the genome and secretome of Fusarium metavorans DSM105788 by cultivation on agro-residual biomass and synthetic nutrient sources

BackgroundThe transition to a biobased economy involving the depolymerization and fermentation of renewable agro-industrial sources is a challenge that can only be met by achieving the efficient hydrolysis of biomass to monosaccharides. In nature, lignocellulosic biomass is mainly decomposed by fungi. We recently identified six efficient cellulose degraders by screening fungi from Vietnam.ResultsWe characterized a high-performance cellulase-producing strain, with an activity of 0.06 U/mg, which was identified as a member of the Fusarium solani species complex linkage 6 (Fusarium metavorans), isolated from mangrove wood (FW16.1, deposited as DSM105788). The genome, representing nine potential chromosomes, was sequenced using PacBio and Illumina technology. In-depth secretome analysis using six different synthetic and artificial cellulose substrates and two agro-industrial waste products identified 500 proteins, including 135 enzymes assigned to five different carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) classes. The F. metavorans enzyme cocktail was tested for saccharification activity on pre-treated sugarcane bagasse, as well as untreated sugarcane bagasse and maize leaves, where it was complemented with the commercial enzyme mixture Accellerase 1500. In the untreated sugarcane bagasse and maize leaves, initial cell wall degradation was observed in the presence of at least 196 µg/mL of the in-house cocktail. Increasing the dose to 336 µg/mL facilitated the saccharification of untreated sugarcane biomass, but had no further effect on the pre-treated biomass.ConclusionOur results show that F. metavorans DSM105788 is a promising alternative pre-treatment for the degradation of agro-industrial lignocellulosic materials. The enzyme cocktail promotes the debranching of biopolymers surrounding the cellulose fibers and releases reduced sugars without process disadvantages or loss of carbohydrates.

An Assessment of Mangrove Management during the Colonial and Post-Colonial Periods

Mangroves of the east coast of India were brought under intensive management by the colonial authorities during the late 19th century. They were treated as forests rather than as wetlands, and hence management procedures developed for the terrestrial forests were applied to mangroves. Apart from this, the British foresters had limited mangrove tree mensuration data. This inadequacy in data led to the application of inappropriate silviculture methods such as clear felling to harvest mangrove wood products. This method triggered a chain reaction, that changed the biophysical condition of the clear-felled areas, which in turn prevented the regeneration of mangrove species. The same silvicultural system was followed during the post-colonial period leading to extensive degradation of mangroves.

English

To produce salt, women in Lower Casamance (southern Senegal) traditionally practice artisanal fire salt-farming (AFS) by heating a brine with a biofuel (mangrove wood). The thermal energy produced favors the evaporation of water, the saline concentration and the precipitation of crystallized salts. In recent years, artisanal solar salt-farming (ASS) has been introduced in the region using the thermal energy provided by the sun. The purpose of this paper is (i) to compare the two salt-farming techniques; (ii) to present the advantages and disadvantages of ASS in terms of impacts on the environment and the socio-economic activity of local populations. Six AFS villages (Marakissa, Diafar Duma, Diaghour, Souda, Boucotte and Cabrousse) were selected and female salt-farmers were trained at the ASS in Guinea-Bissau. In 2015 and 2016, salt production by ASS was sufficiently abundant for domestic needs to be met and salt excess trade to be possible in the local market. In conclusion, the ASS can advantageously replace the AFS for domestic use. The sale of solar salt locally or even regionally remains to be proven. A critical analysis of the ASS in terms of sustainability and a serious market study of the &quot;salt&quot; sector will be necessary to consider such a perspective. Key words: Solar salt-farming, benefits, disadvantages, Lower Casamance, Senegal.

Working Value in Local Knowledge of Akit Berancah Tribe, Bengkalis District

Local knowledge of the Akit tribe community in utilizing nature has a trade-off between the nature of fulfilling the needs of life and the conditions of natural sustainability, the Akit Tribe of Berancah village utilizes mangrove forest as their livelihood as a supplier of Mangrove wood to Panglong Charcoal. Using qualitative-descriptive methods, this research involved 6 informants namely the Akit Tribe community and 4 key informants including Batin. Through interviews with research subjects in Berancah village, Bengkalis Regency, it shows that the local knowledge of the Akit Tribe community based on the value orientation concept has its own definitions according to local aspects. It has a relationship in the pattern of acting in the face of nature, therefore it is necessary to focus on local knowledge, especially in intrinsic values regarding to the work that is very closely related to the existence of mangrove forests, for their using of mangrove wood wisely brings the preservation of forests in coastal areas to be well maintained. Bengkalis Regency, it shows that the local knowledge of the Akit Tribe community based on the value orientation concept has its own definitions according to local aspects. It has a relationship in the pattern of acting in the face of nature, therefore it is necessary to focus on local knowledge, especially in intrinsic values regarding to the work that is very closely related to the existence of mangrove forests, for their using of mangrove wood wisely brings the preservation of forests in coastal areas to be well maintained. Bengkalis Regency, it shows that the local knowledge of the Akit Tribe community based on the value orientation concept has its own definitions according to local aspects. It has a relationship in the pattern of acting in the face of nature, therefore it is necessary to focus on local knowledge, especially in intrinsic values regarding to the work that is very closely related to the existence of mangrove forests, for their using of mangrove wood wisely brings the preservation of forests in coastal areas to be well maintained.