Mangrove Flora Research Articles

The mangrove flora and their physical habitat characteristics in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Djamaluddin R. 2018. The mangrove flora and their physical habitat characteristics in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1303-1312. The mangrove forests of Bunaken National Park are among the most distinctive and unusual in Southeast Asia because of the species that the forests contain. This study investigated the identity and diversity of mangrove plants as well as physiographic factors and major physical processes of every type of sub-habitats. Seven surveys were conducted to collect and identify mangrove species of the park. Sub-habitats where specimen was found, aspects related to tidal inundation, nature of soil, freshwater influence and topography were observed as well as major physical processes influencing the condition of each sub-habitat. The results suggested that the park was floristically rich with at least 27 plant species and they were distributed over ten recognized sub-habitat types in different composition and diversity. Ceriops zippeliana Blume, Lumnitzera racemosa Willd, Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt., Sonneratia ovata Backer, and Camptostemon philippinense (Vidal) Becc. were found in Bunaken National Park and their presence confirmed the broader distribution limit of these species within Indo-Malesia region. A special notice was for C. philippinense as the distribution limit of this is rarely reported.

Salinity: A Primary Growth Driver of Mangrove Flora

<p class=MsoNormalCxSpFirst style=margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1> 1. <span style=font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family: times= new= roman;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1=>Abstract The biomass of three dominant mangrove species ( Sonneratiaapetala , Avicennia alba and Excoecariaagallocha ) in the Indian Sundarbans, the designated World Heritage Site was evaluated to understand whether the biomass vary with spatial locations (western region vs. central region) and with seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon). The reasons for selecting these two regions and seasons are the contrasting variation in salinity. Although several other environmental variables do have impact on mangrove growth and survival, but their uniformity in these two sectors has lead us to nullify and ignore their regulatory roles. Among the three studied species, Sonneratiaapetala showed the maximum biomass followed by Avicennia alba and Excoecariaagallocha . We also observed that the biomass varied significantly with spatial locations (p<0.05), but not with seasons. The variation may be attributed to different environmental conditions to which these forest patches are exposed to. <p class=MsoNormalCxSpMiddle style=margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none> 2. <span style=font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family: times= new= roman;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1=>Keywords <span style=font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family: times= new= roman;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1=>: Biomass;Indian Sundarbans; Mangroves; Salinity

Time Series Observation on Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Coastal Waters of the World Heritage Site of Indian Sundarban Mangrove Forest, NE Coast of Bay of Bengal

Sea levels on the Indian sub-continent are increasing at the rate of about 2.5 mm/year; the rate of increment is greater in the eastern coast, with an estimated sea level rise of about 3.14 mm/year. This suggests that mean annual sea levels in the Indian sub-continent will be some 15 cm higher in 2060 than what it was during 2000. The Indian Sundarbans in northeast coast of the country, at the apex of the Bay of Bengal is an extremely dynamic deltaic lobe sustaining a wide spectrum of mangrove flora and fauna. It is estimated that sea level in this deltaic lobe has increased by about 15 cm since the 1950s and this has been correlated with changes in the pattern and rates of erosion and accretion in the islands of the Indian Sundarbans. Such geo-physical phenomena may not only pose serious impact on the adjacent aquatic system by way of increasing turbidity, nutrient budget, salinity, pH etc., but the phenomenon has every possibility to shift the biodiversity spectrum of the adjacent land masses (supporting mangrove and mangrove associate species) and aquatic system due to salinization of land, alteration of soil pH, increased erosional activities leading to reduction of water transparency, increased salinity of the water bodies and invasion of the areas with more number of stenohaline species (preferably phytoplankton). The present paper is an attempt to scan the time series observation on phytoplankton dynamics in the coastal waters of Indian Sundarban mangrove forest, NE coast of Bay of Bengal. Twenty four stations have been selected in the present programme at different salinity gradients to evaluate the temporal variations of selective hydrological parameters like surface water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, transparency and nutrient load. Simultaneous data on phytoplankton diversity was also assessed to critically analyze the impact of temporal oscillation of hydrological parameters on the tiny, free floating, drifting, primary producer community. Duncan test applied on the data set of 25 years (1990 to 2015) revealed significant temporal variations of surface water temperature, salinity, pH, transparency, nitrate concentration, phosphate concentration and phytoplankton composition. Since 1990, nine stenohaline phytoplankton species have been recorded in the upstream regions of the deltaic lobe indicating a gradual shifting of aquatic phase towards high salinity. Few environmental variables like dissolved oxygen and silicate did not show variations at significant level. Although the time span is too short to predict potential impact of aquatic climate change on phytoplankton community of the mangrove dominated Indian Sundarbans, but significant temporal variation in the phytoplankton community since 1990 speaks in favour of using these tiny, free floating, drifting, primary producer community as potential bioindicators of aquatic climate change in short term scale.

