Mangrove Nursery Research Articles

PERAN SERTA MASYARAKAT DALAM KONSERVASI HUTAN MANGROVE DI DESA TANJUNG PASIR KECAMATAN TANAH MERAH KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR

Indragiri Hilir is a district in the southern part of Riau Province, on the east coast of Sumatra Island. Tanjung Pasir is one of the village surrounded by mangrove forest ecosystems, located opposite the Kuala Enok Village. The dominant Tanjung Pasir villagers are ethnic Duano. People meet their daily needs by utilizing mangrove ecosystems as a means of income, good used directly and indirectly. Therefore it is necessary to conduct research on community participation in the conservation of mangrove forest in Tanjung Pasir Village. This research method is descriptive qualitative, data collected through interviews. The result showed that the community was quite involved in the conservation of the Tanjung Pasir village mangrove forest. The form of community participation was by mangrove nurseries and planting.

Community-based conservation through stakeholder collaboration in the Essential Ecosystem Area (EEA) of Kao, North Halmahera Regency

Mangrove forest in Kao Village, North Halmahera Regency, North Maluku Province, is a Key Biodiversity Area. Since 2017, the community has been protecting mangrove forests through Kao Village Regulation No.03/2007. In 2020, through the collaboration between stakeholders from universities, NGOs and the government, the Kao mangrove forest area of 300.92 Ha was designated as an Essential Ecosystem Area (EEA) based on the North Halmahera Regent Decree No.078/102/HU/2020. This study describes the biodiversity and the community-based conservation through stakeholder collaboration in the EEA of Kao. The study found that there are 13 mangrove species and 56 bird species, of which 10 are protected species. In 2020, the community has built a mangrove nursery and rehabilitated 8 ha of degraded mangrove forest with the participation of about 70 people. Since the establishment of EEA, the community has stopped hunting for eggs of the endemic moluccan scrubfowl (Eulipoa wallacei) and is trying to increase its population through semi-natural hatching on the beach. The community has also learned to use non-timber mangrove forest products and ecotourism through the support of stakeholders.

Mangrove Dieback and Leaf Disease in Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris in Vietnam

Even though survival rates for mangrove restoration in Vietnam have often been low, there is no information on fungal pathogens associated with mangrove decline in Vietnam. Therefore, this research was undertaken to assess the overall health of mangrove afforestation in Thanh Hoa Province and fungal pathogens associated with tree decline. From a survey of 4800 Sonneratia trees, the incidence of disorders was in the order of pink leaf spot > shoot dieback > black leaf spot for S. caseolaris and black leaf spot > shoot dieback > pink leaf spot for S. apetala. Approximately 12% of S. caseolaris trees had both pink leaf spot and shoot dieback, while only 2% of S. apetala trees had black leaf spot and shoot dieback. Stem and leaf samples were taken from symptomatic trees and fungi were cultured in vitro. From ITS4 and ITS5 analysis, four main fungal genera causing leaf spots and shoot dieback on the two Sonneratia species were identified. The most frequently isolated fungal taxa were Curvularia aff. tsudae (from black leaf spot),Neopestalotiopsis sp.1 (from stem dieback), Pestalotiopsis sp.1 (from pink leaf spot), and Pestalotiopsis sp.4a (from black leaf spot). The pathogenicity of the four isolates was assessed by under-bark inoculation of S. apetala and S. caseolaris seedlings in a nursery in Thai Binh Province. All isolates caused stem lesions, and Neopestalotiopsis sp.1 was the most pathogenic. Thus, investigation of fungal pathogens and their impact on mangrove health should be extended to other afforestation projects in the region, and options for disease management need to be developed for mangrove nurseries.

