Mangrove Communities Research Articles

Functional diversity of the macrofauna communities in arid mangroves of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

Understanding the patterns and drivers of biodiversity in intertidal zones is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. The taxonomic and functional diversity of macrofaunal communities was studied in the arid mangrove system of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. The study further aimed to investigate whether the main functional traits differ between habitats. All macrofauna samples and environmental variables were taken from two habitats including vegetated habitat and adjoining mudflats. A total of 85 taxa was found, of which 19 taxa were exclusive to vegetated habitats and 20 to mudflats. Mollusca were the most species-rich group in both habitats, followed by Arthropoda and Annelida. When comparing diversity indices among regions and habitats the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was significantly higher in vegetated habitats compared to mudflats. However, these trends were less consistent for the functional diversity measures being very much region-dependent. The results showed that functional trait structure was more uniform than the taxonomic structure across regions and habitats. The trait modalities biodiffuser, surface deposit-feeder, burrower, free-living, planktotrophic, 2–5 years, and 10–50 mm were common at both habitats. However, the modalities detritivore and grazer/scarper, and direct larval development were significantly higher in vegetated habitats than in mudflats. The vegetated habitats exhibited the more functionally redundant communities than mudflats, possibly due to higher taxonomic diversity observed in this habitat or the presence of the species with similar functions in the ecosystem. The combined investigation of species and functional diversity of mangrove macrofauna communities conducted in this research is essential for effective management and conservation efforts aimed at protecting mangrove ecosystems and to preserve the goods and services they provide.

Linking temperature sensitivity of mangrove communities, populations and individuals across a tropical‐temperate transitional zone

Abstract Climate change is reshaping coastal wetlands worldwide, driving ecosystem shifts like mangrove poleward expansion into saltmarshes in tropical‐temperate transitional zones. Though warming is recognized as the primary driver, a lack of detailed field studies limits our ability to predict mangrove responses to rapid climate warming. Here, we characterized how mangroves vary across a temperature gradient at 18 sites along Florida's Gulf of Mexico coast (USA). We used minimum air temperature (Tmin) derived from daily data from 1989 to 2021 as the independent variable and applied plot‐based and synoptic approaches to quantify species‐specific mangrove variation at community, population, and individual levels. We then used these results to spatially project future mangrove ecosystem properties under multiple warming scenarios. Across the Tmin gradient from −10.8 to −1.4°C, mangrove canopy height and coverage ranged from 0.4 to 11.5 m and 15% to 98%, respectively, with both exhibiting sigmoidal increases with Tmin. Estimated mangrove aboveground biomass ranged from 0 to 496.7 Mg/ha and showed a positive linear relationship with Tmin due both to the tall tree stratum's increased biomass per tree and higher abundance. While the population abundance and coverage of Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa had positive linear relationships with Tmin, Avicennia germinans exhibited a significant quadratic relationship, reflecting the higher freeze tolerance of this species. Such tolerance may stem from A. germinans' higher morphological plasticity observed at the individual level, adapting to cold stress by exhibiting a more shrub‐like architecture at colder sites. Based on these field‐derived quantitative relationships, we projected substantial increases in mangrove coverage and canopy height near current range limits, with tall A. germinans dominating in the north and R. mangle dominating the centre and south of the study region. Synthesis. To better predict the ecological consequences in coastal wetlands under future climate change, it is essential to understand how mangroves respond to winter temperature regimes across a temperature gradient. Collectively, these cross‐level and species‐specific results advance our understanding of mangrove temperature sensitivity and provide information about the future of coastal wetland structure and function in response to a changing climate.

