Mangrove Research Articles

Savitreea siamensis sp. nov., an ascomycetous yeast species in the family Saccharomycetaceae discovered in Thailand.

Four yeast strains, representing a novel anamorphic species, were isolated in Thailand. The two strains (ST-3660T and ST-3647) were obtained from two different estuarine water samples in a mangrove forest. Strain DMKU-FW1-37 was derived from a grease sample, and another strain (TSU57) was isolated from a fruiting body of Phallus sp. Pairwise sequence analysis showed that the four strains had identical or differed by only one nucleotide substitution in the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene, and differed by one to three nucleotide substitutions in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Savitreea pentosicarens is the most closely related species to the four strains, but with 9-10 (1.57-1.72 %) nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 domains of the LSU rRNA gene and 29-31 (4.22-4.45 %) nucleotide substitutions in the ITS regions. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated sequences of the ITS regions and the D1/D2 domains of the LSU rRNA gene showed that the four strains form a well-separated lineage from S. pentosicarens with high bootstrap support, confirming that they represent a distinct species. Therefore, the four strains are assigned as representives of a novel species of the genus Savitreea, for which the name Savitreea siamensis sp. nov. is proposed. The holotype is TBRC 4481T and the ex-type is PYCC 9794T (=ST-3660T). The MycoBank number of the novel species is MB 851951.

First report of Pestalotioid species causing foliar diseases on mangrove trees in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia

First report of Pestalotioid species causing foliar diseases on mangrove trees in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia

Carbon fluxes of China's coastal wetlands and impacts of reclamation and restoration.

Coastal wetlands play an important role in regulating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and contribute significantly to climate change mitigation. However, climate change, reclamation, and restoration have been causing substantial changes in coastal wetland areas and carbon exchange in China during recent decades. Here we compiled a carbon flux database consisting of 15 coastal wetland sites to assess the magnitude, patterns, and drivers of carbon fluxes and to compare fluxes among contrasting natural, disturbed, and restored wetlands. The natural coastal wetlands have the average net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) of -577 g C m-2 year-1, with -821 g C m-2 year-1 for mangrove forests and -430 g C m-2 year-1 for salt marshes. There are pronounced latitudinal patterns for carbon dioxide exchange of natural coastal wetlands: NEE increased whereas gross primary production (GPP) and respiration of ecosystem decreased with increasing latitude. Distinct environmental factors drive annual variations of GPP between mangroves and salt marshes; temperature was the dominant controlling factor in salt marshes, while temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation were co-dominant in mangroves. Meanwhile, both anthropogenic reclamation and restoration had substantial effects on coastal wetland carbon fluxes, and the effect of the anthropogenic perturbation in mangroves was more extensive than that in salt marshes. Furthermore, from 1980 to 2020, anthropogenic reclamation of China's coastal wetlands caused a carbon loss of ~3720 Gg C, while the mangrove restoration project during the period of 2021-2025 may switch restored coastal wetlands from a carbon source to carbon sink with a net carbon gain of 73 Gg C. The comparison of carbon fluxes among these coastal wetlands can improve our understanding of how anthropogenic perturbation can affect the potentials of coastal blue carbon in China, which has implications for informing conservation and restoration strategies and efforts of coastal wetlands.

Carbon Dynamics of a Coastal Wetland Transitioning to Mangrove Forest

AbstractCoastal wetlands play a vital role in the global carbon cycle and are under pressure from multiple anthropogenic influences. Altered hydrology and land use change increase susceptibility of wetlands to sea‐level rise, saltwater intrusion, tidal flood events, and storm surges. Flooding from perigean spring tides and storm surges rapidly inundates coastal wetlands with saline waters, quickly surpassing vegetation tolerances, leading to shifts in soil microbial respiration, peat collapse, and plant mortality, followed by establishment of salt‐tolerant vegetation. The Southeast Saline Everglades (SESE) is facing many of these pressures, making it a model system to examine the impacts of ecosystem state transitions and their carbon dynamics. Saltwater flooding from Hurricane Irma (2017) initiated a transitional state, where less salt‐tolerant vegetation (e.g., Cladium jamaicense) is declining, allowing halophytic species such as Rhizophora mangle to colonize, altering the ecosystem's biogeochemistry. We utilized eddy covariance techniques in the SESE to measure ecosystem fluxes of CO2 and CH4 in an area that is transitioning to an alternative state. The landward expansion of mangroves is increasing leaf area, leading to greater physiological activity and higher biomass. Our site was presented initially as a small C source (47.0 g C m−2) in 2020, and by 2022 was a sink (−84.24 g C m−2), with annual greenhouse carbon balance ranging from −0.04 to 0.18. Net radiative forcing ranged from 2.04 to 2.27 W m−2 d−1. As the mangrove landward margin expands, this may lead the area to become a greater carbon sink and a potential offset to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

