Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Research Articles

Analisa dan Pemetaan Kepadatan Hutan Mangrove di Wilayah Pesisir Pantai Gresik

The mangrove forest ecosystem in Ujung Pangkah sub-district plays a very important role in the lives of living creatures around it. The management and use of mangrove ecosystems by people in this sub-district tends to lead to the conversion of land into ponds, whether in the form of forest or emerging land. Cutting down trees in mangrove gforests is one of the causes of abrasion in several areas in Indonesia. Apart from abrasion, there is also accretion or addition of land around the Bengawan Solo estuary which provides access to the Pangkahwetan and Pangkahkulon coasts. The aim is to analyzezchanges in the area of mangrove vegetationgin Ujungpangkah. This research uses a remote sensing method known as the resolution concept, namely spatial resolution, temporal resolution, spectral resolution, radiometric resolution and layer resolution. Quantitative observations were made of changes in mangrove forest area using Landsat -8 imagery. The location of the Ujungpangkah ground is based on the conditions of the study location, in accordance with the results of initial image processing. Changes in the area of mangrove vegetation when viewed from remote sensing results in 2023 and 2024 experience visible differences, the distribution of mangroves will increase in 2024, namely there will be an increase in the area of vegetation. The distribution area of mangroves always changes every year. Either in the form of addition or reduction of area. Things that can affect the extent of mangrove distribution include 2 types of damage to the mangrove ecosystem in Ujung Pangkah District, namely abrasion and deforestation. The efforts made to overcome this problem include starting mangrove planting activities in the Banyuurip Mangrove Center (BMC) area. The results of data processing from the 2023 RBI map in Ujungpangkah District recorded a total area of ​​11904.93052 ha. The area is divided into several land uses, namely Mangrove covering an area of ​​1253.24609 ha and Non-Mangrove covering an area of ​​1525.32660 ha. Meanwhile, processing data from Lansat-8 in 2024 in Ujungpangkah District, the total area was recorded at 11904.93052 ha. Mangrove land use was recorded at 10651.68443 ha and non-mangrove land at 10379.60392 ha.

Exotic mangrove Laguncularia racemosa litter input accelerates nutrient cycling in mangrove ecosystems.

Exotic plant litter presents different chemical and physical properties relative to native plant litter and alters ecosystem processes and functions that may facilitate exotic plant dispersal. However, these effects are largely unknown, especially within wetland ecosystems. This study examines whether introducing litter from theexotic mangrove Laguncularia racemosa could result in (1) accelerated community litter decomposition rates and increased nutrient cycling rates and (2)microbial community structure changes in the invaded areas. A single decomposition experiment using litterbags was conducted to examine the short-term effects of L. racemosa litter in the native mangrove forest ecosystem. The soil nutrients and microbial communities of Rhizophora stylosa, L. racemosa, and mixed forests were also compared to explore the long-term cumulative effects of L. racemosa litter in native ecosystems. The results indicated that L. racemosa has lower-quality leaf litter than R. stylosa and a significantly faster decomposition rate. This may result from changes in the soil microbial community structure caused by L. racemosa leaf litter input, which favors the decomposition of its own litter. Both the short-term and cumulative effect experiments demonstrated that L. racemosa leaf litter significantly increased the relative abundance of microbes related to litter decomposition, such as Proteobacteria and Bdellovibrionota, and enhanced the alpha diversity of soil fungi, thus creating a microbial environment conducive to L. racemosa leaf litter decomposition. Moreover, the accumulation of soil nutrients was lower under L. racemosa than under R. stylosa over several years. This may be related to the more rapid growth of L. racemosa, which causes soil nutrient absorption and storage within the plant tissues, thereby reducing the soil nutrient content. Inputting exotic mangrove L. racemosa leaf litter reduced the soil blue carbon content, potentially adversely affecting global climate change. L. racemosa may employ a unique strategy to lower soil nutrient levels in native mangroves based on its low-quality leaf litter, thereby weakening the competitive ability of native plants that are intolerant to low-nutrient conditions and enhancing its own competitive advantage to further spread into these areas. In summary, the input of exotic L. racemosa leaf litter accelerates nutrient cycling in local mangroves.