Floristic composition of mangrove community in Ngurah Rai Forest Park and Nusa Lembongan, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Wijaya IMS, Sugiana IP, Astarini IA, Ginantra IK, Rahim KAA. 2024. Floristic composition of mangrove community in Ngurah Rai Forest Park and Nusa Lembongan, Bali - Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 300-309. The floristic composition of mangroves can be influenced by various factors, one of which is the size of the island. In Bali, Ngurah Rai Forest Park is one of the mangrove areas in the mainland of Bali, while Nusa Lembongan on the southeastern mainland represents the mangrove on the small island. This research aimed to study the floristic composition of the mangrove species in Ngurah Rai Forest Park and Nusa Lembongan based on the species diversity and the structure of mangrove community. Based on the explorative method, both locations have 20 true mangrove species cumulatively, with 18 species in Ngurah Rai Forest Park and 15 species in Nusa Lembongan. The mangrove community structure is majorly composed by Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora (R. apiculata, R. mucronata, and R. stylosa) in trees, saplings, and seedlings. Sonneratia alba has more impact in relative dominance, while the Rhizophora has more impact in relative density. Based on the Shannon-Wiener Index of Diversity, the mangrove community status is Moderate in both locations in all growth forms (trees, saplings, and seedlings). The Index of Dominance and Index of Evenness indicates the mangrove community is in stable condition with no extremely dominated species and fairly even species distribution. The mangrove condition is categorized as Good with Dense Trees based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment number 201 of 2004.

Spatial variability of organic matter in two mangrove ecosystems in Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia

Abstract. Ramli R, Pardi F, Singh HR, Roslani MA, Aziz KNA, Kamaruddin SA. 2024. Spatial variability of organic matter in two mangrove ecosystems in Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 25: 329-336. Organic matter is a crucial factor influencing mangroves' structure and species composition. The present study aimed to assess and compare the organic matter content in the sediment of Pulau Dayang Bunting and Sungai Kilim mangroves ecosystem in Langkawi, Kedah. The spatial variation of the organic matter contents was measured from the sediment at different zones in a line transect at each location. The mean of organic matter content recorded in the Pulau Dayang Bunting mangroves community was recorded from 13.67% to 15.74% and 13.06% to 16.57% in the Sungai Kilim mangrove community which were classified in the medium category. Results of Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences in the organic matter content between mangroves communities and only organic matter content in Station 2 was significantly different at the lower, middle, and upper zones (ANOVA one way, P<0.05). Only salinity has a negative correlation with the organic matter content in the study area (r (34) = [-0.41], p = [0.014]). The upper zones exhibited a greater concentration of organic matter due to enhanced accumulation facilitated by the vertical water mixing. Mangroves age, vegetation density, salinity, and sediment types are also crucial factors in maintaining organic matter content in the mangrove ecosystem.

The species coexisted in mangrove communities through niche differentiation of flooding time and salinity

The species coexisted in mangrove communities through niche differentiation of flooding time and salinity

Mangrove Community Structure and Healthiness in Rote Ndao, East Nusa Tenggara

Mangroves in Rote Ndao play an important role in protecting and preserving 65% of fish and marine biota in this surrounding area. Unfortunately, the data and information about the condition of the mangrove ecosystem are limited and less published. This study aimed to determine the mangrove community structure and spatial distribution of mangrove healthiness in Rote Ndao District. Mangrove distribution was investigated using the k-means algorithm classification method by Sentinel 2A Surface Reflectance. Mangrove community structure and condition were studied in 39 observation plots spread around Rote Ndao Regency. The Healthiness distribution of the mangrove ecosystem was analyzed using the MHI Algorithm produced by Dharmawan. A total of 13 mangrove species have been identified, with the highest Important Value Index (IVI) Rizhophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba. The average canopy cover shows a medium value of 63.48±16.34%, density of 21.55±9.31 stand/plot, Diameter Breast Height (DBH) 15.93±5.25 cm, and height 12.05±4.54 m. Mangrove Health Index (MHI) shows a moderate to excellent category with an average of 64.01±13.18 %. The distribution of mangrove areas in Rote Ndao is 2,081.44 ha, and 6% or 124 ha areas are in the poor category.