Assessing species composition and structural attributes across different habitats to evaluate changes and management effectiveness of protected mangroves

Conservation and restoration of mangroves are necessary to meet global commitments for tackling the climate and biodiversity crises as well as reducing poverty. Management success is typically evaluated by estimating changes in vegetation cover, while changes in species composition and structural attributes across different habitats are often not considered. Here, we evaluated changes in mangrove composition, structural attributes, and drivers of change across Physically Stable Habitat (PSH), Diminished Tidal Inundation Habitat (DTIH), and Poor Drainage Habitat (PDH), for mangroves that have been protected for 22 years. We also analyzed the most likely ecological processes involved in the changes that have occurred. After 22 years, species remained the same in PSH and DTIH, but Rhizophora apiculata and Lumnitzera racemosa disappeared in PDH. Changes in relative proportions (number of trees of a species: total number of trees), and species abundance, varied between habitats. Additionally, changes in structural attributes also differed between habitat types over time suggesting they were driven by distinct ecological processes. Vegetation changes in PSH most likely occurred through a combination of ecologically important mangrove forest replacement and gap recovery processes, compared to only the gap recovery process in DTIH, and episodic changes due to stressful environmental conditions in PDH. Restoring hydrology, preventing sedimentation, planting proper seedlings of Avicennia marina should be conducted to save species and mangrove sustainability in PDH. It is highly recommended that managers follow a habitat-based approach to achieve effective management.

Impact of Pest and Diseases on Mangrove Forest Rehabilitation in Indonesia: A Review

Impact of Pest and Diseases on Mangrove Forest Rehabilitation in Indonesia: A Review

Monitoring dynamic mangrove landscape patterns in China: Effects of natural and anthropogenic forcings during 1985–2020

Many mangrove forests located along estuaries and deltas worldwide are currently facing irreparable losses caused by natural factors and intensive anthropogenic disturbances. The limited capabilities of traditional remote sensing processing platforms tend to lead to poor image processing consistency in medium- and large-scale areas, resulting in lower ground object classification accuracy. Consequently, little information is available regarding the extent and causes of variation in large-scale mangrove forests. In this study, we used Google Earth Engine mangrove forest data from eight periods between 1985 and 2020, with total accuracy rates of 82.95–90.15%, and combined landscape metrics with a centroid transfer model to quantitatively analyze the landscape evolution of mangrove forests in China. Finally, we employed a geodetector based on optimized parameters to quantitatively determine the potential mechanisms driving mangrove landscape evolution. Overall, a slight increase followed by a sharp decrease in mangrove forest area in China during the past 40 years, with a turning point around 2000 and substantial shifts in mangrove spatial patterns in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces, particularly in the Pearl River Estuary and Beibu Gulf. The landscape pattern of Chinese mangrove forests has become fragmented and isolated through rapid urbanization in recent decades. Mangrove forests shifted significantly (> 31 km) early in the study period, followed by smaller shifts later in the study period. The optimal spatial scale of mangrove landscape driver detection was 270 m × 270 m. The variation in mangrove forest area was caused by the interactions of multiple factors, particularly between mean annual precipitation and other potential influencing factors. Government policies guided the conservation and management of mangrove forests in China to varying degrees throughout the study period. Our findings on the dynamics of mangrove forests provide a reference for integrated coastal management, which will contribute to the ecological utilization and high-quality development of coasts during extensive urbanization along the southeastern coast of China and similar large estuary deltas worldwide.

Melissopalynological Analysis of Honey from French Guiana.

