Mangrove Shrub Research Articles

Systematic review on phytochemical profile and pharmacology of a mangrove shrub, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea C.F.Gaertn

Systematic review on phytochemical profile and pharmacology of a mangrove shrub, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea C.F.Gaertn

In vitro antifungal and antibacterial potentials of organic extracts of Avicennia marina collected from Rabigh Lagoon, Red Sea Coasts in Saudi Arabia.

Mangrove shrub Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh was used to test the antifungal and antibacterial activities of aerial fractions in vitro. Aspergillus sp, Candida sp and Gram positive bacteria have all been found to be sensitive to mangrove extracts, whereas Gram negative bacteria have been found to be resistant to them. Agar disc diffusion and well-cut diffusion were employed to conduct antifungal and antibacterial activities. The MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) for each assay have been established. Several extracts from Mangrove reduced fungus growth (diameters fluctuated between 11 and 41 mm). The Ethyl acetate fraction showed particularly strong inhibition of C. tropicalis, C. albicanis, and A. fumigatus. They had 41, 40, and 25 mm-diameter inhibition zones, respectively. Nesoral, a synthetic antifungal medication, showed no significant changes in its MICs compared to different extracts. Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus subtilis were inhibited by Petroleum Ether extracts at MICs of 0.78 and 0.35 mg/mL, respectively. It is possible that A. marina extracts may be exploited as a viable natural alternative that may be employed in the management of various infections, notably nosocomial bacterial infections, as anti-candidiasis and as anti-aspergillosis agents.

Polyisoprenoid composition in chengham (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Gaertn. f., Rubiaceae)

Chengham (Scphyphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. f., Rubiaceae) is a mangrove shrub or tree commonly in landward mangrove zones having some biological activities. All parts of S. hydrophyllacea have shown some components benefits to biological and pharmaceutical properties. This present study aimed to analyze the distribution and composition of polyisorenoid in senesnece leaves, fruits and branches of S. hydrophyllacea. Polyisoprenid patter was evaluated by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (2D-TLC) approach. The total lipid (TL) content of five samples ranged from 5.7 mg/g in branches to 10.0 mg/g in the old leaves. Additionally, the percentage of polyprenol of senescence leaves slightly abundance compare to dolichol in the polyisoprenoid presence. Overall, polyprenol was found in higher content than dolichol in the yellow leaves. Results of this study found the type-II of S. hydrophyllacea fruits was in line with earlier reports on the plant fruits. The present study provided the occurrence of polyprenols and dolichols in S. hydrophyllacea tested organs.

The Practicality of Popular Scientific Books based on the Diversity of Mangrove Shrubs in Tabanio Village

The Practicality of Popular Scientific Books based on the Diversity of Mangrove Shrubs in Tabanio Village

Molecular characterization of leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata on buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus L.) and determination of pathogenicity by a novel disease rating scale.

The buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus L.) is a mangrove shrub belonging to Combretaceae family. It mostly grows on the shorelines of tropical and subtropical regions in the world. It was introduced to Lasbela University of Water, Agriculture & Marine Sciences (LUWMS), Uthal, Baluchistan as an ornamental plant as it grows well under harsh, temperate and saline conditions. During a routine survey, typical leaf spot symptoms were observed on the leaves of buttonwood plants. A disease severity scale for alternaria leaf spot of buttonwood was developed for the first time through this study. Disease severity according to the scale was 38.97%. The microscopic characterizations was accomplished for the identification of Alternaria alternata and Koch’s postulates were employed to determine the pathogenicity. For molecular identification, 650 bp internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1, 5.8s and ITS2) were amplified from three representative isolates (LUAWMS1, LUAWMS2 and LUAWMS3) through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The nucleotide sequences from ITS regions of the isolates were submitted to NCBI with GenBank accession numbers MW585375, MW585376 and MW585377, respectively. The phylogenetic tree of 22 A. alternata isolates was computed and representative isolates exhibited 99.98% genetic similarity with mangroves ecosystem isolates. This study reports the incidence of alternaria leaf spot of buttonwood at LUWMS for the first time. It is suspected that the disease may spread further. Therefore, effective management strategies should be opted to halt the further spread of the disease.

Identification of potential anti-inflammatory and melanoma cytotoxic compounds from Aegiceras corniculatum

Many chemicals found in mangroves reportedly exhibit potent anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. Several of such compounds include feature unique structures and display interesting pharmacological effects. Few medicinal mangrove plants from Vietnam have been characterized with regard to their chemical constituents. Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco is a mangrove shrub that exhibits activity against various types of cancer. To identify new secondary metabolites and determine the source(s) of biological activity in Vietnamese medicinal mangrove plants, the chemical constituents of A. corniculatum were isolated, and their structures were appropriately established using common spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D-NMR, IR, HR-ESI-MS), and by producing derivatives by chemical reactions. Complementarily, it is worth noting, that the anti-inflammatory effects of the isolated compounds were investigated by measuring the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 p40, IL-6, and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells; in this sense, the target compounds 2 and 3 were potent inhibitors of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 p40, indicating promising anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 4 strongly promoted apoptosis of B16F10 melanoma cells. It is convenient to highlight, that the obtained results suggest that saponins from A. corniculatum could be potential candidates for treating cancer and inflammatory illnesses.