Mangrove Community Structure in Pematang Sei Baru Village, Tanjung Balai District, Asahan Regency

Coastal and marine areas are an integrated ecosystem and are interconnected with each other, so they have a mutual correlation. In a coastal ecosystem, there is an exchange of matter and energy that takes place in the system and with other external system components. Based on the importance of the role of mangrove ecosystems in a body of water and the lack of information about the structure of mangrove communities in Pematang Sei Baru Village, Tanjung Balai District, Asahan Regency, North Sumatra, this research is important to be carried out to determine the condition of mangrove ecosystems and can provide understanding to the community about the importance of ecosystems for coastal areas. The data analysis used in this study is both descriptive and quantitative. The data analysis used includes diversity and uniformity index, dominance, mangrove community structure, and canopy cover. The highest diversity in trees is found at station 3, with a value of 2.20, and the lowest, with a value of 2.12, at station 2. The highest uniformity in trees is found at station 2, with a value of 0.96, and the lowest at station 5, with a value of 0.93. The highest dominance value was in Rhizophora mucronata with a value of 15.75%, Xylocarpus granatum with a value of 11.51%, and Bruguiera cylindrical type with a value of 10.73%. 1 highest INP value is the type of Rhizophora mucronata with a value of 55.79% and canopy cover in the medium category. Based on the results of observations made at the location of this study, there are many remnants of logging carried out by the surrounding community, which, if left unchecked, will lead to reduced land, which will greatly affect the ecosystem in it. Therefore, the role of the government is expected in conducting supervision in this area.

Changes in the leaf functional traits of mangrove plant assemblages along an intertidal gradient in typical mangrove wetlands in Hainan, China

The understanding of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning linkages under environment change has been advanced immensely by the development and application of the functional trait theory. Intertidal zones, characterized by significant environmental gradient differences, are severely threatened by sea-level rises caused by global warming. The functional trait distribution pattern for mangrove communities along the intertidal gradient and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated differences in the leaf functional traits of mangrove plant assemblages among the high, middle, and low intertidal zones, and their relationships to sediment physicochemical properties, in Dongzhaigang and Qinglan Harbor reserves, Hainan, China. In both reserves, most sediment physicochemical properties (pH; salinity; total potassium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur concentrations; organic carbon content; ammonium nitrogen and available phosphorus concentrations) differed significantly among gradient zones. The sediment pH, total phosphorus, and available potassium concentrations differed significantly between the dry and wet seasons. From the low to the high intertidal zone, the mangrove specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations increased significantly and the leaf thickness decreased significantly. The leaf tannin and lignin concentrations were significantly lower and the leaf phosphorus concentration, nitrogen concentration and hardness were significantly higher in the dry season than in the wet season. The sediment salinity, pH, and total sulfur and potassium contents were key factors affecting the distribution of mangrove leaf functional traits along the intertidal gradient. The changes in mangrove leaf functional traits reflect gradient-level responses to environmental stress and the sediment nutrient status. Our findings improve the understanding of the functional trait diversity and maintenance mechanisms of mangrove communities under environmental change and provide a new perspective for the prediction of how coastal mangroves will respond to future global warming.

Novel insights into aerobic 17β-estradiol degradation by enriched microbial communities from mangrove sediments

Various persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including estrogens are often enriched in mangrove regions. This research investigated the estrogens pollution levels in six mangroves located in the Southern China. The estrogen levels were found to be in the range of 5.3–24.9 ng/g dry weight, suggesting that these mangroves had been seriously contaminated. The bacterial communities under estrogen stress were further enriched by supplementing 17β-estradiol (E2) as the sole carbon source. The enriched bacterial communities showed an excellent E2 degradation capacity > 95 %. These communities were able to transform E2 into estrone (E1), 4-hydroxy-estrone, and keto-estrone, etc. 16 S rDNA sequencing and metagenomics analysis revealed that bacterial taxa Oleiagrimonas, Pseudomonas, Terrimonas, and Nitratireductor etc. were the main contributors to estrogen degradation. Moreover, the genes involved in E2 degradation were enriched in the microbial communities, including the genes encoding 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, estrone 4-hydroxylase, etc. Finally, the analyses of functional genes and binning genomes demonstrated that E2 was degraded by bacterial communities via dehydrogenation into E1 by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. E1 was then catabolically converted to 3aα-H-4α(3′-propanoate)− 7aβ-methylhexahydro-1,5-indanedione via 4,5-seco pathway. Alternatively, E1 could also be hydroxylated to keto-estrone, followed by B-ring cleavage. This study provides novel insights into the biodegradation of E2 by the bacterial communities in estrogen-contaminated mangroves.