Beekeeping directly depends on the floral biodiversity available to honey bees. In tropical regions, where nectar and pollen resources are numerous, the botanical origin of some honey is still under discussion. A precise knowledge of plants foraged by honey bees is useful to understand and certify the botanical origin of honey. In this study, attention was paid to honey samples from the French Guiana Atlantic coast where beekeepers generally place their hives in four types of biotopes: seaside vegetation, mangrove, savannah, and secondary forest. Pollen analysis of 87 honey samples enabled the identification of major plants visited by Africanized honey bees during the dry season (approximately from July to January). Through melissopalynologic analysis, 51 pollen types were identified and classified according to their relative presence. Frequently observed pollens (with relative presence > 50%) in French Guiana kinds of honey were those from Mimosa pudica, Cocos sp., Rhyncospora sp., Avicennia germinans, Paspalum sp., Spermacoce verticillata, Tapirira guianensis, Cecropia sp., Myrtaceae sp., Mauritia flexuosa sp., Solanum sp., and Protium sp. In many honeys, only M. pudica was over-represented (relative frequency > 90%). Color and electrical conductivity in French Guiana honeys exhibit significant variations, with color ranging from 27 mm to 110 mm Pfund, and electrical conductivity ranging from 0.35 to 1.22 mS/cm.

Carbon pool and respiration of rhizosphere soils of different mangrove plant species in bangladesh sundarbans

Bangladesh Sundarbans like other mangrove ecosystems are vital carbon reservoirs in the global carbon cycle. Soil respiration, a key carbon flux, is closely linked to climate change. Despite extensive research on the Sundarbans, a gap exists in studying rhizosphere soil carbon pool (SOC) and respiration (Rs), which is crucial for understanding its role in global climate dynamics, especially the local climate. This study investigated SOC pools and Rs rates of oligohaline, mesohaline, and polyhaline zones of the Bangladesh Sundarban Mangrove Forests (SMF). The oligohaline zone exhibited the highest average SOC content (11.26 ± 5.52 t/ha), followed by the mesohaline zone (9.91 ± 3.09 t/ha) and the polyhaline zone (9.86 ± 4.16 t/ha). The Rs rate was comparatively higher in the mesohaline zone (28.19 ± 5.02 mg CO2/g soil), followed by the polyhaline zone (27.81 ± 4.38 mg CO2/g soil), and the oligohaline zone (27.63 ± 4.16 mg CO2/g soil) though the differences were not significant. Further analyses explored the influences of plant species on SOC and Rs. While rhizosphere soil of distinct plant species displayed varying SOC values, Rs did not exhibit significant differences among different plant species, and no significant relation was observed between Rs and SOC values. Mangroves were noted to store substantial amounts of organic carbon in their soils, yet they released relatively less carbon dioxide (CO2) through soil respiration compared to other tropical forests. This unique characteristic underscores the critical role of mangroves in global climate change dynamics. Conclusively, this study offers insightful information about the carbon dynamics of the Bangladesh SMF, emphasizing the significance of mangroves as carbon reservoirs with the potential to influence climate change adaptation strategies. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(1): 131-140, 2024 (March)

Sustainable Tourism Management at EcoMangrove Ulam Sari Kedonganan

The Ecomangrove Ulamsari Kedonganan tourist attraction is one of Bali's ecotourism destinations, offering educational and recreational experiences in a mangrove forest area. The increasing number of visitors poses potential negative impacts on the environment and society. This service aims to analyze sustainable tourism management at Ecomangrove Ulamsari Kedonganan. The findings show that sustainable tourism management at Ecomangrove Ulamsari Kedonganan is still not optimal. The ecological, economic, and socio-cultural aspects need to be better integrated. The ecological aspect has yet to be fully implemented in waste management, wastewater treatment, and carrying capacity. The economic aspect could have been more optimal in increasing local income and equitable economic benefits. The socio-cultural aspect has yet to be fully applied in local community empowerment and cultural preservation. Based on the findings, several strategies are recommended to improve sustainable tourism management at Ecomangrove Ulamsari Kedonganan:1. Implementing better waste and wastewater management systems, 2. Developing more creative and innovative ecotourism, 3. Increasing local community participation in ecotourism management, 4. Strengthening education and awareness for tourists about ecotourism

The Analysis of Population Structure of Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) in The Mangrove Forest Area of Bagek Kembar, West Lombok