Analysis and Identification of Landuse on the Coastal Environment of South Sumatra using GIS

Analysis and identification of land use in coastal areas to study the coastal environment Sembilang National Park in South Sumatra using remote sensing system (Geographical Information System) has been conducted from June until November 2014. The objective to study the changes that occur in the coastal environment as well as to identify and estimate the area use change existing mangrove areas in Region I of the Section of Sembilang National Park Management, South Sumatra. Methods for the analysis and identification based on Landsat image data 8 in 2013 using ENVI 4.3 and Arc GIS 9.3 software as well as the conversion of ground check. The results showed the use of land in the mangrove areas in the region I of the Section of Sembilang National Park Management classified into 5 classes, namely mangrove, water area, mangrove shrubs, mainland mud, and ponds areas. The area of each class were observed in sequence as follows 8921.19 ha (41.69%) as mangrove area; 3934.3 ha (23.28%) as water areas; 3.608,52 ha (17.41%) as area of mangrove shrubs; 1.649,11 ha (9.05%) as mainland mud and settlement area; and 1.561,04 ha (8.57%) as the ponds area. The percentage of the class obtained as a result of the conversion of ground check, and it is based on the land use map data over the total area observed.

Review of the ecosystem service implications of mangrove encroachment into salt marshes.

Salt marsh and mangrove have been recognized as being among the most valuable ecosystem types globally in terms of their supply of ecosystem services and support for human livelihoods. These coastal ecosystems are also susceptible to the impacts of climate change and rising sea levels, with evidence of global shifts in the distribution of mangroves, including encroachment into salt marshes. The encroachment of woody mangrove shrubs and trees into herbaceous salt marshes may represent a substantial change in ecosystem structure, although resulting impacts on ecosystem functions and service provisions are largely unknown. In this review, we assess changes in ecosystem services associated with mangrove encroachment. While there is quantitative evidence to suggest that mangrove encroachment may enhance carbon storage and the capacity of a wetland to increase surface elevation in response to sea-level rise, for most services there has been no direct assessment of encroachment impact. On the basis of current understanding of ecosystem structure and function, we theorize that mangrove encroachment may increase nutrient storage and improve storm protection, but cause declines in habitat availability for fauna requiring open vegetation structure (such as migratory birds and foraging bats) as well as the recreational and cultural activities associated with this fauna (e.g., birdwatching and/or hunting). Changes to provisional services such as fisheries productivity and cultural services are likely to be site specific and dependent on the species involved. We discuss the need for explicit experimental testing of the effects of encroachment on ecosystem services in order to address key knowledge gaps, and present an overview of the options available to coastal resource managers during a time of environmental change.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Activities in the Stem Extracts of Derris trifoliata, a Mangrove Shrub

Aims: An in-depth study on the phytochemical contents, antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of stem tissue of Derris trifoliata Lour. (Fabaceae), a mangrove shrub from Sundarban estuary, India. Methodology: Phytochemical analyses were carried out using established methods for quantitative determination of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. Antimicrobial potential of various extracts of D. trifoliata were evaluated by disc diffusion technique against two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans), two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris) bacteria and one fungus (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The antioxidative efficacy was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The tissue extracts were subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) separation and the fractions with antimicrobial and antioxidative properties were identified using TLC-bioautography. Results: Phytochemical analyses showed the presence of appreciable amount of phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids. All the extracts have shown activity against B. subtilis and B. coagulans, among which the methanolic has been found to be most effective. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were found to be stable despite drastic pH and thermal treatments. The antioxidative property was also found to be quite appreciable and was considerably stable after thermal treatments. A number of the phytochemical fractions were found to possess antimicrobial/ antioxidative properties when subjected to TLC-bioautography. Conclusion: The study suggests Derris trifoliata stem as a potential source of bioactive compounds with stable antimicrobial and antioxidative properties and can be used as natural antimicrobial/antioxidative agents in clinical, pharmaceutical and food processing industries.

