Mangrove Species Research Articles

Pengelolaan Pesisir melalui Penanaman Mangrove untuk Mendukung Pembangunan Berbasis Blue carbon di Kota Sorong

The high potential for carbon content in mangrove tree species proves that the ecological benefits of the mangrove ecosystem have a positive impact on efforts to mitigate climate change and global warming. The aim of this service is to increase public understanding of the importance of mangrove planting in supporting blue carbon-based development in Sorong City. Involvement in this activity includes community, local, student, and academic participation. The method used is descriptive-qualitative in the form of socialization and mangrove planting actions. The result of this service is that it can provide an understanding that the existence of the mangrove ecosystem in the coastal area of Klawulu Village has an important role in providing protection to this area. This function also contributes as a mitigation measure against the risk of flooding and global warming. Apart from that, during community service activities, there was a change in understanding about mangroves, which then created a positive response from the community to participate in maintaining and protecting the mangrove ecosystem to prevent climate change.

The evolution history of an allotetraploid mangrove tree analysed with a new tool Allo4D.

Mangrove species are broadly classified as true mangroves and mangrove associates. The latter are amphibious plants that can survive in the intertidal zone and reproduce naturally in terrestrial environments. Their widespread distribution and extensive adaptability make them ideal research materials for exploring adaptive evolution. In this study, we de novo assembled two genomes of mangrove associates (the allotetraploid Barringtonia racemosa (2n = 4x = 52) and diploid Barringtonia asiatica (2n = 2x = 26)) to investigate the role of allopolyploidy in the evolutionary history of mangrove species. We developed a new allotetraploid-dividing tool Allo4D to distinguish between allotetraploid scaffold-scale subgenomes and verified its accuracy and reliability using real and simulated data. According to the two subgenomes of allotetraploid B.racemosa divided using Allo4D, the allopolyploidization event was estimated to have occurred approximately one million years ago (Mya). We found that B. racemosa, B. asiatica, and Diospyros lotus shared a whole genome duplication (WGD) event during the K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleozoic) period. K-Pg WGD and recent allopolyploidization events contributed to the speciation of B. racemosa and its adaptation to coastal habitats. We found that genes in the glucosinolates (GSLs) pathway, an essential pathway in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses, expanded rapidly in B. racemosa during polyploidization. In summary, this study provides a typical example of the adaptation of allopolyploid plants to extreme environmental conditions. The newly developed tool, Allo4D, can effectively divide allotetraploid subgenomes and explore the evolutionary history of polyploid plants, especially for species whose ancestors are unknown or extinct.

Antibacterial activities of three species of mangrove leaves extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

The increasing incidence of infections and drug resistance has led scientists to seek approaches towards medicinal plants that are potentially effective against many microorganisms. Therefore, this study was planned to assess the antibacterial activity of 3 mangrove species (Scyphipora hydrophylaceae C.F.Gaertn., Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt and Avicennia alba Blume) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. This study used the disc diffusion method to measure the diameter of inhibition at several concentrations of mangrove leaf ethanol extracts, namely 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25% and 0.625% b/v as well as positive control cefadroxil for bacteria and DMSO as negative control. The test results showed that ethanol extracts of mangosteen leave Scyphipora hydrophylaceae C.F.Gaertn and Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt had a solid response to Escherichia coli bacteria and moderate potential against S. Aureus bacteria—no antibacterial activity against both test bacteria for Avicennia alba mangrove. This study concludes that Scyphipora hydrophylaceae C.F.Gaertn and Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt have potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, but Avicennia alba has no antibacterial activity.