Mangrove Community Structure in West Madapolo Village, North Obi District, South Halmahera Regency

The ecological function of mangroves can be viewed from three aspects, namely physical, chemical, and biological aspects. Data collection of mangrove community structure using line transect quadrant method by pulling the line along 100 m from the sea to land at the lowest tide. The results of mangrove community structure analysis in West Madapolo Village, North Obi District, South Halmahera Regency. Identified 4 types of mangroves namely Rhizopora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Brugueira gymnorhiza, and Lumnitzera litorea found at the 3 stations. The highest species density value is Rhizopora apiculata, at station 1. The highest frequency by Rhizopora apiculata, and Brugueira gymnorhiza species at station 1 with the same value of 39.29. The highest cover by Rhizopora apiculata species at station 1 with a value of 49.73 and the lowest by S. alba species at 14.17 while the highest importance value index by Rhizopora apiculata species at 147.99 and the lowest is Sonneratia alba 40.54. The highest diversity at station 2, and the lowest at station 1, the highest diversity at station 2 while the highest dominance is found at the station and the lowest at station 2. Keywords: Structure Community, Mangrove, Village Madapolo Barat Abstrak Fungsi ekologis mangrove dapat ditinjau dari tiga aspek, yakni aspek fisika, kimia dan biologi. Pengambilan data struktur komunitas mangrove menggunakan metode line transek kuadran dengan cara menarik line garis sepanjang 100 m dari arah laut ke darat pada saat surut terendah. Hasil analislis struktur komunitas mangrove di Desa Madapolo Barat, Kecamatan Obi Utara, Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan. Teridentifikasi 4 jenis mangrove yaitu Rhizopora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Brugueira gymnorhiza, dan Lumnitzera litorea yang ditemukan pada ke 3 stasiun. Nilai kerapatan jenis tertinggi adalah Rhizopora apiculata, pada stasiun 1. Frekuensi tertinggi oleh jenis Rhizopora apiculata, dan Brugueira gymnorhiza pada stasiun 1 dengan nilai yang sama yaitu 39,29. Penutupan tertinggi oleh jenis Rhizopora apiculata pada stasiun 1 dengan nilai 49,73 dan yang terendah oleh jenis S. alba 14,17 sedangkan indeks nilai penting tertinggi oleh jenis Rhizopora apiculata 147,99 dan terendah yaitu Sonneratia alba 40,54. Keanekaragaman tertinggi pada stasiun 2, dan terendah pada stasiun 1, kseseragaman tertinggi pada stasiun 2 sedangkan dominasi tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun dan yang terendah pada stasiun 2. Kata kunci: Struktur Komunitas, Mangrove, Desa Madapolo Barat