Comparative evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of fresh juice and ethanolic extract of Sunderban mangrove Rhizophora mucronata Lam. leaves in animal model

Background: Mangrove flora possess compounds with potential medicinal values with unique bioactive components. Traditionally Rhizophora mucronata, a mangrove has been used extensively for the treatment of diabetes. Studies revealed that, the leaves of Rhizophora (Bhora) had promising anti-diabetic action in rat model.Methods: A comparative analysis of the anti-diabetic action of fresh juice and ethanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves was carried out in Streptozotocin induced diabetic model and the different biochemical parameters were evaluated.Results: Present research explored a comparative analysis of the anti-diabetic action of fresh juice and ethanolic extract of leaves of Rhizophora mucronata Lam. in Streptozotocin induced diabetic model. The ethanolic extract showed more potent effect in lowering the elevated blood sugar in the diabetic rats, 200mg/kg was the most effective dose for both the extracts. The ethanol extract was more beneficial having potent lipid lowering action along with anti-hyperglycemic property.Conclusions: This supports the scientific validation for using Rhizophora mucronata leaves in the treatment of diabetes as traditional folk medicine. Identification of the bioactive molecule is under process.

Predictive Eel Population Model Based on Fish Habitat Dependency and Fishing Pressure on Pisodonophis boro (Hamilton) in the Godavari Delta, India

The habitat dependency of the rice-paddy eels, Pisodonophis boro is described in this paper with emphasis on natural production. The eels use mangrove mudflats as homing ground for feeding and breeding; perform anadromous migration during breeding season; total mangrove dependency of the eels has been confirmed from field observations on eel fishery and mangrove degradation during the period 1981-2012. Total loss of mangrove habitat resulted in migration or mortality of the species and recruitment of the fish populations preceded rejuvenation and ramification of mangrove flora and associated fauna. Pisodonophis boro needs perennial freshwater inflow for successful reproduction; thus, the annual breeding cycle is triggered and regulated by the freshwater release from the river dam, and the artisanal fishery is correlated to these events. Sexes are separate and females with bilobed ovaries grow larger. The fish is being caught by trap nets and hooks as these have a sediment burrowing behavior and carnivorous food habits. A novel method of estimating eel population by applying Mini Tab. 16 software and the unique SARIMA, 1.1.1 model is highlighted. Critical factors influencing/triggering migration of eels from the Godavari estuary to the freshwater canals and paddy fields were seasonality, temperature and salinity. Smoked eels are delicacies of the entire central delta with a total population of 12,00,438; the proximate composition of the fish was analysed and health problems if any in smoked fish consumers was assessed by documenting health symptoms.

POTENSI FAUNA AKUATIK EKOSISTEM HUTAN MANGROVE DI KAWASAN TELUK PANGPANG KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