Vegetation structure, biomass, and carbon of Mangrove Forests in Ambon Bay, Maluku, Indonesia

Mangrove forests serve a substantial part in coastal areas as high-carbon-storage woody vegetation ecosystems that grow on muddy and anaerobic soils. This study determined the species composition and estimated the biomass production and storage of carbon in Ambon Bay mangrove forests. Vegetation surveys for species composition were conducted using the square plot technique by making standard observation plots for density, frequency, dominance, and important value index data analysis. We used Allometric equations and the Loss-on-ignition method to calculate the biomass and soil carbon. Vegetation surveys revealed eight species of tree-habitus mangroves, and Sonneratia alba was a mono-dominant species with an important value index of more than 100%. The study revealed the highest average potential of biomass and carbon in Passo Village with AGB 280.47±168.94 Mg ha-1, BGB 83.06±55.1 Mg ha-1, and sediment carbon 320.03±106.97 Mg C ha-1. The carbon stock of the mangrove forest in Ambon Bay was estimated at 400.67±166.25 Mg C ha-1. We conclude that mangrove forest carbon stores in Ambon Bay had relatively high values. Passo Village has the largest carbon store compared to other locations in the Ambon Bay mangrove forest.

Species of Fungi Involved in the Decomposition of Rhizophora apiculata Leaf Litter on Pulau Sembilan

Rhizophora apiculata is one of the mangrove species that grows in coastal areas influenced by seawater. Decomposing leaf litter from R. apiculata is an organic material needed by microorganisms and organisms to grow and develop in the environment where they live. Microorganisms involved in accelerating the decomposition process are fungi. This research activity was carried out for six months, from June to December 2022. This research method uses litter bags to store leaf litter, which will be isolated and the rate of decomposition calculated. The results showed that there were 3 genera of fungi, namely Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp., and Penicillium sp. The decomposition rate of R. apiculata leaf litter was 0.13/day. The average carbohydrate content was 8,78%, and the average protein content was 5,45%.
 Keywords: Decomposition, Fungus, Litter, Rhizophora apiculata

Bruguiera gymnorhiza forms mycorrhizal associations but Rhizophora stylosa does not: A pot experiment using mangrove soil and Rhizophoraceae seedlings

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi often colonize the roots of mangrove plants, forming symbiotic associations with them, but colonization rates differ greatly among mangrove species. To examine differences in the colonization patterns of AM fungi, we focused on two species of mangroves (Rhizophora stylosa and Bruguiera gymnorhiza; Rhizophoraceae) and conducted a pot experiment using seedlings grown in mangrove soil watered with fresh water or brackish water (200 mM NaCl). We observed AM fungal structures such as hyphae, arbuscles, and vesicles in the roots of all B. gymnorhiza seedlings in the freshwater treatment, but rarely in the brackish water treatment. By contrast, we found no AM fungal structures in roots of any R. stylosa seedlings in either the freshwater or brackish water treatment. These results imply that B. gymnorhiza are facultatively mycorrhizal plants that have maintained the ability to form associations with AM fungi, whereas R. stylosa, which dominate habitats more seaward than those of B. gymnorhiza, may have lost the ability to form mycorrhizal associations through adaptation to extreme seaside conditions.

Mangrove condition at a marine conservation area at Moramo Bay, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Oetama D, Hakim L, Lelono TD, Musa M. 2023. Mangrove condition at a marine conservation area at Moramo Bay, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6536-6544. The mangrove ecosystem is one ecosystem that supports biodiversity at the Marine Conservation Area (MCA) in Moramo Bay, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The area of the mangrove ecosystem in Moramo Bay is approximately 1,933.09 hectares, with an MCA of 1,281.46 hectares. This ecosystem plays an important role in protecting the coastline from erosion due to the seawater filtration process in the bay. This study aims to provide information regarding the status of mangrove ecosystem in the MCA, including species, density, basal area, dominance, and canopy cover percentage, which was used to state the standard criteria for mangrove ecosystem damage. The methods involved a 10×10 m² transect and hemispherical photography using a fisheye lens with a 180° field of view. Seven species of mangrove were found in Moramo Bay MCA, including Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. (dominating with a basal area value of 136,963.66), followed by Sonneratia alba Sm. (153,111.90), Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (113,708.04), Rhizophora stylosa Griffith (28,869.95), Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M.Roem. (9,326.59), Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. (3,419.46), and Rhizophora apiculata Blume with a basal area value of 1,690.11. The density of mangrove vegetation was in the criteria of rare to dense, with approximately 800-4,200 individuals per hectare. Furthermore, the mangrove ecosystem in the MCA was found to be damaged up to good condition, with canopy cover percentage values of 45.85%-98.88%. The condition of the mangrove ecosystem in Moramo Bay MCA preserves a basic deliberation for the Indonesian government for adaptive and sustainable management of conservation areas. Protection, preservation, and utilization of mangrove ecosystems should be maximized in all coastal areas to improve the quality of biodiversity.