Nutrient Resorption and Phenolics Concentration Associated with Leaf Senescence of the Subtropical Mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum: Implications for Nutrient Conservation

Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco, a mangrove shrub species in the Myrsine family, often grows at the seaward edge of the mangrove zone in China. In the present study, seasonal dynamics of nutrient resorption and phenolics concentration associated with leaf senescence of A. corniculatum were investigated in order to evaluate its possible nutrient conservation strategies in the subtropical Zhangjiang river estuary. It was found that the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in mature leaves showed similar seasonal changes with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer, and were significantly higher than those in senescent leaves. The N:P ratios of mature leaves through the year were found to be less than 14, indicating that the A. corniculatum forest was N-limited. The nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE) was higher than phosphorus resorption efficiency (PRE), and N resorption was complete. In addition, A. corniculatum leaves contained high total phenolics (TPs) and total condensed tannin (TCT) levels (both above 20%). TPs concentrations in mature and senescent leaves were all inversely related to their N or P concentrations. TPs:N and TCT:N ratios in senescent leaves were significantly higher than those in mature leaves. The obtained results suggested that high NRE during leaf senescence and high TPs:N and TCT:N ratios in senescent leaves might be important nutrient conservation strategies for the mangrove shrub A. corniculatum forest growing in N-limited conditions.

COLONIZATION OF MANGROVE FOREST AT ABANDONED SHRIMP-POND OF SEGARA ANAKAN-CILACAP

During the 1996 to 1997, large areas of mangrove forest in the Segara Anakan were cleared and converted into intensive shrimp-ponds. After one to two years, these shrimp-ponds failed and were abandoned. These abandoned ponds created large gap areas and canopy gaps, which were colonized by mangrove shrub and liana. The Segara Anakan mangrove also experienced heavy siltation, and there were tree cuttings from the remnant of the mangrove trees. This research aimed to study the colonization of mangrove vegetation at the abandoned-shrimp pond. Vegetation data were collected using rectangular plots of 25 m x 25 m with 4 replicates. The water qualities were also studied. The results revealed that the mangrove forests were composed of two layers: canopy tree and floor-vegetation. The gap areas triggered the pioneer species of mangrove shrubs and liana, Acanthus ilicifolius and Derris heterophylla, to colonize and dominate 100% of the mangrove forest floor. The mangrove trees consisted of natural and planted tree species. The natural trees were Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba, and saplings of Aegiceras corniculatum, which varied between 56 – 136, 4, and 4 individuals per ha, respectively. The planted trees were Rhizophora apiculata, which amounted to 4 – 12 individuals per ha, at the island of the ponds. These trees and saplings were entangled by the liana mangrove, which disturbed their growth. The A. ilicifolius and D. heterophylla prevented the mangrove tree propagules to grow, and they colonized and characterized those abandoned shrimp-ponds, which threatened the Segara Anakan mangrove ecosystem.

DIEL DISTRIBUTION OF DESOLVED OXYGEN AT TRADITIONAL-SQUARE SHRIMP POND IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM OF BONDAN SEGARA ANAKAN

<p>In 1997, large area of mangrove forest in Segara Anakan was converted into the intensive shrimp-ponds, which were failed, abandoned, and colonized by mangrove shrubs. Some of these abandoned shrimp-ponds were changed into the traditional shrimp-ponds using tides as a source of energy. We aimed to study the diel distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO) at the traditional-square shrimp pond, 250m x 80m, during the dry season of October 2009. This pond had one gate for water inflow and out flow from Bondan River, which was automatically open and closed by tides. The island of this shrimp-pond was colonized by aquatic macrophyte, Fimbristylis polytrichoides, which was die-back during the dry season. We also measured pH, salinity, and temperature both at the shrimp pond and the water inflow. We hypothesized that DO in the traditional shrimp pond was similar to DO of Bondan River. The sampling was conducted for 3-hour periods in the 24 hours. Water samples were taken from 4 points at the canal, 2 points in the center, island, and 2 points at the water inflow of Bondan River. The results showed that DO distribution in the 24 hours were 3.8-9.2 ppm. The DO concentration of the traditional shrimp-pond was higher than DO of the Bondan River. The DO during the day was higher than the night. The lowest DO concentrations were at early morning between 4.7 ppm in the ponds, 3.56 ppm in the river inflow. The DO of the shrimp pond was influenced by the temperature and pH. </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Dissolved Oxygen, traditional shrimp-pond, mangrove</p>

Analysis and Identification of Landuse on the East Coast of South Sumatera Using GIS

Analysis and identification of land use in coastal areas to study the coastal environment Sembilang National Park in South Sumatra using remote sensing system (Geoinformation System) has been conducted from June until November 2014. The objective to study the changes that occur in the coastal environment as well as to identify and estimate the area use change existing mangrove areas in Region I of the Section of Sembilang National Park Management, South Sumatra. Methods for the analysis and identification based on Landsat image data 8 in 2013 using ENVI 4.3 and Arc GIS 9.3 software as well as the conversion of ground check. The results showed the use of land in the mangrove areas in the region I of the Section of Sembilang National Park Management classified into 5 classes, namely mangrove, water area, mangrove shrubs, mainland mud, and ponds areas. The area of each class were observed in sequence as follows 8921.19 ha (41.69%) is a mangrove area; 3934.3 ha (23.28%) is water areas; 3.608,52ha (17.41%) is an area of mangrove shrubs; 1.649,11ha (9.05%) is mainland mud and settlement area; and 1.561,04ha (8.57%) is the ponds areas. The percentage of the class obtained as a result of the conversion of ground check is based on the land use map data with the total area observed.