Mangrove ecosystem located between terrestrial and marine coastal areas are changing constantly due to human activities that affect the aquatic fauna several species of fish and non-fish. The aim of research to determine the level of importance and biodiversity index value of mangrove, analyze abundance, biomass, diversity and equity, as well as the spread of aquatic fauna mangrove forest ecosystem. Results of the study showed an index of biodiversity of mangrove flora in the medium category with a relative importance value index Rhizophoraceae and Sonneratiaceae dominate in all phases. Economically valuable aquatic fauna found amounted to 21 species of 15 families. Groups of fish fauna found bedul fish (A. caninus) have abundance and biomass as much as 975 ind at 18,299.56 gr, meanwhile the non fish fauna found werus shrimp (Metapenaeus sp.) has an abundance of as much as 1,936 ind and biomass crabs (P. pelagicus) have amounted to 13,609.38 gr associated in mangrove areas Pangpang Bay. Fauna biodiversity index included in the medium category, meanwhile the index of evenness fauna belonging in the high category. Dispersal patterns at the mouth of the bay with the mouth of the river flow Wagut fauna found in the form of pelagic and demersal fish such as family Mugilidae, Clupediae, Leiognatidae, Psettodidae. At the center of the edge of the bay in the form of aquaculture ponds found that pelagic fish group Centropomidae, Polynemidae, Sillagidae family. Meanwhile, at the end of the bay with the river flow Setail found the group that demersal fish Platycephalidae and Gobidae family.

Notes on Pemphis acidula J.R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst. (Myrtales: Lythraceae) from Andaman Islands, India

Pemphis acidula Forst. (Lythraceae) has been reported herein with locality data after a lapse of 91 years from Andaman Islands. This re-discovery is significant as P. acidula has not been added to the mangrove flora of India in many important national and international status reports. This species is characterized by its narrowly elliptic to lanceolate leaves that are densely covered with silky hairs on both surfaces, crumpled white petals, capsule with circumscissile dehiscence and winged seeds. Further, new morphological discoveries viz., tetramerous and pentamerous flowers were reported in the present study in contrast to the perfect hexamerous flowers reported elsewhere. Since P. acidula is sparsely distributed, location-specific conservation strategies should be adapted in order to prevent its local extinction from the Islands. In addition, exploratory surveys are imperative particularly in calcareous rocky habitats for authenticating the wider distribution of such rare species. Â

Effects of Mangrove Zonation and the Physicochemical Parameters of Soil on the Distribution of Macrobenthic Fauna in Kadolkele Mangrove Forest, a Tropical Mangrove Forest in Sri Lanka

The ecology of the macrobenthic fauna of the mangrove forests has received little attention compared to the mangrove flora. The present study was aimed at filling this information gap and investigated if the diversity and distribution of macrobenthic fauna at Kadolkele mangrove forest, a pristine mangrove forest situated at the Negombo estuary in Sri Lanka, are governed by the mangrove zonation and variation of physicochemical parameters of the mangrove soil. Since the aerial photographs identified three distinct mangrove zones at Kadolkele, namely, Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Lumnitzera zones, fauna were sampled and physicochemical parameters of the soil were measured in belt transects that were established at each mangrove zone. Data were collected and analyzed using appropriate field sampling techniques and statistical methods, respectively. Results revealed that the physicochemical parameters in soil varied between the three mangrove zones and that the distribution of benthic fauna followed the mangrove zonation. Further, the diversity measures of epifauna were found to be higher than those of the infauna of this tropical estuary.

Short Communication: Note on Excoecaria indica (Willd.) Muell.-Arg, 1863 (Euphorbiaceae), from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; a data deficient species

Ragavan P, Ravichandran K, Mohan PM, Sxaena A, Prasanth RS, Jayaraj RSJ, Saravanan S. 2015. Note on Excoecariaindica (Willd.) Muell.-Arg, 1863 (Euphorbiaceae), from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; a data deficient species. Biodiversitas 16: 22-26. Excoecaria indica (Wild.) Muell.-Arg was recorded from Middle Andaman and Great Nicobar Island representing a newaddition to the mangrove flora of the, Andaman and Nicobar islands. This species is characterized by its thorny trunk, crenulatelanceolateleaves and cherry-sized green fruits containing three seeds. Information about E. indica is inadequate, and it is recognized asdata deficient species. Further studies and conservation measures are imperative for managing the mangrove diversity of the islands withregards to this species.

Short Communication: New distributional records of Sonneratia spp. from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

Ragavan P, Ravichandran K, Mohan PM, Sxaena A, Prasanth R S, Jayaraj RSC, Saravanan S. 2014. New distributional records of Sonneratia spp. from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Biodiversitas 15: 251-260. Sonneratia lanceolata, Sonneratia x urama andSonneratia x gulngai was collected from Great Nicobar Island, which representing a new addition to the mangrove flora of India. S.lanceolata is distinguished from S. caseolaris by its drooping branches, lanceolate leaves and ovoidal bud without medial constriction.S. x urama and S. x gulngai are putative hybrids. S. x urama is putative hybrid between S. alba and S. lanceolata, whereas S. x gulngai is putative hybrid between S. alba and S. caseolaris. A detailed description along with colour plate and relevant notes is provided for further collection and identification of these species in the field.