Enhancing growth of mangrove seedlings in the environmentally extreme Arabian Gulf using treated sewage sludge

The response of mangrove (Avicennia marina) seedlings to treated (wet) sludge from a sewage treatment plant (STP) was tested in a randomized block design experiment at a tree nursery on Mubarraz Island in the Arabian Gulf. The growth response of seedlings to half-strength and full-strength STP sludge was monitored over 103 days and compared with the response to freshwater, seawater and half-strength seawater treatments. Sludge treatments resulted in significantly greater plant growth, leaf number, leaf biomass and root biomass than the other treatments did. The positive effect of STP sludge on seedling growth is attributed to enhanced levels of total nitrogen (8.9 ± 0.1 mg l−1) and total phosphorus (7.8 ± 0.2 mg l−1) in the sludge and its low salinity. These results suggest that sludge from sewage treatment plants may be beneficially used in mangrove nurseries and plantations in this arid region, where soils are nutrient-poor and fresh water is scarce.

Development of Sustainable Mangrove Areas Based on Empowerment of Coastal Communities in Cemara Beach, Pakis, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia

One of the regencies in East Java Province which has the longest coast is Banyuwangi Regency. One of the potential area to be developed is Cemara Beach in Pakis District Banyuwangi. This Beach has natural resources in the form of pine area, turtle landing and breeding area, and mangrove forests. Mangrove on Cemara Beach were scattered along the river with 11 species. The purposes of area development are mangrove nursery and processing, managing mangrove area into ecotourism, and sustainable coastal area. The methods of area development was approaching to the community, creating activities by encouraging the people to participate and increasing their knowledge about livelihood, so they can arrange the plans for its implementation. Result of the development is that there are mangrove nurseries for three types namely Sonneratia caseolaris, Avicennia dan Rhizophora apiculata. The other results are mangrove’s leaves and fruit which are processed to be mangrove chips, tea, and syrup. Mangrove management into ecotourism by building mangrove tracks, making trash traps so the garbage from the sea does not enter the stream, vice versa when the high is tide. Sustainable coastal development namely thickening mangrove density by planting mangrove from nurseries and creating hardware on the beach in the form of a tetrapod.

EFFECT OF HEAT-STRESS AND PHYSICAL WORKLOAD ON WORK-REST CYCLE AND PRODUCTIVITY IN MANGROVE FOREST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of heat stress on the health and productivity of forestry workers. The study included a method of assessment involving the use of standardized measuring equipment on several types of forestry works in mangrove forests. In this study, the thermal conditions and physical workload of workers were measured under various conditions, i.e., logging site, charcoal kiln, and nursery. A structure of the work-rest cycle could be designed properly using the standards of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Result of the study showed that the mangrove forestry works in the logging site and charcoal kiln could be carried out continuously with 25% of working efficiency on achieving maximum productivity and 75% of the rest needed, while at the mangrove's nursery site it could be carried out continuously with 75% of working on achieving productivity and 25% of the rest needed. The adjustment of working productivity is therefore established between WBGT and the work-rest cycle in the design of work. Thus, it can be concluded that consideration in modifying the work-rest cycle will result in better management of heat stress rate on productivity and health being of the workers. Besides, this study recommends that more shaded areas for forestry workers to take rest to prevent heat illness and enhance working efficiency.

Community Economic Innovation in Mangrove Area at East Beach of Java Island

Banyuwangi is in a position that is very strategic that have potential include prospective tourism and business vehicles in the form of a crossing port to the Bali, loading port of goods, beach tourism, Ijen Mountain tours and Mangrove Forests. At Cemara Beach, there are about 11 types of Mangroves whose density is still lacking. Even though around it there are ponds, as well as the landing place to lay eggs. In relation to the living conditions of coastal communities, one important aspect of strengthening Mangrove conservation is to involve and seek local community support. The existence of Mangrove areas is expected to reduce sedimentation. This research was conducted on the east coast of Java Island, namely Cemara Beach, which is located in Rowo Village, Pakis Sub-district, Banyuwangi District, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java, Indonesia in 2020. The results of the study show: a) The Community is able to deal with change and technological innovation overcome the negative impact of the development of special interest tourism as a center for Mangrove processing production, Mangrove nurseries, turtle conservation, Cemara forest; b) The ability of the community has increased sufficiently in entrepreneurship based on Mangrove potency on the Cemara beach; c) Partner communities are able to plan integrated and sustainable management of areas that will be used as the basis for implementing physical development, spatial facilities, and special interest tourism infrastructure.