A comprehensive analysis of health risks from metal contamination in the Sundarbans mangrove forest ecosystem in Bangladesh

A comprehensive analysis of health risks from metal contamination in the Sundarbans mangrove forest ecosystem in Bangladesh

Management strategies for the potential and value of mangrove forest ecosystem services in the Panango area of south Bolaang Mongondow regency

The Panango area is an area that has mangrove forests in its coastal areas that are used for ecotourism, fisheries, and environmental conservation. Mangrove forests in the area have the potential and value of important benefits to the surrounding community which has been using them for a long time, but data and information are not yet available, so it is necessary to identify and assess the ecosystem services in the area. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential and value of the benefits of mangrove ecosystem services in the Panango area in terms of provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting functions, and to determine strategies for managing the mangrove forest in the area. This research uses primary data obtained through field observations, namely observation of research objects, completion of questionnaires, and interviews with respondents. Secondary data was obtained from local government data and other data sources relevant to the research. The research data analysis technique was carried out by calculating the total economic value of each mangrove ecosystem service and SWOT analysis to determine mangrove area management strategies. This study concluded that the economic value of the potential and benefits of mangrove forest ecosystem services in the Panango area in total Rp. 26,259,380,092/year consisting of the value of service providers of Rp. 684,300,000/year, the potential for regulatory services as a wave breaker with a benefit value of Rp. 9,705,300,000/10 years, the potential value as a cultural service of Rp. 15,846,000,000/year, and the potential value as a supporting service of Rp. 23,780,092/year. Strategies that can be used in sustainable management of the potential and value of the benefits of mangrove forest ecosystem services in Panango area are through conservation efforts to protect and manage the area by involving joint participation between local governments and communities and other stakeholders.

Development of Dioramas Using 3D Media on Class X Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Materials in MA Darul Muta'allimin Patianrowo Nganjuk

The development of diorama media aims to increase teachers' creativity and optimize media use skills in the learning process. The purpose of this study is to describe the results of 3D diorama media validation on mangrove forest ecosystem materials according to material experts and media experts. The method used is RnD by not carrying out the dissemination stage. This is due to limited time and cost. The instruments used are material validation questionnaires and learning media. This development research uses a combination of quantitative data analysis and qualitative data analysis techniques where the scores of validation results by material experts, media experts and response scores from students are analyzed descriptively. The results of the discussion and based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the Results of the Validation of 3D Diorama Media on Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Materials from the results of the validation of material experts received very valid criteria with a percentage of 92.5% each. The results of the validation of 3D Diorama Media on Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Materials from the results of the validation of the Material Expert received very valid criteria with a percentage of 95.45%.

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT ACROSS VARIOUS GEOMORPHIC UNITS IN MANGROVE FOREST: A CASE OF DUBLAR CHAR, SUNDARBANS

Lying at the tidally active region of the Bengal Delta, the Sundarbans act as a terrestrial carbon sink and play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. However, this forest is underrepresented in term of soil organic carbon research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Soil Organic Carbon dynamics across various geomorphic units within a small area of mangrove forest ecosystem of Dublar char of Sundarbans. Salinity and pH trends were also examined across geomorphic units to understand their interplay with soil organic carbon dynamics. Soil samples from 25 locations across various geomorphic units were collected and analyzed to determine soil organic carbon, salinity and pH levels. The Walkley-Black wet oxidation method was employed to determine the organic carbon content. Results indicate varying degree of organic carbon concentration across geomorphic units with Highland areas having high level of soil organic carbon concentrations with average concentration level of 2.05%, followed by Creeks with 1.55%. Salinity levels also varied across different geomorphic units with values ranging from 4.8 ppt to 12.7 ppt, with creek area having high level of salinity due to its close proximity to seawater. Fringe forest areas had the highest pH levels with average value of 7.4 and the lowest average pH value (6.86) was observed in Beach areas of the study area. The study holds immense significance in understanding the organic carbon dynamics of mangrove ecosystem in the Sundarbans, providing essential insights for long term climate resilient land management and biodiversity conservation efforts.