Reproductive Ecology of Mangrove Flora: Conservation and Management

ABSTRACT Mangroves are dynamic and unique inter-tidal ecosystems, common in tropical and subtropical coastal environments. They are among the world’s most productive ecosystems and are important in protecting coasts from erosion by fierce tides, in promoting the diversity of marine organisms and fisheries by contributing a quantity of food and providing favourable habitats for animals. These economic uses of mangroves indicate that they play an important role in the lives and economies in the coastal regions of different countries. Mangrove forests are under immense threat worldwide due to their multiple economic uses and alterations of freshwater inflows by various upstream activities in catchment areas. Mangrove plants with unique adaptations play a crucial role in sustaining life in mangrove forests. Their reproductive biology is central to understanding the structural and functional components of mangrove forests. The success of sexual reproduction and subsequent population expansion in mangrove plants is linked to flowering timings, pollinators and tidal currents. Viviparous and cryptoviviparous plants are true mangroves while non-viviparous ones are mangrove associates. The dispersal propagule is seedling in viviparous and non-viviparous plants while it is seed in nonviviparous plants. In this study, viviparous and crypto-viviparous species were included for study. These species are self-compatible, self-pollinating and also cross-pollinating; such a breeding system is a requirement for the success of sexual reproduction and subsequent build up and expansion of population. They are entomophilous in the study region. The viviparous plants include Ceriops tagal, C. decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and B. cylindrica. The non-viviparous plants include Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinalis, Aegiceras corniculatum and Aegialitis rotundifolia. Sexual reproduction and regeneration events are annual in these plants and are dependent on local insects, tidal currents and nutrient content in estuarine environment. In recent times, erratic and insufficient rainfall together with industrial pollutants released into rivers is causing negative effects on the growth, development and regeneration of mangrove flora. In effect, there is a gradual decrease in mangrove cover. Added to this is continuous exploitation of mangrove plants for fuel wood, creation of shelters for cattle and changes for industrial establishments and aquaculture development in estuarine regions. As a consequence, the existing mangrove cover is struggling to survive and also not in a position to support local needs and provide livelihood opportunities through fishery resources. Further, reduced mangrove cover is showing catastrophic effects on fishing communities who live along the shore line during the period of cyclonic surges and tsunami events.

The Miocene coastal vegetation of southwestern India and its climatic significance

The late early to middle Miocene sediments at Varkala cliff section (SW India) offer a great potential to study paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic conditions. The succession consists of coastal marine sands alternating with fine grained, organic-rich siliciclastics. Based on several palyno-samples, a mangrove flora could be reconstructed, composed of Rhizophoraceae, Avicennia, Xylocarpus, and Sonneratia. These grew in front of backswamps, followed by evergreen forests in hinterland with many rainforest elements.Despite these similarities between the Miocene and the modern vegetation, differences can be documented, e.g., the abundance of Nypa and the absence of gymnosperm in the Miocene vegetation. Based on the Coexistence Approach, a temperature is reconstructed, which is similar to today's (mean annual temperature 22.2–27.5°C; coldest month temperature 20.6–23.6°C; warmest month temperature 27.5–28.1°C). However, in comparison to today, significantly lower values for the mean annual precipitation are reconstructed (1748–1958mm), although a seasonality pattern was established (wettest month mean precipitation 225–358mm; driest month mean precipitation 18–83mm).Comparison with other localities along the west coast of southern India hints at a similar vegetation and climate throughout the early and middle Miocene. Furthermore, the same results were obtained for SE India. This is in contrast to the strong west-east gradient in rainfall caused by the Indian Monsoon nowadays. Therefore, the paleovegetation of the early and middle Miocene of southern India appears to be more uniform than today. This outlines the complexity of describing the paleoclimatic evolution in the tropics based on plant fossils, but emphasizes the need for further study of this area to understand the early history of the Indian Monsoon.