Optimizing The Potential and Development Strategy of The Mangrove Ecotourism Area in Tangkolak Village, Karawang Regency

The Tangkolak mangrove ecotourism area is one of natural attractions, namely a mangrove forest in Sukakerta Village, East Cilamaya Sub-district, Karawang Regency, West Java Province. The mangrove ecotourism of Tangkolak currently have no management and low visitor. This research aims to describe the potential and identify applicable strategies through internal-external factor analysis within the Tangkolak mangrove ecotourism area. Four station points revealed a potential of 14 mangrove vegetation species and 10 fauna species. The most mangrove species all stations is Rhizophora apiculata, while the dominant fauna is Ciconia sp. The mangrove vegetation in the Tangkolak mangrove ecotourism area exhibits a low diversity index (H') and there’s no dominating species in each stations, whereas the fauna in the area showcases varied diversity index values with Ciconia sp. as the dominant species. Visitors and local fishermen in the surrounding community utilize fishing tools like a fishing rods, traps, and nets when catching fish in the vicinity of the mangrove ecotourism area. The development strategy is determined using SWOT analysis. The results of IFAS and EFAS analyses indicate that the development strategy for the Tangkolak mangrove ecotourism area falls within the coordinates (2.5; 2.6) in quadrant I, signifying a combination of strengths and opportunities (SO strategy).

Development Of The Potential Of The Angke Kapuk Mangrove Forest Natural For Ecotourism In Kamal Muara Village, Penjaringan Sub-District, North Jakarta

Mangrove forest ecosystem has various ecological, socio-economic and cultural functions for society, such as for nature tourism or ecotourism activities. The purpose of this article is to discuss the potential for the development of the Angke Kapuk Mangrove Forest Nature Park (TWA), North Jakarta for ecoturism activities. The research method used in this study was qualitative method. The results of the study showed that there are various strengths that are potential for the Angke Mangrove Forest to be developed for ecotourism, such as the strategic location of tourist attractions, the presence of natural tourism objects, and the existence of interesting a variety of flora and fauna species of mangroves for visitors. However, the Angke Kapuk Mangrove Forest still has some weaknesses. Therefore, for the development of these natural tourism or ecotourism areas in the future, it is necessary to pay attention to the principles of ecotourism, such as tourism activities must minimize negative impacts on the environment, the need to increase the active participation of local residents.

Carrying capacity for tree biomass of a subtropical mangrove along a river in Japan inferred from forest structural features

AbstractA subtropical mangrove along the Miyara River in Ishigaki Island, Japan was studied for evaluating the carrying capacity for biomass of the mangrove stands. The stem diameters D, tree height H, and fine roots mass were measured, while aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground coarse root biomass (BGBcoarse) were estimated. The AGB, BGBcoarse, and fine root mass were estimated as 130, 31, and 13 Mg ha−1 in the Rhizophora stylosa; 271, 94, and 11 Mg ha−1 in the downstream Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; and, 228, 81, and 6.4 Mg ha−1 in the upstream B. gymnorrhiza stand, respectively. The AGB and BGBcoarse in the R. stylosa stand were significantly lower than B. gymnorrhiza stands, and fine root mass was significantly higher than upstream B. gymnorrhiza stand. Significantly lower mean individual phytomass wt specific to tree density ρ of R. stylosa stand than B. gymnorrhiza stand in the ρ − wt relationship denoted the lower carrying capacity for AGB of R. stylosa than that of B. gymnorrhiza. The results showed that high soil pore water salinity and low pH at the downstream did not limit biomass and potential canopy height Hmax of mangrove along a river gradient but AGB and BGBcoarse differed between different species at the same edaphic environment. Analysis of aboveground and belowground biomass variations between stands of two mangrove species along environmental gradients from upstream to downstream could be useful in assessing the consequences of sea level rise in relation to climate change on the evolution of blue carbon dynamics.