Potensi Hutan Mangrove Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata (Studi Kasus Pada Hutan Mangrove Idaman Kec. Tarowang, Kab. Jeneponto, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan)

The Research of the potential of mangrove forests as an educational tourism is a survey research that focuses on the richness of mangrove forest ecosystems and its potential as an economic driver for the community through educational tourism activities. This research was conducted in the Idaman mangrove forest, Tarowang sub-district, Jeneponto South Sulawesi province. Data collection techniques used were through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the characteristics of the Idaman mangrove forest consist of various species of mangrove plants, birds, and other mangrove ecosystems that are very potential as a tourist attraction. The potential of the mangrove forest has not been optimized by the communities around tourism area so that it has not yet optimally contributed as an economic source. The constraints in developing of the Idaman mangrove forest as a tourist attraction are the absence of a community-based tourism development and management model on the attractiveness of the Idaman mangrove forest, the low creativity and capacity of the community, as well as limited tourism support facilities. The recommended model for developing mangrove forests is educational tourism based through nursery activities and planting of mangrove forests for conservation, utilization and diversification of mangrove forest products as culinary and handicraft products.

Shelf-life and antioxidant activity of beef meatball containing api-api mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf flour

Abstract Api-Api Mangrove (Avicennia marina) is one of the pioneers in the mangrove forest ecosystem. Avicennia marina belongs to the Verbenaceae family and is a cosmopolitan plant distributed along tropical and sub-tropical coastlines. Api-Api Mangrove (Avicennia marina) is a plant that is rich in bioactive substances such as antibacterial and antioxidant which are good for food preservation. Meatball is the one of the meat products which is easily damaged by bacteria and has a short shelf life. This study aimed to evaluate the microbiology quality and antioxidant activity of beef meatballs containing Api-Api Mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf flour as a natural preservative. This research used a factorial completely randomized design. The treatments were meatballs containing Avicennia marina leaf flour 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% that were refrigerated during 5 different storage times (at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days). The shelf life of the meatballs was evaluated for microbial content, initially and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days (S0, S2, S4, S6, and S8) using a standard total plate count method. Antioxidant activity was analyzed at S0 and S8. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to examine shelf life, and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test followed. Descriptive analysis was done on antioxidant activity. The results showed that the treatments did not significant on the shelf life of the meatballs. The shelf life of meatballs containing 20% of Avicennia marina leaf flour was longer (P<0,05) than other treatments. On the fourth day of storage, the meatballs were spoilage as indicated by the number of bacteria reaching 106 colonies per gram except the meatballs containing 20% of Avicennia marina leaf flour. These indicated that the Avicennia marina leaf flour can suppress the growth of bacteria. The antioxidant activity of meatballs containing Avicennia marina leaf flour was higher than those of the control. It can be concluded that the use of Avicennia marina leaf flour can be used as a natural preservative to support the resilience of the food sector.

Diminishing mangrove forest structures in Davao City, Philippines

The decline of mangrove coverage across the Philippines to 50% of its original coverage in present years has, led to significant reductions of ecological functions to fisheries and benefits to man. The mangrove forest in Davao City was assessed for its taxonomic list, Importance Value Index, abundance and distribution of mangrove regenerations, forest structure, and species diversity status. The study was conducted in Barangay Bunawan, Lasang, Panacan, Matina Aplaya, 76-A, and Bago Aplaya. All data were gathered by establishing sampling plots (10m x 10m) using the modified transect-plot method. Overall, a total of 34 mangrove species were listed, of which 21 were identified as true mangroves and 13 as mangrove associates. The 21 mangrove species were very low in species richness (54%). Importance Value Index showed that Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia alba, respectively, as dominant mangrove species. The mangrove regenerations were in poor condition (<0.50) while relative abundances of growth stages consisted of mature stands at 46.04%, saplings with 27.78%, and seedlings with 26.18%. General diversity indices obtained a low value on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'=1.42) and an average value on the species evenness index (E=0.61), all indicating stressful and unstable mangrove forests. Thus, the mangrove forest ecosystem has imbalances and eventually, only certain species would survive.

THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANGROVE FOREST ECOTOURISM IN PASAR BANGGI, REMBANG REGENCY

Mangrove forests are one of the most productive ecosystems, located in tropical and subtropical coastal waters and river estuaries. Mangroves provide benefits to humans and the environment by providing shelter for brackish water organisms such as fish and shrimp. Pasar Banggi Mangrove Forest in Rembang Regency has a geographic location with a geographical position of 6º41'52.45 "- 6º41'52.66" LS and 111º23'19.80"-111º23'20.01" East. The Pasar Banggi area experienced a 353-meter coastline setback due to abrasion. This has resulted in degradation. Given the importance of the function of mangrove forests, it is appropriate to take serious measures to reduce the effects of degradation. One possible utilization effort is through mangrove conservation activities. An appropriate alternative to mangrove conservation to be developed in Pasar Banggi is the development of the ecotourism sector. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the community and the development of mangrove ecotourism in the Pasar Banggi Mangrove Forest area. The method used in this research is convergent parallel mixed-method. Data collection methods using interviews and FGDs with relevant stakeholders. The results showed that the Pasar Banggi mangrove forest ecosystem was classified as the best ecosystem condition along the Pantura Line. Conservation efforts and community participation in suppressing mangrove degradation in Pasar Banggi Mangrove Forest is the establishment of the Sido Dadi Maju Farmer Group which is fully responsible for mangrove management and mangrove ecotourism development in Pasar Banggi Mangrove Forest.

Economic Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystem in Sari Ringgung, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province

Mangrove ecosystems play an important role in human life. It’s ecological role includes trapping sediment, protecting shorelines, and providing a natural habitat. The economic function of mangrove forests is for it to be a place for mangrove ecotourism, source of fisheries, source of food, and so on. This research aimed to quantify the monetary value of mangrove forests in Sari Ringgung. The method used in this study is an exploratory descriptive method that quantifies the total value of direct and indirect use of mangrove forest ecosystems. The research results showed that the mangroves found mainly consisted of 5 types i.e. Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylos, and Bruguiera cylindrica. The total economic value of mangrove forests in the Sari Ringgung area, Pesawaran Regency is IDR 109,953,256,105, which consists of the use value ofIDR 46,855,529,425 and the non-use value of IDR 888,172,548. The use value consists of a direct use value of IDR 138,060,000 and an indirect use value of 46,717,469,425, while the non-use value consists of an existence value of 874,366,548, an option value of 62,209,554,132 and a value of 13,806,000. The total economic value of the mangrove forests was in the high-value category, although the area of mangrove forests in Sari Ringgung and Pesawaran Regency has decreased.

The Analysis of Population Structure of Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) in The Mangrove Forest Area of Bagek Kembar, West Lombok

Scylla serrata is one of the species included in the mangrove forest ecosystem which has high economic value for human life. Seeing that mud crabs have high economic potential both domestically and abroad with a fairly high level of demand and abundant availability of catches in nature, concerns arise about the condition of their population. This research aims to determine the population structure of mangrove crabs in the Bagek Kembar Mangrove Forest Area, West Lombok. The method used is purposive sampling. Sampling was carried out at 3 stations representing the entire research location area, namely on the seafront, in the middle and farthest from the arena facing the sea. Each station has its own characteristics. The distance between stations is 50 m. Each station is installed 6 folding trap with a distance between trap 10 m. The length, width, and high size are 50 cm, 30 cm, and 15 cm respectively. This tools are completed by 3 mm mesh size. The results of the research showed that the carapace length of male and female mud crabs that were mostly caught was in the 3 – 4.5 cm and 2.5 – 4.0 cm classes. The carapace width of male and female mud crabs most often caught is in the range of 4.4 – 6.5 cm and 3.5 – 5.5 cm. And the weight of the most commonly caught male and female mud crabs was in the class range of 11.39 – 111.5 grams and 13.77 – 74.5 grams. This research concludes that mangrove crabs that live in the Bagek Kembar Mangrove Forest Area, West Lombok, based on gender, carapace length, carapace width and body weight, are dominated by juveniles. Only a limited number reach catch size.