A dinâmica dos sistemas litorais do Sul de Moçambique durante os últimos 30 anos

Erosion is the dominant process of Mozambique’s coastal dynamics. In more than 90% of the coastline, it is a natural process that occurs as a consequence of tropical cyclones and of the recent relative sea level rise. The consequences of these processes are the retreat of the coastline and the occurrence of transgressive phenomena in all the sandy systems (beach-dune-lagoon). These are due to the erosion of the upper- and meso-tidal forms, such as beaches, dunes, spits, barrier islands and cliff fronts. At the same time, an infilling of the low coastal forms occurs that is due to the submergence of the sub- and meso-tidal forms, such as beachrock platforms (bio-erosion pools and solution benches filled with sand), estuarine bars and mudflats. Wherever the beachrock platforms are wide enough, despite being partially submerged, they preserve the erosion of the connected beachdune system. The salinization of the freshwater coastal aquifers, both in islands and in the mainland, and the growth of the coral reefs are two other consequences of this gradual submergence. The retreat values recorded in the beaches that experienced these natural dynamics in the southern coast of Mozambique range from 0.11 to 1.10 m/year over the last 31 years (1973-2004). However, the maximum erosion values of 0.95 and 1.75 m/y took place in the southern border beach-dune system (Ponta do Ouro), and were due to disorderly exploitation by the tourist industry. The inland migration of the spit-dune system over the mangrove platforms has changed the sedimentation pattern, and the sand now overlaps the silt mudflats. For this reason, the mangrove flora has undergone ecological changes, such as the substitution of helophyte (Rhyzophora and Ceriops ssp.) by psammophyte species (Aviccenia marina).

Fosil Polen Mangrove Berumur Pliosen Dari Formasi Tapak Daerah Kedung Randu, Banyumas

Thirty sediment samples had been taken from the Tapak Formation of Kedung Randu areas, Banyumas, to reconstruct the diversity of mangrove flora from this area the past. This samples were processed for palynological slides used standard palynology preparation method. The microscopic identification of palynomorphs were done to identify taxa of paleoflora. Fifty-six types of pollen and spores fossils had been identified and 22 types were mangrove pollen-spores fossils. This fossils could be grouped into major mangrove (Zonocostites ramonae/Rhizophora type, Spinizonocolpites echinatus/Nypa fruticans, Florschuetzia levipoli/Soneratia caseolaris and Avicennia type); group of minor mangrove (Retitricolporites sp./Excoecaria sp., Discoidites novaguenensis/Brownlowia type, Camptostemon and Acrostichum aureum), and a group of plant associations (Retitricolporites equatoralis/Calophyllum type, Dicolpopollis sp./Calamus type, Racemonocolpites sp./Oncosperma, Marginipollis concinus/Barringtonia, Pandaniidites sp. /Pandanus, Terminalia catappa, Ilexpollenites sp./Ilex, Stellatopollis sp./Croton type, Acanthaceae type, Cyperaceaepollis/Cyperaceae, Podocarpidites/Podocarpus, Aglaia type, Haloragacidites/ Casuarina and Verrucatosporites usmensis/Stenochlaena palustris. Stenochlaeniidites papuanus and Podocarpus imbricatus were found in the samples. Tapak Formation was included in the last section of the Podocarpus imbricatus/Dacrycarpidites australiensis Zone of Java Palynological Zonation, and this formation was in the age of Late Pliocene towards Pleistocene. Key word: Tapak Formation; major-minor-plant associations of mangrove; palynological zonation

Key to mangrove pollen and spores of southern China: an aid to palynological interpretation of Quaternary deposits in the South China Sea

Illustrations of, and keys to, mangrove pollen and spores from extant taxa are essential to studies of tropical Quaternary palynology and palaeoecology of estuarine and marine deposits. In this paper we present a pollen morphological “atlas” and identification keys for most of the mangrove flora of the coastal areas of south China, including an interspecific key to the major mangrove elements Rhizophora and Sonneratia. The morphology of the pollen and spores of 38 species of living mangrove and associated plants is described and illustrated by transmitted light photographs and scanning electron micrographs. These descriptions and illustrations, and the identification keys are presented at an achievable taxonomic level. The keys are open for future development so that pollen of other mangrove and associated plants can be accommodated when available. In their present state they should, nevertheless, aid palynological analyses of Quaternary mangrove and associated estuarine and marine deposits, particularly in the South China Sea and surrounding regions, but also elsewhere in tropical and subtropical regions.