Diversity and abundance of mud crabs (Scylla spp.) living in mangrove forest ecosystems on Serangan Island, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Swasta IBJ, Murni IAAD, Amelia JM. 2023. Diversity and abundance of mud crabs (Scylla spp.) living in mangrove forest ecosystems on Serangan Island, Bali. Biodiversitas 24: 5664-5670. The mangrove forest ecosystem on Serangan Island contains dozens of types of aquatic fauna, including mud crabs from the Scylla genus (Scylla spp). The objectives of this study were to obtain the variety and abundance of mud crabs and to determine the variety and abundance of mangroves on Serangan Island after the reclamation. This study's results are expected to make all parties aware of the ecological impact of reclamation activities on the coast. Data on mangrove diversity was collected through observation during a field survey. At the same time, samples of mud crabs were caught randomly using traps (rakang) of as many as 20 units set proportionally around Serangan Island. The fishing gear (rakang) is placed in the afternoon at 18.00, then taken in the morning at 06.00 to see the trapped mud crabs. The data on the diversity and abundance of mud crabs were processed to obtain a diversity index using the diversity index formula (H') from Shannon Wiener and quantitative and qualitative descriptive. The results showed that there are three types of mud crabs around Serangan Island, namely Scylla serrata (47.8%), Scylla olivacea (30.4%), and Scylla tranquebarica (21.8%) with a diversity index (H' ) of mud crabs was 1,047. Scylla serrata has the highest prevalence of 35%, followed by Scylla olivacea (25%) and Scylla tranquebarica (10%). The mangrove community on Serangan Island consists of 6 species, namely Rhizophora apiculate, Rhizophora stylosa, Ceriop tagal, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia lanata, and Brugierra gymnorhiza.

Analysis of Mangrove Community in The Bagek Kembar Essential Ecosystem Area, West Lombok

: Bagek Kembar Essential Ecosystem is one of mangrove ecosystem in the Sekotong Bay. In some part of the area has also been used as a pond for mariculture activity so, it can influence the composition and diversity of mangroves in that area. This research was conducted to determine the species composition, importance value index, and diversity of mangrove species. Data of mangrove vegetation were collected in a method combination of line transects and quadrats. Total of 11 transects and 33 quadrats were layed out in the area of the Bagek Kembar mangrove ecosystem. The results of this research showed that there were seven mangrove species as member of 4 genera and 4 families. The highest species dominant index and density was Avicennia marina. The mangrove species diversity index for tree and sapling was 1,000 and 1,003, respectively (both in medium categories) and the diversity index for seedling was in low category (0,676).

Alkaloids and Polyketides from Mangrove Associated Fungi viz. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp.: A Review

Abstract: In-depth research is being carried out on mangrove communities, which are regarded as significant habitats for biodiversity, in order to find novel secondary metabolites with useful pharmaceutical and medicinal uses. According to a growing number of articles that point to the enormous potential of this ecological niche, mangrove-associated fungi are acknowledged as a rich source of bioactive chemicals. The fungi Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp., which are isolated from the plant's leaves, rhizosphere, rhizospheres’ soil, and pneumatophore, are mangrove-associated and derived, according to this review. The secondary metabolites produced by fungi originating from mangroves, including alkaloids and polyketides, are discussed in this research, along with how these fungi are the source of bioactive chemicals with potent bioactivities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, and anticancer properties.

The Structure of Mangrove Community in The Waters of Pare Mas Jerowaru East Lombok

Mangrove communities grow well in the tropics and are able to adapt to extreme environments, such as: high temperature, high salinity, extreme tides, high sedimentation, and oxygen-poor growing substrate conditions. Information about mangrove ecology is very important to provide an overview of the current condition of mangroves. The aim of this research is to determine the structure of the mangrove community in Pare Mas Jerowaru, East Lombok. This research used a purposive sampling method and a combination of line and quadrat transects. The research results obtained 3 types of mangroves in Pare Mas waters. The diversity index value is in the low category and the dominance index value is medium to high. The species Rhizophora apiculata had the highest frequency value (0.57 ind/m²) and the lowest was Avicennia marina (0.10 ind/m²). Density at the tree level is in the sparse category, while at the pole, sapling and seedling level it is in the medium to very dense category. The types of mangroves that have the highest cover values in the tree, pole and stake categories are Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora apiculata. The highest INP values in the categories of trees, poles, saplings and seedlings were 272.99% (Sonneratia alba), 173.58% (Sonneratia alba), 215.51% (Rhizophora apiculata) and 200.00% (Rhizophora apiculata).