Mangroves reduce the vulnerability of coral reef fisheries to habitat degradation.

Despite general and wide-ranging negative effects of coral reef degradation on reef communities, hope might exist for reef-associated predators that use nursery habitats. When reef structural complexity is lost, refuge density declines and prey vulnerability increases. Here, we explore whether the presence of nursery habitats can promote high predator productivity on degraded reefs by mitigating the costs of increased vulnerability in early life, whilst allowing for the benefits of increased food availability in adulthood. We apply size-based ecosystem models of coral reefs with high and low structural complexity to predict fish biomass and productivity in the presence and absence of mangrove nurseries. Our scenarios allow us to elucidate the interacting effects of refuge availability and ontogenetic habitat shifts for fisheries productivity. We find that low complexity, degraded reefs with nurseries can support fisheries productivity that is equal to or greater than that in complex reefs that lack nurseries. We compare and validate model predictions with field data from Belize. Our results should inform reef fisheries management strategies and protected areas now and into the future.

Analisis Pemanfaatan Hutan Mangrove dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Masyarakat di Pulau Tanakeke Kabupaten Takalar

This research is a type of qualitative research with the sampling technique used was purposive sampling with a sample size of 38 respondents. Data collection techniques used are 1) observation techniques, 2) interview techniques, 3) documentation techniques. The results of this study are 1) the people of Tanakeke Island, Takalar Regency use the mangrove forest as a place to meet the needs and improve the family's economy or take fisheries resources to be marketed, some people use the magrove forest to take firewood and some are included in the farmer group, 2) Tanakeke Island community Takalar Regency manages mangrove forests with mangrove nursery activities, participates in mangrove planting on its own / group / agency initiative, cleansing land for mangrove planting activities and the community manages mangrove forests by caring for mangrove ecosystems that have been planted, 3) Contribution of forests mangrove by 66.13% of the household household income on Tanakeke Island, Takalar Regency.

Valuing mangrove biodiversity and ecosystem services: A deliberative choice experiment in Mida Creek, Kenya

Mangrove degradation threatens the capacity of these important ecosystems to provide goods and services that contribute to human wellbeing. This study uses a deliberative choice experiment to value non-market mangrove ecosystem services (ES) at Mida Creek, Kenya. The attributes assessed include “shoreline erosion protection”, “biodiversity richness and abundance”, “nursery and breeding ground for fish”, and “education and research”. Unpaid labour (volunteer time) for mangroves conservation was used as the payment mechanism to estimate willingness to pay (WTP). Results suggest that respondents were willing to volunteer: 5.82 h/month for preserving the mangrove nursery and breeding ground functions to gain an additional metric ton of fish; 21.16 h/month for increasing biodiversity richness and abundance; 10.81 h/month for reducing shoreline erosion by 1 m over 25 years; and 0.14 h/month for gaining 100 student/researcher visits/month. The estimation of WTP for mangrove ES provides valuable insights into the awareness of local communities about the contribution of mangrove forests to ES delivery. This knowledge could assist decision-making for the management and conservation of mangroves in Mida Creek and its environs.

Pengaruh Eksistensi Hutan Mangrove terhadap Aspek Sosial, Ekonomi dan Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Pesisir di Desa Jaring Halus, Kecamatan Secanggang, Kabupaten Langkat

Recognizing the importance of living needs derived from natural resources, a solution is needed to integrate ecological and economic aspects in order to work in balance. This research specifically examines the perspective of the people of Desa Jaring Halus in relation to the existence of mangrove forest ecosystem based on observation method. This study also analyzed the relationship of mangrove existence with social, economy and local wisdom of local community as well as looking for solution to increase income level of society by using questionnaire. The data derived from the questionnaire were analyzed descriptively quantitative. The results show that 92.85% of people feel the positive impact of maintained mangrove forest. The people of Jaring Halus Village have an unwritten local wisdom in managing and preserving mangrove forests to maintain social and economic sustainability. In order to increase the income level of the community, it is necessary to make a permanent mangrove nursery which is managed by the government performed by the community and marketed out of the village according to its allocation to increase household income by utilizing the development of Jaring Halus Village as Ecosystem Ecotourism Area.