VEGETATION STRUCTURE, BIOMASS, AND CARBON STOCK OF MANGROVE FOREST IN EASTERN POHUWATO DISTRICT, MARISA SUB-DISTRICT

Background: Mangrove forests are forests that have the potential to mitigate climate change from the effects of global warming, because mangroves can absorb CO2 in the atmosphere. Mangrove areas in the coastal area of East Pohuwato Regency, Marisa District are quite numerous and have the potential to absorb carbon, so that with a large enough carbon absorption can be able to reduce the levels of CO2 contained in the air. Objective: This study aims to identify vegetation structure, biomass, and carbon stocks in the coastal area of East Pohuwato Regency, Marisa District. Results: the study showed that there were 8 types of mangroves, including Soneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops decandra, Ceriops tagal, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, Rhizophora apiculata. The highest IVi value was found in the Ceriops decandra species with an IVi value of 119.21 in the tree category, then for the sapling category which had the highest IVi value found in the Rhizophora apiculata species of 98.6, for the seedling level the IVi value was found in the Rhizophora apiculata species of 80.23%. The total biomass value is 37,027.2 Kg/ha and the carbon contained in the mangrove forest of East Pohuwato Regency, Marisa District is 18,535.7 Kg C/ha with carbon dioxide absorption of 68027.5 Kg CO2/ha. Conclusion: There are 8 types of mangrove species found in the mangrove forests of the Coastal Area of East Pohuwato Regency, Marisa District at.

Philippine mangroves: species composition, characteristics, diversity, and present status

Through the years mangrove areas in the Philippines continued to decline due to human activities. This paper aims to present the status of the Philippine mangroves based on species composition, diversity, and mangrove forest area through manuals, books, and other local and international online resources. Results showed that there were 35 species of mangroves described in terms of their external features, substrate, and zone preference. Bohol had the most diverse mangrove ecosystem with 26–34 species. The most prevalent species were Avicennia, Sonneratia, and Rhizophora that grew in muddy substrates. Among the provinces, 18.52% had mangrove areas recognized as protected areas. Mangrove decline is attributed to the increase of brackish water culture ponds and the greatest decline occurred when shrimp culture boomed in the 1980s. Other causes are over exploitation, weak law enforcement, lack of manpower and resources, corruption, and poor management of mangrove areas and brackish water ponds. Along with this is the loss of flood control and coastal protection indicating increased susceptibility to climate change. Thus, reforestation and reversion of abandoned brackish water ponds are needed. Reforestation must ensure the suitability of mangrove species to the physical characteristics of the environment. Also, the government must actively spearhead the sustainable use of mangrove ecosystems.

POTENTIAL OF CARBON SINK IN MANGROVE SUBSTRATES IN LEMBAR BAY, WEST LOMBOK, INDONESIA

Mangroves are one of the coastal vegetation that can mitigate carbon (carbon sink and carbon storage). This study aimed to determine the potential for soil carbon stock found under stands of mangroves in Lembar Bay, West Lombok, and West Nusa Tenggara. The research began with the identification of the species and then proceeded toa sampling of the soil, which was then analyzed using the Walkley and Black method. The results showed that there were ten species of mangroves, namely, Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia lanata, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Thespesia populnea, and Xylocarpus maluccensis. The highest soil carbon content percentage was found in the lower soil of the A. lanata (1.43 %C) mangrove, and the lowest was found in the lower-stand soil of E. agallocha (0.21 %C). Meanwhile, the carbon sinks per meter were 0.002-0.066 gC/m2, with an average of 0.020±0.020 gC/m2. The estimated total soil carbon sink in 10 mangrove stands was 0.20-6.60 tons C/ha, with an average of 2.18±2.010 tons C/ha. The average total estimated soil carbon stock found in 20.49 ha of the mangrove area studied was 44.67 tonsC, which is equivalent to 263.69 tonsC in a mangrove area of ​​120.96 ha in Lembar Bay.