Insect diversity and abundance in three forest areas of Lagos State

Mangrove forest ecosystem preserves diversity of species, which includes insects. Insects serve as bioindicators, pollinators and nutrient recyclers in the forest. However, the number of insects decline as the forest fades. We conducted this field survey to assess the diversity and abundance of insect species in three selected mangrove swamp forests located in Lagos State, Nigeria. Samples were collected fortnightly using different techniques, for a period of three months. Insects collected were preserved in 70% alcohol, but butterflies and moths were preserved dry. Representative samples were identified with picture insect mobile application V1.0.8 and confirmed using standard identification keys. Vegetation cover was quite similar in all the areas sampled comprising of Alchornea cordifolia, Eragrosis racemose, Paspalum dilatatum and Avicennia germania. A total of 182 insects were collected belonging to seven Orders, 18 Families and 38 species. The most dominant Order was Coleoptera with relative abundance of 66.48% and the least was Hemiptera (0.59%). The Order Odonata was the most diverse (HꞋ=1.09), and the most dominant species were Pantala flavescens and Sympetrum fonscolombii, having relative abundance of 8.24% each, followed by Palpopleura lucia (7.69%), Ceriagrion glabrum (7.14%) and Lestinogomphus africanus (6.04%). Psedagrion kersteni was rare with relative abundance < 0.5%. Iba site had the highest species diversity (HꞋ=1.24) but lowest number of individuals. This study documents the diversity and abundance of insects in the fast-disappearing mangrove forest of Lagos State, Nigeria.

Can land-use and land-cover change explain reduced resilience in forests?

Generating signals of reduced resilience in ecosystems is crucial for conservation and management endeavors. However, the practical implications of such systems are still limited due to the lack of high-frequency data and uncertainties associated with predicting complex systems such as ecosystems. This study aims to investigate the potential of time series analysis of remote sensing data in detecting signals of reduced resilience in mangrove forest ecosystems. Using time series analysis of remote sensing images, the resilience of mangrove forests was explored across two distinct study sites. One site (Qeshm Island) has been adversely affected by land-use and land-cover changes, while the other (Gabrik) serves as a reference ecosystem. The study uses data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite to quantify three remotely sensed indices: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and the Modified Vegetation Water Ratio (MVWR). In addition, Landsat data has been used to explore temporal alterations in land-use and land-cover change. To identify signals of reduced resilience, trend analyses of indicators such as autocorrelation (acf (1)) and standard deviation (SD) are applied. The findings revealed a notable decrease in resilience, signaled by significant upward trends in NDVI statistical metrics for Qeshm Island (Kendall’s τ of acf (1): 0.50 and SD: 0.90), contrasting with the pattern observed in Gabrik (Kendall’s τ of acf (1): −0.19 and SD: −0.19). These results align with our expectations derived from previous studies. Despite MNDWI significantly indicating reduced resilience in Qeshm Island (Kendall’s τ of acf (1): 0.86 and SD: 0.90), it also signaled decreased resilience in Gabrik (Kendall’s τ of acf (1): 0.79 and SD: 0.90). Moreover, MVWR failed to indicate signals of reduced resilience in both sites, specifically in Qeshm (Kendall’s τ of acf (1): −0.10 and SD: −0.07) and in Gabrik (Kendall’s τ of acf (1): −0.72 and SD: −0.12). These findings may be explained through quantitative analyses of land-use and land-cover change. While Qeshm Island and Gabrik share similarities in climate, geography, and annual rainfall, the analysis of land-use and land-cover change revealed significant differences between the two study areas. Qeshm Island underwent drastic increases in the built-up class by a 64.40% change between 1996 and 2014, whereas the built-up class expanded modestly by a 4.04% change in the Gabrik site. This study contributes to advancing our understanding of ecosystem dynamics. The findings of this study can be integrated with ecosystem management tools to enhance the effectiveness of conservation efforts. This is the first report of the successful application of remote sensing in generating signals of reduced resilience within mangrove forests in the Middle East.