Preliminary study on ecotourism potency of tropical forest and coastal area on PT Diamond Raya Timber concession area, Riau Province

This preliminary studies aimed to examine potency the area to explore as ecotourism base tropical forest, coastal area, agrotourisme and cuotural tourism. Thestudy indicates that the concession has the potential to be an ecotourism area, which contributes to companies, governments and communities. Tourism objects include 1) tropical forest; Sumatran tiger conservation area, primate habitat area (gibbon, ungko, monkey), bird habitat (hornbill, punai, bayan, magpie, parrots), tropical forest biodiversity, tropical forest bee farming, tropical forest nursery area, traditional forest harvesting method etc. 2) coastal area; biodiversity of mangrove forest, biodiversity of coastal biota, wild crocodile viewing, tourism of fireflies, mangrove forest walk, planting mangrove activities, mangrove nursery, fishing etc. 3) The agroforestry and silvofishery programs of the company will contribute to the ecotourism program. Agroforestry objects include; viewing agrucutural area, planting, harvesting, cooking and eating some tropical fruit. Silvofishery objects are; viewing shrimp and fish pond area, harvesting, cooking and eating shrimp and some fishes. In addition, local culture can be part of the tourism object, among others; culinary tour, art and culture community presentation, and Malay kampong culture.

Peran Kelompok Masyarakat dalam Rehabilitasi Ekosistem Mangrove di Pesisir Kota Semarang

The coastal area of Semarang City has a strategic function for regional economic development. Due to land use change, the environmental quality of coastal area is damaged and declining. The environmental quality decline has affected the socio-economic quality of local community. This research aims to investigate the role of local community in sustainable environmental management in Semarang City coastal area. The study takes place in two kelurahans, namely Tugurejo and Mangunharjo, and applies a descriptive qualitative approach to figure out the local community role in the coastal environment rehabilitation. Data collection through a preliminary survey supported with a satellite imagery study covers up an appropriate ecosystem with the research substance. Then the following data analysis and interpretation uses Miles and Huberman interactive analysis method. The results show the significant role of the local community in coastal area quality management and improvement in Semarang City more effectively and efficiently. This relates to their active interactions in various community-based programs including wave-breaking instrument building and mangrove nursery and planting.

Preliminary Study on Potential of EAF Slag as Nutrients Source for Mangrove Seedling

Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slag generated from steel making process mainly consist of calcium oxide (CaO), iron oxide (FeO), silicon oxide (SiO2), manganese oxide (MnO), aluminium oxide (Al2O3 ) and magnesium oxide (MgO) in different phases. Since the elements are matching some of the nutrients or micro-nutrients that are needed in plant growth, this study was carried out with the purpose of finding the potential of EAF Slag as nutrients source for mangrove seedling in nursery centre. EAF slag taken from steel making plant during normal production process was crushed and analysed with XRF to obtain chemical composition result and XRD for phase analysis. ICP-OES elemental test was done on leachate from kinetic leaching experiment to assess the leaching trend for each elements form EAF slag in distilled water. Result obtained shows Ca and Si are the major elements that leached from EAF slag with uptrend line, and achieved about 25 mg/l for Ca and 7.5 mg/l for Si after 10 days in distilled water with L/S ratio as main affecting factor. Fe and Mn leaching will be enhanced by stirring at highest speed of 700 rpm. Both elements show uptrend with highest leaching at 0.27 mg/l for Fe and 0.14 mg/l for Mn at day 10, and this shows good potential of EAF slag as slow release element. Mg as an important element in chlorophyll shows uptrend leaching to about 1.5 mg/l at day 10, with L/S ratio as main influential factor. Potassium (K) and sodium (Na) leaching fluctuated below 0.50 mg/l for K and below 0.08 mg/l for Na. Al is the only element that achieved highest level in between day 3 to 7, and then drop gradually to day 10, at about 1.0 mg/l for sample with 700 rpm stirring speed. The results showed good potential for EAF slag to be used as slow release nutrients source for mangrove seedling. Further studies are currently underway to evaluate the effect of EAF slag in altering pH of the soil, as well as efficiency of EAF slag as fertilizer for mangrove plant by observing the growth rate of seedling planted in mangrove nursery site.