The mangal flora diversity of Del Carmen Forest on Siargao Island, Philippines

The municipality of Del Carmen, Siargao Island, hosts one of the Philippines’ most important contiguous mangrove stands. However, there is limited knowledge about the area’s floral assemblages and communities. Hence, we provide a comprehensive species list through exhaustive botanical explorations within its 11 barangays. We report 166 species in 145 genera and 73 families, of which 20 are true mangrove species. Twenty species are Philippine endemics, and seven are threatened based on the IUCN listing. The most dominant families in the area in terms of density are Rhizophoraceae and Rubiaceae, and the dominating species include Rhizophora mucronata Lam. and R. apiculata Blume. Our results exhibit a very high diversity for the entire municipality, with barangays Del Carmen and Katipunan demonstrating the highest diversity among the 11 barangays. We emphasize the value of floristic surveys as essential baseline information in formulating effective conservation and management strategies for these vital wetland ecosystems.

Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals a critical role of lignin biosynthesis and lignification in stem-like pneumatophore development of the mangrove Avicennia marina.

Transcriptional and metabolic regulation of lignin biosynthesis and lignification plays crucial roles in Avicennia marina pneumatophore development, facilitating its adaptation to coastal habitats. Avicennia marina is a pioneer mangrove species in coastal wetland. To cope with the periodic intertidal flooding and hypoxia environment, this species has developed a complex and extensive root system, with its most unique feature being a pneumatophore with a distinct above- and below-ground morphology and vascular structure. However, the characteristics of pneumatophore lignification remain unknown. Studies comparing the anatomy among above-ground pneumatophore, below-ground pneumatophore, and feeding root have suggested that vascular structure development in the pneumatophore is more like the development of a stem than of a root. Metabolome and transcriptome analysis illustrated that the accumulation of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) units in the pneumatophore plays a critical role in lignification of the stem-like structure. Fourteen differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 10 differentially expressed genes involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway were targeted. To identify genes significantly associated with lignification, we analyzed the correlation between 14 genes and 8 metabolites and further built a co-expression network between 10 transcription factors (TFs), including 5 for each of MYB and NAC, and 23 enzyme-coding genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase, shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase were identified to be strongly correlated with these TFs. Finally, we examined 9 key candidate genes through quantitative real-time PCR to validate the reliability of transcriptome data. Together, our metabolome and transcriptome findings reveal that lignin biosynthesis and lignification regulate pneumatophore development in the mangrove species A. marina and facilitate its adaptation to coastal habitats.

High-Resolution Mapping of Mangrove Species Height in Fujian Zhangjiangkou National Mangrove Nature Reserve Combined GF-2, GF-3, and UAV-LiDAR

Mangroves as an important blue carbon ecosystem have a unique ability to sequester and store large amounts of carbon. The height of mangrove forest is considered to be a critical factor in evaluating carbon sink capacity. However, considering the highly complicated nature of the mangrove system, accurate estimation of mangrove species height is challenging. Gaofen-2 (GF-2) panchromatic and multispectral sensor (PMS), Gaofen-3 (GF-3) SAR images, and unmanned aerial vehicle-light detection and ranging (UAV-LiDAR) data have the capability to capture detailed information about both the horizontal and vertical structures of mangrove forests, which offer a cost-effective and reliable approach to predict mangrove species height. To accurately estimate mangrove species height, this study obtained a variety of characteristic parameters from GF-2 PMS and GF-3 SAR data and utilized the canopy height model (CHM) derived from UAV-LiDAR data as the observed data of mangrove forest height. Based on these parameters and the random forest (RF) regression algorithm, the mangrove species height result had a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.91 m and an R2 of 0.71. The Kandelia obovate (KO) exhibited the tallest tree height, reaching a maximum of 9.6 m. The polarization features, HH, VV, and texture feature, mean_1 (calculated based on the mean value of blue band in GF-2 image), had a reasonable correlation with canopy height. Among them, the most significant factor in determining the height of mangrove forest was HH. In areas where it is difficult to conduct field surveys, the results provided an opportunity to update access to acquire forest structural attributes.