Mangrove forest encroachment by Nypa frutican, Derris trifoliata, and Acanthus spp. in Segara Anakan Lagoon

Based on phytosociological methods and land cover change analysis, previous studies in Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL) indicated the spreading of mangrove species living in the forest margin ecotone into the forest interior, encroaching the other mangrove communities. This current study aims to quantify the spreading pattern of those mangrove species, assess the effect of the spreading of those mangrove species to the other mangrove communities, and identify the location of the spreading pattern relative to the newly emerged islands. The spreading pattern can be demonstrated by analyzing landscape structures quantified by landscape metrics. It was done using multi-temporal mangrove maps, representing the changes in mangrove communities over four periods with a decade interval. The landscape metrics used were the aggregation index, the size of community patches, and the distance between the patches. These metrics were extracted by using landscape metrics, an R package. The changes in the metrics over time were compared namely 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. The results showed that the small patches of the forest margin species became more aggregated into a larger patch, while the mangrove forests became more fragmented. This condition occurred most in the west part of SAL where the new islands emerged.

Marine litter and social inequities entangle Ecuadorian mangrove communities: Perceptions of plastic pollution and well-being concerns in Puerto Hondo and Isla Santay, Ecuador

Mangrove forests of Ecuador’s Gulf of Guayaquil are ecologically, culturally, and economically important to local communities relying on them for artisanal fishing, ecotourism, and related businesses. However, these ecosystems have experienced significant degradation by anthropogenic impacts such as anthropogenic marine debris. On one hand, plastics have improved the ease of life and safety for local people of the region; however, plastic pollution threatens the health of the mangrove ecosystem and these communities. This interdisciplinary study explores perceptions of marine litter and its impacts on community well-being based on surveys conducted in Puerto Hondo and Santay Island, two mangrove communities in the Gulf of Guayaquil, in 2019 and 2021. Santay Island respondents expressed that marine litter is an extreme issue affecting their well-being, while Puerto Hondo respondents reported less concern. Authors suggest Puerto Hondo’s geographic link to Guayaquil city has transitioned the community into a “peri-urban” landscape, where community members increasingly look inland for basic needs. Conversely, Santay Island, isolated by estuarine water, is physically linked to the mangroves. It is suggested that as communities spend less time in the mangroves, whether geographically or socially separated, marine litter becomes “out of sight, out of mind” despite its ongoing impacts on local food security and historical heritage. This work illustrates the complexities of plastic use and marine debris. To foster equitable plastic waste governance for exposed coastal Ecuadorian communities, policies must not only account for these intricacies but also actively engage with and listen to local perspectives.

Utilization of a new restoration technique for the rehabilitation of a degraded mangrove ecosystem: a case study from Koggala Lagoon, Sri Lanka

Mangrove ecosystems, amongst the most productive and biologically complex on Earth, are being degraded worldwide, and their widespread decline during the past decades has affected vital ecosystem services. Mangroves at Koggala lagoon on the southern coast of Sri Lanka have been degraded at an alarming rate due to agricultural practices, coastal zone development, and tourism activities. Most of the banks are heavily eroded due to boat and sea plane activities, and the mangrove ecosystem has been significantly damaged. Implementation of a scientific rehabilitation project was needed to restore this degraded mangrove ecosystem, and research was carried out to enrich the mangrove community by re-establishing mangroves on the eroded banks using corrosion-resistant plastic barrels. The sustainability of replanted mangroves was monitored under phase one and the re-establishment of ecological functions in the mangrove community was monitored under phase two. The accumulated biomass carbon during the period of two and half years was calculated by an allometric equation suggested for calculating biomass carbon of mangroves using the girth and height of individuals. The highest rate of girth increment was observed by the 24th month from establishment, whilst the growth rate declined between the 18th and the 30th months. During the study period, the average above-ground and below-ground biomass per barrel showed a linear increment. Our case study showed that the new method used for restoration is successful in establishing mangroves in sites with high erosion. This restoration technique was successful in coping with the situation in Koggala lagoon where previous restoration attempts were failures. Thus, we recommend this restoration method for sites facing the threat of severe erosion.