Using landing statistics and fishers’ traditional ecological knowledge to assess conservation threats to Pacific goliath grouper in Colombia

Abstract Groupers are vulnerable to fishing pressure largely because of their life‐history traits. The Pacific goliath grouper (PGG; Epinephelus quinquefasciatus), the largest reef fish inhabiting the tropical Eastern Pacific region, is suspected to be subject to high levels of exploitation, but scarce information exists on their population status and the species remains classed as Data Deficient according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. This study documents for the first time the threats to the PGG along the Colombian Pacific coast, where one of the few active fisheries for this species persists. Reconstructed landings of groupers and traditional ecological knowledge, gathered throughout several coastal villages, were used to obtain a historical and contemporary overview of the PGG status in Colombia. Over the past 20 years grouper landings in the Colombian Pacific have been around 200 tons per year. Landings of PGG have averaged ~35 tons per year and are now close to matching those of the historically most landed grouper on this coast, the rooster hind (Hyporthodus acanthistius). The current small‐scale fishery for PGG focuses on immature small individuals, with most taken from the extensive southern mangroves. Until recently fishers have captured PGG exclusively with handlines, but new fishing practices (spearfishing) and markets commanding higher prices for small individuals are increasing the extinction risk for the PGG. The exploitation of PGG in the Colombian Pacific may not be as severe as in other countries where severe population declines are suspected (e.g. Mexico). Low coastal human population density and the presence of relatively intact mangroves, essential habitat for juvenile fishes, contribute to the persistence of PGG populations throughout the Colombian Pacific. National and regional conservation and management measures should identify and protect mangrove nurseries and offshore spawning aggregation sites. Well‐enforced protected nurseries and spawning aggregation sites will then protect juvenile and adult PGG, improving the sustainability of this fishery.

An Analysis on Policy Direction of Community Based Management of Mangorove Ecosystem in Sungai Pisang Bungus Teluk Kabung District in Padang City

This research was motivated by lack of understanding and public awareness in the management of mangrove ecosystem. This was due to the community lack of knowledge on how to take advantage of mangroves in coastal and tidal areas. The purpose of this study was to know the community Participation, Strategy of Mangrove Management and to formulate appropriate policies of CBM based mangrove management. This research was a mixed method research or a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. Research findings indicated that the participation of Sungai Pisang Community in managing the mangrove ecosystem had not gone well and the students were nor aware of mangrove management. By using the aspect of Mangrove management such as the aspect of strength, threat. Weaknesses, and opportunities, 9 strategies were formulated, namely: (1) Local rules about Mangrove ecosystem management need to be written, (2) CMB-based Mangrove nurseries program, (3) Performing preventive action by approaching and developing local people awareness of appropriate technology for Mangrove area, which is also called Silvofishery. (4) Giving strict punishment to the people who were destroying mangroves for private purposes, (5) Optimization and rehabilitation of vacant land into a mangrove forest, (6) Returning the local wisdom in managing coastal areas, (7) Following counseling and training on mangrove management, (8) Improving supervision and monitoring, (9) Dividing the duties, functions and responsibilities of stakeholders according to their expertise. Based on those strategies, policy priorities were formulated. They are: are(1) Following the counseling and training on mangrove management, (2) Optimizing and rehabilitatingthe vacant land into a mangrove forest, (3) Increasing supervision and monitoring, (4) returning local wisdom in coastal area.