The role of community-based tourism for mangroves conservation in Banten, Indonesia

Mangroves provide multiple ecological functions such as connectors and balancers of land and sea ecosystems. The presence of mangroves in coastal areas is very important for reducing the impact of tsunamis and tidal flooding. The role of local communities in the form of community-based tourism models, in conserving mangrove forests has not been extensively studied. This study aims to fill the gap in evaluating local communities’ involvement, particularly under the tourism-based communities’ model, in conserving mangroves and, at the same time, gaining economic benefits. This study was conducted in the mangrove villages of “Patikang,” Citeureup Village, and Pandeglang Regency. This study applied mixed methods that combine both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Primary data were obtained directly from the local community through using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. Secondary data collection was carried out through a literature review of mangrove conservation and community development in coastal areas. Our study found that local community-based tourism namely “Putri Gundul” played a very important role in increasing community awareness to conserve mangrove forests. The community has gained more knowledge on the biology of mangrove species and the ecology of mangroves for mangrove restoration. Furthermore, the involvement of local communities in mangrove conservation and restoration can increase the economy of communities by producing various products from mangroves.

The Ecotourism Mangrove Suitability Assessment in Reroroja Village, Magepanda District, Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

The mangrove area of Reroroja Village has the potential to be developed into an ecotourism area, because mangroves grow along the coast. This study aims to determine the suitability of mangrove areas as ecotourism areas from April to May 2023. The mangrove area was divided into two observation stations using the purposive sampling method. The study assessed various mangrove tourism suitability parameters, including mangrove thickness, species, density, debris, tides, mangrove fauna, distinctiveness, law/legality, accessibility, visitor presence, facilities, and private-owned institutions. The data was analyzed using the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) formula, and the average suitability score for Stations I and II was 71.5%. This value falls in the S2 (Suitable) category, indicating the potential for ecotourism development in the area. The study found that the mangrove area has a rich biodiversity, including fish, crabs, molluscs, reptiles, and birds, and is well-suited for ecotourism development.Keywords: Ecotourism, Tourism Suitability Index, Mangrove, Reroroja Village.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Kandelia obovata Sheue, H.Y.Liu & J.W.H.Yong (Rhizophoraceae)

Kandelia obovata Sheue, H.Y.Liu & J.W.H.Yong is one of the most cold-resistant true mangrove species, and it is widely distributed from the South China Sea to southern Japan. In the current study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of K. obovata was assembled using Illumina reads. It is the first mitochondrial genome of the Kandelia genus within the family Rhizophoraceae to be sequenced. The mitochondrial genome size is 312,146 bp with a total of 49 predicted genes, including 29 protein-coding genes, 17 transfer RNA genes, and 3 ribosomal RNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 41.87%. A phylogenetic tree constructed using nine complete mitochondrial genomes revealed that K. obovata is more closely related to Bruguiera species. This study enriches the plastid genome of Kandelia, furnishing valuable genetic insights for the investigation of evolutionary and population genetics in Kandelia and other mangrove species.

Klasifikasi Spesies Mangrove Menggunakan Drone di Nusa Lembongan, Bali

Mapping of mangroves using remote sensing technology has been widely carried out, especially in coastal areas of Indonesia. The most used remote sensing technology is satellite imagery. However, there are still some weaknesses in the use of satellite imagery for mapping mangrove, especially at the species level, including taking a long time, high costs, and low spatial resolution. One of the breakthroughs in remote sensing is drone. Drones have advantages, namely time flexibility, relatively low cost, and high spatial resolution. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability to use drones in mapping mangrove up to the species level and distribution of mangrove species in Nusa Lembongan. The method used is classification of GEOBIA (Geographic Object Based Image Analysis). Drone images were obtained with four flight missions in the northern and eastern areas of the Nusa Lembongan mangrove forest. Field data collection was carried out using a systematic random sampling method and high-resolution single band drones. The results showed that drone observations were able to identify two mangrove species in the northern research area and four mangrove species in the eastern Nusa Lembongan research area. In the northern area there are mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. In the eastern region, mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, Sonneratia alba, and Avicennia lanata were found. The accuracy test in both research areas in the northern and eastern areas of Nusa Lembogan obtained an overall value with an average of 65% and a kappa coefficient of 0.56.