Diversity and distribution of mangrove flora in the Attaragoda wetland, Galle with some notes on avifauna

Attaragoda is a mangrove wetland situated in the Southern Coast (Latitude: 6° 1′ 60N, Longitude: 80° 15′ 0E), 3km outside Galle. This luxuriant patch of mangrove forest faces immense pressure due to human activities. Diversity and distribution of mangrove species in relation to salinity levels and species richness of avifauna were studied from January to June 2009The area was subdivided into three zones based on salinity levels. Zone 1 with recurrent tidal effect had a salinity range of 33-40ppt. Salinity of Zone 2 with moderate influence of tides ranged between 26- 32ppt. Salinity of Zone 3 with least influence of tides ranged between 20-28ppt. Diversity and distribution of mangrove flora was carried out using quadrat (20×20m) sampling technique. Species richness of birds were determined by carrying out line transects and opportunistic observations. Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (DI) was calculated to describe floral diversity. Twelve species of true mangroves and six mangrove associates were recorded. Out of eighteen species six were known to be introduced to the wetland. Species richness of Zone 1, 2 and 3 were seven (No. of plots sampled; n=7), six (n=3) and five (n=4) respectively. Increased species richness of Zone 1 is due to introduced species of true mangroves: Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal and Aegiceras corniculatum Highest diversity and evenness were recorded from Zone 3 (DI=0.42, J=0.78) and lowest diversity was recorded in Zone 1 (DI=0.23, J=0.46). Dominant species in Zone 1 were Rhizophora apiculata, Excoecarica agallocha and Clerodendrone inerme. Zone 2 (DI=0.33, J=0.46) was dominated by Rhizophora apiculata and Acanthus illicifolius. True mangrove species Sonneratia caseolaris, Avicennia officinalis, Heritiera littoralis, Luminitzera racemosa and mangrove associate Cerbera manghas were recorded opportunistically in Zone 2. Acanthus illicifolius was exclusive to Zone 2. Avifauna consisted of 35 species, of which, 20 were wetland species. There were nine species of migratory birds including one scarce winter visitor- Malayan Night Heron, indicating that Attaragoda wetland is an important destination for migratory birds. Immediate steps should be taken to assure degradation of this wetland habitat by human interventions.

Mangrove Flora and Fauna of Klang Islands Mangrove Forest Reserves, Selangor, Malaysia