Assessment of species diversity, biomass and carbon stock of mangrove forests on Belitung Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Henri, Farhaby AM, Supratman O, Adi W, Febrianto S. 2023. Assessment of species diversity, biomass and carbon stock of mangrove forests on Belitung Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6761-6769. Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems that provide important ecosystem services for people and nature, including climate change mitigation. This study analyzed species diversity, biomass value, and estimated carbon stocks in mangrove forest ecosystems on Belitung Island, Indonesia. The data collection method is carried out by creating a linear plot consisting of several circular subplots. Data analysis was carried out to determine the frequency, density, important value index, biomass (above-ground and below-ground biomass), and carbon content. The results of research on mangrove ecosystems on Belitung Island obtained ten species of mangroves dominated by Rhizophora apiculata Blume found in all research sites. The density of mangroves in the four locations (>1,500 trees/ha) is very dense. In contrast, the location in Juru Seberang (1,349 trees/ha) is categorized as moderate because it is the location of previous reforestation. Rhizophora apiculata has an important value index at the tree (161.24%) and sapling (149.24%) levels. Mangroves on Belitung Island have a total biomass value (225.08 t ha-1), estimated carbon content (112.54 t C ha-1), and carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption of 413.02 t CO2 ha-1. Sustainable coastal ecosystem management can significantly reduce carbon emissions from the land use sector and maintain ecosystem services in these coastal habitats, considering Belitung Island as one of the archipelago areas.

Mapping mangrove above ground carbon stock of benoa bay bali using sentinel-1 satellite imagery

Mangrove forest ecosystems distributed in tropical countries play an important role in carbon sequestration. The presence of mangrove forests is estimated to be capable of reducing CO2 levels caused by air pollution. The process of photosynthesis absorbs CO2 gas from the atmosphere and stores it as organic matter in the form of plant biomass. The amount of carbon stock stored in mangrove forests can be estimated using a regression model based on satellite imagery pixel values and above ground biomass (AGB) measurements. This study used the backscattering value of SAR Sentinel 1 images and field AGB measurements to map carbon stocks in the mangrove forest ecosystem of Benoa Bay, Bali. The processed backscattering value is the result of VV and VH polarization in the SAR Sentinel 1 image acquired in 2022. Meanwhile, AGB is calculated using the allometric equation based on the mangrove’s species found at the study site. The biomass at the study location was estimated to be in the range of 64.18 Mg/Ha to 175.24 Mg/Ha, with an average of 115.34 ± 25.33 Mg/Ha. Therefore, the carbon stock of Benoa Bay can be estimated to have values in the range of 30.16 MgC/Ha to 82.36 MgC/Ha, with an average of 54.21 ± 11.09 MgC/Ha. In terms of estimating AGB biomass based on SAR pixel values, the VH polarization produces a better model (R2 = 0.635) than the VV polarization.

Efektivitas Bangunan Organic Coastal Defence (OCD) untuk Meningkatkan Persentase Keberhasilan Penanaman Mangrove di Mempawah Mangrove Park

Damage to the mangrove forest ecosystem causes the erosion of beach-forming sediments. Mempawah Mangrove Park (MMP) has experienced severe abrasion and this abrasion caused the land around the coast of MMP to be lost in the current. The loss of land was exacerbated by the destruction of mangrove forests, so in 2011 MMP carried out reforestation of mangrove forests to restore the lost land. Planting often fails, where newly planted mangroves die and are lost in sea currents after 1 to 2 months after planting. In 2022 MMP will collaborate with Environmental Engineering Students at Tanjungpura University under the auspices of the Tanjungpura University Laboratory UPT in activities Matching fund to innovate mud-retaining buildings and breakwaters. The building was named Organic Coastal Defence (OCD). The OCD building consists of a mud retaining building (mud trap) and breakwater buildings (breakwater). The materials used are pieces of board, pieces of wood and pieces of bamboo, where the majority of these materials are left over from building construction in MMP. This building was proven to be able to increase the percentage of success in mangrove planting where during the 6 month monitoring period mangroves that were living in good condition reached 50% in mud trap 1 and 58%. on mud trap 2.

Study of population distribution and benefits of Nipah (Nypa fruticans)

The invasion of nipah (Nypa fructicans) occurred in the Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF), Indonesia, as a result of mangrove forest degradation caused by anthropogenic activities in the area. This research aims to analyze the distribution of nipah populations in the ATPF and at the same time describe the benefits and potential of nipah both in the ATPF and in various regions in the world. The data collected in this research consists of two types, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through field surveys in the ATPF area, while secondary data was obtained through literature studies of relevant research results. Nipah populations can be widely distributed in degraded mangrove forest ecosystems and invade areas outside their natural habitat because they have high adaptability to the environment, high seed productivity and effective and adaptive seed distribution. Even though the spread of nipah in the ecosystem can hinder the succession of mangrove forests, it turns out that nipah has great benefits for the community and contains important compounds that are useful for making foods, drinks and medicine..