Scylla serrata is one of the species included in the mangrove forest ecosystem which has high economic value for human life. Seeing that mud crabs have high economic potential both domestically and abroad with a fairly high level of demand and abundant availability of catches in nature, concerns arise about the condition of their population. This research aims to determine the population structure of mangrove crabs in the Bagek Kembar Mangrove Forest Area, West Lombok. The method used is purposive sampling. Sampling was carried out at 3 stations representing the entire research location area, namely on the seafront, in the middle and farthest from the arena facing the sea. Each station has its own characteristics. The distance between stations is 50 m. Each station is installed 6 folding trap with a distance between trap 10 m. The length, width, and high size are 50 cm, 30 cm, and 15 cm respectively. This tools are completed by 3 mm mesh size. The results of the research showed that the carapace length of male and female mud crabs that were mostly caught was in the 3 – 4.5 cm and 2.5 – 4.0 cm classes. The carapace width of male and female mud crabs most often caught is in the range of 4.4 – 6.5 cm and 3.5 – 5.5 cm. And the weight of the most commonly caught male and female mud crabs was in the class range of 11.39 – 111.5 grams and 13.77 – 74.5 grams. This research concludes that mangrove crabs that live in the Bagek Kembar Mangrove Forest Area, West Lombok, based on gender, carapace length, carapace width and body weight, are dominated by juveniles. Only a limited number reach catch size.

Representation of mangroves in the Irarutu community

The ecological revitalization described in the section relates to the mangrove ecological environment, which will be presented more specifically to the Irarutu tribe, who inhabit the Aroba district, Aroba village, and Teluk Bintuni Regency. It is related to the lexicon or words of the Irarutu language, which correlate with the ecological environment of mangroves, or in Papuan Malay, it is called mangi-mangi or mangrove forests. Mangrove representation is a real manifestation of the presence of an Irarutu language that lives and develops in the lives and lives of the Irarutu people to protect the Irarutu language so that it is always used by Irarutu speakers. The natural environment, especially mangroves, represents the language and culture of the Irarutu people so that they continue to exist together with the community as an integrated part. Language is the most important instrument in human life to explain the phenomena of the mangrove environment, which are directly related to the survival of Irarutu humans. With the loss of mangrove forests, there will be a disintegration of local wisdom knowledge due to the loss of the lexicon related to linguistic features of the Irarutu community, Aroba district, and Aroba Village.

Community-Based Tourism Mangrove Swamp Ecotourism Based on Maqashid Sharia

Having a wealth of potential mangrove resources, Pagatan Besar village has the opportunity to develop a sustainable ecotourism sector. This development must be directed at minimizing negative impacts on the environment and ensuring that the welfare of local communities increases. This research aims to find strategies for developing mangrove swamp ecotourism potential in Pagatan Besar village by optimizing the role of the Community based on Maqashid al Syari'ah. Qualitative research using a case study method in the mangrove swamp ecotourism area found that the strategy applied in developing the tourism potential of the mangrove swamp ecotourism area in the region was to implement a transparent accounting system to manage ecotourism income and expenditure, forming a special team to allocate initial investment funds and on the necessary infrastructure, maintaining the security and comfort of tourists with regular security audits, updating the security system through technology such as CCTV cameras. Optimizing the role of the Community is carried out by involving residents in skills training programs in the mangrove ecotourism sector, regular meetings for input and ideas, overcoming gaps in cultural and religious values with cross-sector consultation groups involving religious, cultural and village government leaders in the integration of Maqashid values al Syari'ah in the ecotourism plan, increasing environmental awareness through healthy environmental education for tourists and residents in daily ecotourism activities.

Analysis of the Post-Cyclonic Physical Flood Susceptibility and Changes of Mangrove Forest Area Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Process and Geospatial Analysis in Indian Sundarbans

Tropical cyclones, one of the most extreme and destructive meteorological incidents, cause extensive damage to lives and livelihoods worldwide. This study utilized remotely sensed data along with multi-criteria decision-making, geospatial techniques, and major cyclonic events Aila, Amphan, and Yaas to identify the changes in the vulnerability of cyclone-induced floods in the 19 community development blocks of Indian Sundarbans in the years 2009–2010, 2020–2021, and 2021–2022 (the post-cyclonic timespan). The Sundarbans are a distinctive bioclimatic region located in a characteristic geographical setting along the West Bengal and Bangladesh coasts. In this area, several cyclonic storms had an impact between 2009 and 2022. Using the variables NDVI, MNDWI, NDMI, NDBI, BSI, and NDTI, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager, Thermal Infrared Sensor, Resourcesat LISS-III, and AWiFS data were primarily utilized to map the cyclonic flood-effective zones in the research area. The findings indicated that the coastline, which was most impacted by tropical storms, has significant physical susceptibility to floods, as determined by the AHP-weighted overlay analysis. Significant positive relationships (p < 0.05, n = 19 administrative units) were observed between mangrove damage, NDFI, and physical flood susceptibility indicators. Mangrove damage increased with an increase in the flood index, and vice versa. To mitigate the consequences and impacts of the vulnerability of cyclonic events, subsequent flood occurrences, and mangrove damage in the Sundarbans, a ground-level implementation of disaster management plans proposed by the associated state government, integrated measures of cyclone forecasting, mangrove plantation, coastal conservation, flood preparedness, mitigation, and management by the Sundarban Development Board are appreciably recommended.