Assessment of the changes in the structure of mangroves based on stand age in Bang La, Hai Phong, Vietnam

The mangrove forest area in Bang La (Hai Phong) is 370 ha, and tree density is 5,885 individuals/ha, distributed along the upper bank of the Van Uc River with high tidal flats. Detected 20 species of mangrove plants belonging to 19 genera, 16 families, and two divisions. The survey results show that the Bang La mangrove forest ecosystem has three forest types, the forest community is older than 15 years old, the forest community is from 10 to 15 years old, and the forest community is less than 10 years old. Kandelia obovata, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Rhizophora stylosa, is the dominant plant species. In each forest biome of different ages, there are different dominant species. The general composition formula for the study area is 47.2 Ko + 46.9 Sc + 1.8 Ks + 2.1 Ai + 2.0 Ac. The paper results showed that the more than ten years mangrove community is a stable forest biome. Mangroves from 10 years old should be planned with different species to increase the diversity in species structure and enhance the ability to stabilize the community and withstand changes in coastal habitats.

Penilaian Kondisi Komunitas Mangrove di Kawasan Hutan Mangrove Ciletuh, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat


 
 
 
 This study aimed to analyze the composition of mangrove vegetation, the Important Value Index (IVI) of mangroves, the condition of the mangrove community (mangrove density and mangrove canopy cover), and environmental parameters as supporting data in the Ciletuh Mangrove Forest Area, Sukabumi, West Java. The research method used in this research is a quantitative descriptive method. The number of stations determined is four; each observation station is made of a plot of 10 x 10 meters, with three plots for each station. The results found seven mangrove species, namely Avicennia marina, Bruguierra cylindrica, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Nypa fruticans. The mangrove species found were dominated by A. marina, where this species was found at all stations and had the highest Important Value Index (IVI) value among other species, ranging from 88.96 - 195.55%. Mangrove communities in the Ciletuh Mangrove Forest Area are in good condition referring to the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 201 of 2004 concerning Standard Criteria and Guidelines for Mangrove Damage with density values ranging from 1533 – 2933 stands/ha and the percentage of mangrove canopy cover ranging from 80.54 - 82.22%.
 
 
 

Diversity, distribution and conservation status of mangrove species in Pulias Bay, Indonesia

As an ecosystem, the mangrove ecosystem serves various purposes. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the community structure of the important value index; and (2) evaluate the importance of the mangrove species diversity index in Pulias Bay in Ogodeide District, Tolitoli Regency. The study was conducted in 2021 using a quantitative descriptive methodology and survey method. The number of discovered species will be used to establish the species composition. The structure of the mangrove communities is being evaluated by calculating the relative density (RD) and frequency (FR). The data is tabulated to calculate the Important Value Index (IVI) value according to the Shannon-Wiener formula. There were 18 different species of mangroves discovered, including Rhizophora apiculata, Rh. mucronata, Rh. stylosa, Bruguiera parviflora, B. gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, C. decandra, Sonneratia alba, S. caseolaris, S. ovata, Avicennia lanata, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Acrostichum aureum, Nypa fruticans, and Pemphis acidula. The Rhizophoraceae family predominated at each observation station, according to the findings of the vegetation analysis. Meanwhile the most rarely found species of mangrove were Acrostichum aureum, Sonneratia casiolaris, and Xylocarpus moluccensis, each with two specimens. The community structure reveals that X. moluccensis has the lowest IVI value of 12.7%, while Rhizophora mucronata has an IVI value of 101.3%. The mangrove Diversity Index (H') has a value of 2.48 and meets the standards for moderate diversity. Physical and chemical parameter measurements often indicate that the four stations or sites where the data was collected have similar conditions. Interestingly, we also found Avicennia lanata, a mangrove species that falls under the Vulnerable category. The collected information can be used to manage the mangrove forest in Pulias Bay in the Ogodeide Sub-District of the Tolitoli Regency and serve as a database for efforts to conserve mangroves and mitigate the effects of global warming.