Economic Valuation of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem in Zamboanga City, Philippines

Mangrove forests are considered one of the most productive and biologically diverse ecosystems in the world. The purpose of conducting this economic valuation study of the mangrove forest ecosystem is to ensure the effective use of mangrove resources by raising the public and decision-maker's awareness of the potential use and benefits of mangroves to the community and the environment. This study assessed the total economic value of the mangrove forest ecosystem in Zamboanga City, Philippines by taking into account the direct use values of mangroves (for example; shrimp value, crab value, and mollusks value), indirect use values of mangroves (for example, the fish value obtained from the nursery and breeding grounds potential of mangroves, coastal protection value of mangroves which include sediment trap for erosion prevention and mangrove protection from strong waves and flooding, and sequestering carbon in the atmosphere), and the people’s willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-work for the option value of the mangrove forest (for example; future potential direct use and indirect use of mangroves). A research survey was conducted to the mangrove beneficiaries (for example, fisherman, crab and shrimp seeker, shellfish/mollusks picker) of Barangay Mampang, and Barangay Talon-Talon, Zamboanga City. Data was collected in April 2022. The market price method was used to calculate the direct use value of mangroves. Replacement cost and Benefit transfer methods were used to assess the indirect use value of mangroves. While the Contingent valuation method was used to determine the option value of mangroves by assessing the willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-work of the respondents for the mangrove conservation and protection program. The total economic value of mangroves in Barangay Mampang and Barangay Talon-Talon, Zamboanga City amounts to 1,559,918.88 United States Dollars/year. The direct use value of mangroves reached 661,703.47 United States Dollars/year from the operational costs and market prices of the various fishery resources provided by the mangrove forest. While the Indirect use value of mangroves reached 881,524.30 United States Dollars/year obtained from the potential of mangroves to provide nursery, feeding, and breeding grounds for fish, protect the coast from flooding and storm surges, and sequester carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The average willingness-to-pay of the respondents for the mangrove conservation and protection program is 8.16 United States Dollars/household/year. Their mean willingness-to-work is 6 labor days/month, equivalent to 184.86 United States Dollars/year in monetary terms at the local wage rate. The total option value of mangroves obtained by adding the amount willing-to-pay and amount willing-to-work of the respondents reached 22,296.11 United States Dollars/year. Mangrove Forest benefits the coastal communities by providing nursery, feeding, and breeding grounds for fishery resources, protecting coastal communities from strong waves, and flooding, and sequestering carbon in the atmosphere. To sustainably maintain the provision of goods and services provided by the mangroves, participation in cash or in kind of the beneficiaries are essential as part of the mangrove conservation initiatives in Zamboanga City. The researchers of the study recommend the policymakers, and the local government unit of Zamboanga to use this economic valuation study as a reference in implementing mangrove conservation programs and developing policies concerning the effective use and management of mangrove resources.

Estimasi Simpanan Karbon Tegakan Menggunakan Citra Sentinel-2A Pada Kawasan Mangrove Labuan Tereng Kabupaten Lombok Barat

The primary worry in addressing climate change problems is the elevation in global temperatures resulting from the growing levels of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Mangrove ecosystems contribute to the "blue carbon" plan which is capable of storing carbon well, this research was conducted to assess carbon storage within the mangrove forest ecosystem by combining Sentinel-2A satellite imagery with on-site field measurements. The data analysis findings indicate the presence of six distinct mangrove varieties, namely R. mucronata, A. marina, R. apiculata, S. alba, E. agallocha, and C. decandra. The R. mucronata type is the type that dominates the mangrove area with an average carbon amount of 122.1 tonnes/ha. Correlation analysis shows a strong relationship between IKVm and mangrove forest carbon stocks, with a correlation coefficient value of 80%. In the regression model, the power model provides the best equation for estimating carbon stocks with a coefficient of determination value of 64.4% giving a model equation of y = 109.51x1.2381. Analysis of image carbon reserves obtained the lowest value, namely 0.02-10.46 tonnes/ha which was in the very rare vegetation density type and the highest carbon reserve value was 58.30-59.02 tonnes/ha in the very high density class.