Effect of charcoal and spent engine oil on some growth indices of <i>Rhizophora racemosa</i> g. Mayer grown in garden soil

This study investigated the effect of charcoal and spent engine oil on some growth indices of mangrove seedlings Rhizophora racemose G. Mayer grown in garden soil. The aim was to discover means of improving mangrove nursery growth and survival in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Rhizophora racemose was planted in garden soil amended with four different treatments: C (Garden soil only), PC (Garden soil + Charcoal), PCSEO (Garden soil + Charcoal + 6% Spent engine oil), and SSEO (Garden soil + 6% Spent engine oil), with three replicates each and randomized complete block design was adopted for the study. The effect of these treatments was monitored biweekly on some growth indices – plant height, leaf area, leaf length, number of leaves and stem girth, except for root length, number of roots, fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll content of R. racemosa which were obtained at 18th week after planting. The study revealed that PC treatment had the highest values for plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight, plant girth, root length when compared to other treatments (C, PCSEO and SSEO) while SSEO recorded the least values. Among the treatments, there were significant differences in the plant height, fresh weight and root length of R. racemosa at P = 0.05. The garden soil amended with charcoal improved the performance of R. racemosa than in spent engine oil alone (PC > PCSEO > SSEO). This could be attributed to the presence of heavy metals in spent engine oil. Again, the charcoal amended soil had higher values for growth indices when compared with the control (C) treatment. This suggest that charcoal has the potency of improving garden soil fertility, plant survival and productivity. Therefore, charcoal could be beneficial in environmental conservation, restoration of endangered forest especially the mangroves in the Niger Delta polluted with crude oil. The study recommends that, charcoal should be incorporated in reforestation and afforestation approaches of mangrove forests.

MANGROVE FOREST MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN BEDUL, BANYUWANGI: COLLABORATION BETWEEN COMMUNITY AND ALAS PURWO NATIONAL PARK FOR SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT

This study aimed to: (1) identify the condition of the Bedul Banyuwangi mangrove forest area for sustainable ecotourism; (2) evaluate the fitness of the Bedul Banyuwangi mangrove forest for sustainable ecotourism; (3) evaluate collaboration between the community and the management of Alas Purwo National Park in conserving Bedul mangrove forest areas; and (4) design a management strategy for the Bedul mangrove forest for developing sustainable ecotourism. This research is a descriptive analytic study with a survey technique constructed using a remote sensing approach and a Geographic Information System (GIS). Landsat and Quickbird satellite imagery are used to identify temporal changes in mangrove forests and temperature over the last decade. Quickbird remote sensing data are used to evaluate the current land use associated with community activities in mangrove areas and government policies related to the presence of mangrove forests. The results showed that: 1) the condition of the Bedul Banyuwangi mangrove area from 1995-2022 was in a stable state. ; 2) the fitness of the Bedul Banyuwangi mangrove forest for sustainable ecotourism is included in the S2 category or following with the Bedul mangrove ecotourism fitness index; 3) the collaborative management of the Bedul mangrove ecotourism between the community (fishing community, local government) and the management of Alas Purwo National Park is continuing good to maintain the condition of the mangroves and provide economic benefits to the community in a sustainable manner; 4) the management strategy implemented is to maintain the quality and quantity of Bedul mangroves and supporting facilities in a sustainable manner. This research can be used as a reference for future research into sustainable ecotourism, as well as for the government to create policies that support sustainable ecotourism.