Ecotourism development to preserve mangrove conservation effort: Case study in Margasari Village, District of East Lampung, Indonesia

Setiawan W, Harianto SP, Rommy Qurniati R. 2017. Ecotourism development to preserve mangrove conservation effort: Case study in Margasari Village, District of East Lampung, Indonesia. Ocean Life 1: 14-19. The conservation efforts by Margasari community have produced the enhancement of mangrove forest areas, however the utilization of mangrove forest by people around was low. To make the conservation effort sustainable needs to develop mangrove ecotourism so they can utilize mangrove forest existence. This research intended to study the conservation and ecotourism effort in Margasari Village and the community perception of ecotourism development. This research was conducted in March-April 2017 in Margasari Village by interviewing 96 respondents. The data collection was undertaken through field observation, key informant interviews, and structured interviews with questionnaire. The result showed, the conservation effort was protecting, preserving, and utilizing of mangrove such as mangrove nursery, mangrove plantation, utilizing of jeruju and pedada fruit as food and counselling to the villagers not to cut mangrove and enter the mangrove forest. The ecotourism activities were boating around the mangrove, mangrove planting tourism, and bird watching. The conservation and ecotourism effort conduct by the people who joined community groups. But it was dominated by the group manager. So the financial benefit from ecotourism had limited for few people. Nevertheless, Margasari community agreed with the ecotourism development and was willing to participate in developing the ecotourism.

Diel, lunar, and seasonal spawning patterns of the Atlantic goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara, off Florida, United States

The diel, lunar, and seasonal timing of spawning in Atlantic goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) in the United States is highly specific, occurring at night during new moon phases of August, September, and October. We derive these patterns from four lines of evidence apparent on spawning sites during the known spawning season: (1) from the transitory appearance of fish aggregations; (2) from simultaneous recordings of goliath grouper nighttime calls and nighttime vertical ascents that were far more frequent during the new moon phase than on the full moon; (3) from collections of goliath grouper eggs (genetically verified) at night downstream from known spawning sites; and (4) from significantly higher frequencies of both hydrated oocytes (indicating imminent spawning) and postovulatory follicles (indicating recent spawning) in ovarian biopsies taken from goliath grouper captured on spawning sites during new moon phases relative to full moon phases. We suggest that dark-night spawning is an adaptation minimizing egg predation by several species of scad [Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier,1829), Decapterus tabl Berry,1968, and Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier,1833)] and herring [Sardinella aurita Valenciennes,1847 and Etrumeus teres (DeKay,1842)] that are abundant on goliath grouper spawning sites.The seasonal spawning of goliath grouper, late summer–early fall, coincides with habitat conditions considered ideal for settlement of early juveniles in mangrove nurseries.

Spawning pattern and larval recruitment in Gulf of Nicoya anchovies (Pisces: Engraulidae)

Monthly plankton collections (February to September, 1985) were made at three stations in and adjacent to the Punta Morales estuary, Gulf of Nicoya, to ascertain the importance of this mangrove system as a spawning and larval nursery ground for anchovies. Eggs were found to be abundant only at the estuary mouth and offshore, suggesting that most spawning occurred in nearshore waters, but not within the mangrove system itself. Densities of small larvae ( < 5 mm TL) were also lower in the mangroves, but medium-sized individuals (5-12 mm TL) were common at all three sampling stations. Large larvae (12-20 mm TL) were nearly restricted to the inner estuary, suggesting that by this size fishes had moved into mangrove nursery grounds. Red tides in July and August apparently reduced the densities of eggs and larvae. Analysis of egg developmental stages indicated that spawning occurred around sunset, and that eggs developed in approximately 20-24 hours. Predation may be an important factor influencing the reproductive strategies of Gulf of Nicoya anchovies.

Dispatches

Dispatches