The mangrove areas of the Klang Islands Forest Reserves, Selangor, have been declining in size and quality due to degazettement or removal from legal protection of the forest reserves and subsequent land reclamation and other development activities. Thus, surveys on mangrove flora and fauna were conducted to assess current status and identify impact of development. A list of mangrove flora and fauna is produced. Terrestrial vertebrates (mammals, birds and herpetofauna) surveyed revealed a total of 68 species (8 species of mammals, 57 species of birds and 3 species of reptiles). Species composition and total standing above-ground biomass of mangrove trees in ten 10 x 10 m plots, totalling 0.4 ha area, were estimated at Pulau Indah and Pulau Che Mat Zin. Both islands are within the Klang Islands Mangrove Forest Reserves (MFR), which have been declining in forest cover. The total number of individual trees recorded in all 10 plots was 222 from 10 species of three families i.e. Rhizophoraceae, Avicenniaceae and Meliaceae. Rhizophora apiculata was the most dominant tree species with an Important Value Index (IVI) of 28.2, contributed mainly from the density (77 trees). The total basal area of the trees was of 23.96 m2/ha with R. apiculata making up most of the total value of 6.96 m2/ha. The estimated total above-ground biomass of mangrove trees in this study was 2300.1 kg/0.1 ha with the highest contribution from R. apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. The estimated biomass was very low compared to other pristine mangrove forest at Matang or Langkawi. The causal factors identified included clear-felling activity, coastal erosion caused by wave actions from ships, oil pollution, reclamation, and other development activities.Kawasan bakau di Hutan Simpan Pulau-pulau Klang, Selangor, semakin berkurangan daripada segi luas dan kualiti kerana sebahagian kawasan telah digazet atau dikeluarkan daripada kawasan hutan simpan untuk ditebusguna tanah atau untuk pembangunan lain. Oleh itu, tinjauan terhadap fauna bakau dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti status terkini dan impak pembangunan. Satu senarai flora dan fauna bakau dihasilkan. Vertebrat darat (mammalia, burung dan herpetofauna) yang ditinjau terdiri daripada sejumlah 68 spesies (8 spesies Mammalia, 57 spesies burung dan 3 spesies Reptilia). Komposisi spesies dan biojisim pokok bakau dalam 10 plot bersaiz 10 x 10 m, atau kawasan seluas 0.4 ha dianggarkan di Pulau Indah dan Pulau Che Mat Zin. Kedua-dua pulau merupakan sebahagian daripada Hutan Simpan Pulau Klang. Jumlah pokok bakau yang direkod dalam semua plot ialah 222 daripada 10 spesies dalam tiga famili i.e. Rhizophoraceae, Avicenniaceae and Meliaceae. Rhizophora apiculata ialah pokok yang paling dominan dengan Indek Nilai Kepentingan sebanyak 28.2, yang disumbang oleh kepadatan pokok spesies tersebut iaitu sebanyak 77. Jumlah keluasan pokok ialah 23.96 m2/ha, yang mana R. apiculata menyumbang nilai tertinggi iaitu 6.96 m2/ha. Anggaran jumlah biojisim pokok bakau di kawasan kajian ialah 2300.1 kg/0.1 ha dengan sumbangan tertinggi daripada R. apiculata dan Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Nilai anggaran biojisim sangat kecil jika dibandingkan dengan nilai hutan bakau primer di Matang atau di Langkawi. Faktor penyebab yang dikenalpasti ialah hutan bakau di sini mengalami tekanan fizikal daripada pembangunan di sekeliling seperti pembalakan, aktiviti tebusguna tanah, hakisan pantai yang disebabkan oleh tindakan ombak dari laluan kapal, pencemaran minyak dan aktiviti pembangunan lain.

Natural products from semi-mangrove flora: source, chemistry and bioactivities

This review covers the source, chemistry and bioactivities of natural products from semi-mangrove species worldwide. The chemotaxonomy of semi-mangrove plants and total synthesis of heritol analogues, which are potential biocompatible pesticides, are discussed.1 Introduction, 2 Acanthaceae, 2.1 Acanthus, 2.1.1 Aliphatic glycosides, 2.1.2 Alkaloids, 2.1.3 Flavonoids, 2.1.4 Lignan glycosides, 2.1.5 Megastigmane and phenolic glycosides, 2.1.6 Phenylethanol glycosides, 2.1.7 Triterpenoids, 2.1.8 Miscellaneous, 2.1.9 Bioactivities, 3 Euphorbiaceae, 3.1 Excoecaria, 3.1.1 Diterpenoids, 3.1.2 Miscellaneous, 3.1.3 Bioactivities, 4 Lythraceae, 4.1 Pemphis acidula, 5 Sterculiaceae, 5.1 Heritiera littoralis, 5.1.1 Flavones, 5.1.2 Triterpenoids, 5.1.3 Benzene derivatives, 5.1.4 Sesquiterpenes, 5.1.5 Steroids, 6 Total syntheses of heritol and its analogues, 7 Chemotaxonomy and concluding remarks, 8 Acknowledgements 9 References.

ChemInform Abstract: Natural Products from the True Mangrove Flora: Source, Chemistry and Bioactivities

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Natural products from true mangrove flora: source, chemistry and bioactivities

The mangrove flora is a diverse group of salt-tolerant plants growing in tropical and subtropical intertidal estuarine zones. This review summarizes the source, chemistry and bioactivities of natural products from true mangrove species worldwide. It includes 349 metabolites and 150 references. The molecular phylogeny and chemotaxonomy of true mangrove plants is discussed.