Main drivers of productivity of Acacia mangium plantations in Vietnam

Acacia mangium is one of the most important hardwood plantation species in the tropics. The question of how to grow Acacia productively and sustainably remains a major issue for the forestry sector in many tropical countries. We analyzed the productivity of A. mangium plantations across five contrasting ecological zones in Vietnam. These covered gradients in rainfall from 1750 mm to 3060 mm and a mean annual temperature range of 22 – 27 0C. Plantation productivity across these zones varied from an MAI of 6 m3 ha y−1 to 31 m3 ha y−1. A comprehensive suite of statistical methods was utilized for variable and model selection to minimize confounding and multicollinearity issues among predictors and identify determinants of plantation productivity using 27 biophysical variables. These variables encompass plantation age, climate parameters, as well as site and soil properties. Results showed that, apart from plantation age, the factors influencing plantation productivity and explaining a majority of variation in mean annual timber increment are soil organic carbon content and the number of foggy days. Soil carbon is probably an index of overall soil fertility and its significance reflects the fact that the plantations have often been established on relatively degraded sites. The lower productivity at sites having a higher frequency of foggy days (up to 57 days per year in some regions) may arise from lower solar radiation and temperature during fog. The results of this study can inform site selection and plantation management tools aimed at maximizing Acacia mangium productivity in Vietnam and other countries with similar ecological conditions. Planting A. mangium in high-intensity fog areas is not recommended. Further studies on the ecophysiological mechanisms of how fog influences the growth of tropical A. mangium plantations are also needed.

Study of Changes in Mangrove Areas Around the Barombong Maritime Polytechnic

Recently, coastlines in several areas of Indonesia have experienced erosion, which is quite worrying. Makassar City is one of 30 coastal cities in Indonesia that is estimated to be potentially affected by rising sea levels. As is the case in the Tanjung Bunga and Barombong Beach areas, the level of abrasion is very high. The beaches in these two areas have experienced a decline in coastline over the years, so they have moved far inland. This is caused by several factors, such as the influence of waves that occur in coastal waters, the influence of local winds, the presence of tides and the existence of coastal currents around Tanjung Bunga due to the lack of physical wave dampening structures, such as the lack of artificial structures/ buildings and mangrove forests. as physical protection of the coast.
 This study was conducted to identify changes in the extent of mangrove cover around the Barombong Shipping Polytechnic campus concerning data and information processing using a geographic information system (GIS). Based on the results of the data analysis, there has been a change in the extent of the mangrove ecosystem around the study location. This change in area can be seen from the upward trend over the last ten years. In 2013-2018, there was an increase of ​​30.38% or around 8.2 ha. In 2018-2023, there was an increase in the area of ​​7.36% or around 2.6 ha; in 2013-2023, there was an increase of ​​39.97% or around 10.8 ha.

Integration of Community-Based Tourism (CBT) Index and Biophysical Assessment for Sustainable Ecotourism Mangrove: A Case Study of Karangsong, Indonesia

Marine ecotourism is one of the pivotal sectors that supports the sustainability of marine ecosystems and elevates the socioeconomic status of the country. Karangsong is located on the northern side of the Indramayu districts, covering approximately 25 hectares of mangrove. The significant number of tourists visiting sites of mangrove ecotourism in Indonesia contributed to the tourist intentions associated with the diversity of mangrove and management strategies. How the community-based tourism (CBT) index aligns with biophysical assessment is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the interconnectedness between the community-based tourism (CBT) index and biophysical assessment to measure the ratio number of tourists using the carrying capacity and sustainability index in Karangsong. A potential new suitability index for mangrove tourism was created. The various factors such as the mangrove ecosystem, substrate, and suitability that impacted the development of mangrove tourism were quantitatively analyzed. Our study identified that the majority of mangrove ecotourism sites in Karangsong Indramayu Regency consist of rich diverse mangrove species. The biophysical characteristics of the mangrove ecosystem were assessed with a suitability index of 83.7%. Our results indicated that the operations of mangrove tourism in the Karangsong region are well-managed and maintained. The region has a carrying capacity of 803 people/day, which refers to the maximum number of individuals for this area. This finding provides a more detailed understanding of the contribution of the new sustainability index of mangrove tourism and community-based tourism (CBT) approach assessing the potential development and challenges in the management of mangrove forests ecotourism.

Partisipasi Masyarakat Pesisir dalam Melestarikan Hutan Mangrove di Kecamatan Pasir Sakti Kabupaten Lampung Timur

The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of community participation in activities to preserve mangrove forests and to analyze factors related to community participation in preserving mangrove forests in Pasir Sakti District, East Lampung. The research method used in this study was a survey method, then the collected data was tabulated based on each category and analyzed descriptively and Spearman Rank test. The conclusion is that the level of community participation in activities to preserve mangrove forests involving processes that include planning, implementation and evaluation is in the medium category, and the utilization of the results is in the high category. Factors related to community participation in preserving mangrove forests are level of non-formal education, type of work, number of family dependents, length of stay, distance of house from mangrove location, role of community leaders, role of farmer groups, government support, and role of non-governmental organizations. government organization, while the factors that are not related are age and level of education.
 Keywords: participation, participation factor, mangrove forest