Analysis and Identification of Landuse on the East Coast of South Sumatera Using GIS

Analysis and identification of land use in coastal areas to study the coastal environment Sembilang National Park in South Sumatra using remote sensing system (Geoinformation System) has been conducted from June until November 2014. The objective to study the changes that occur in the coastal environment as well as to identify and estimate the area use change existing mangrove areas in Region I of the Section of Sembilang National Park Management, South Sumatra. Methods for the analysis and identification based on Landsat image data 8 in 2013 using ENVI 4.3 and Arc GIS 9.3 software as well as the conversion of ground check. The results showed the use of land in the mangrove areas in the region I of the Section of Sembilang National Park Management classified into 5 classes, namely mangrove, water area, mangrove shrubs, mainland mud, and ponds areas. The area of each class were observed in sequence as follows 8921.19 ha (41.69%) is a mangrove area; 3934.3 ha (23.28%) is water areas; 3.608,52ha (17.41%) is an area of mangrove shrubs; 1.649,11ha (9.05%) is mainland mud and settlement area; and 1.561,04ha (8.57%) is the ponds areas. The percentage of the class obtained as a result of the conversion of ground check is based on the land use map data with the total area observed.

Comparison of adenosine metabolism in leaves of several mangrove plants and a poplar species

A possible increased demand for ATP in salt- tolerant mangrove plants was studied by the comparison of metabolic fates of [8- 14C] adenosine in leaf disks of several mangrove plants and of poplar. In mangrove trees, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia candel and Sonneratia alba, 56–92% of [8- 14C]adenosine taken up by leaf disks was converted during 3 h incubation to salvage products, i.e., nucleotides and RNA. Synthesis of nucleotides including ATP was stimulated by salt stress induced by 250 mM NaCl. In leaf disks of Avicennia marina, a mangrove shrub that produces glycinebetaine as compatible solutes, 46% of radioactivity entered salvage products when [8- 14C] adenosine was continuously supplied to the leaf disks. Hydrolysis of adenosine to adenine was extremely active in this mangrove shrub. This is probably due to the high activity of adenosine nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.7). In leaf disks of another mangrove shrub, Lumnitzera racemosa, only limited amounts of [8- 14C]adenosine were metabolised (< ca. 30% taken up by leaf disks), but synthesis of ATP and ADP was stimulated by salt stress. In Pemphis acidula leaf disks, adenosine salvage activity was low and more than 30% of adenosine was hydrolysed to adenine. In leaf disks of poplar, a non-salt-resistant plant, ca. 40% of [8- 14C] adenosine was converted to salvage products during 3 h of incubation, but the rate was slightly reduced by treatment with 250 mM NaCl. The present results suggest that large mangrove trees generally have efficient adenosine salvage ability, which is stimulated by salt. Lesser salvage activity is found in small size mangrove shrubs, although salt generally still enhances salvage activity.

Mapping and characterization of mangrove plant communities in Hong Kong

Ecological surveys were carried out to investigate the distribution and characterization of remaining mangrove stands in Hong Kong. The field studies indicate that 43 mangrove stands, excluding Mai Po Nature Reserve, still remained along the coastline of Hong Kong despite tremendous reclamation and development which occurred in the past 40 years. Most mangrove stands were found in Deep Bay (western part) and Sai Kung District (eastern coasts). The total areas occupied by these mangrove stands were 178 ha, varying from a very small stand (with 1–2 mangrove shrubs) to fairly extensive mangroves in Deep Bay (> 10 ha). It appeared that mangrove stands located in Deep Bay area were larger than those in the eastern coasts. Twenty plant species were identified from these stands, with 13 being exclusive or associate mangrove species. The major constituent species were Kandelia candel, Aegiceras corniculatum, Excoecaria agallocha and Avicennia marina. Rare species such as Heritiera littoralis were only found in a few mangrove stands. Out of the 43 remaining mangrove stands, 23 were more worthwhile for conservation and their plant community structures were further investigated by transect and quadrat analyses. The importance values (sum of relative abundance, frequency and dominance) show that K. candel was the most dominant species. Species richness and Simpson’s indices together with tree height, tree density and canopy area fluctuated significantly between mangrove stands. These values were used to prioritize the conservation potential of the remaining mangrove stands in Hong Kong.