Mangrove Biodiversity Research Articles

Management Strategies of Mangrove Biodiversity and the Role of Sustainable Ecotourism in Achieving Development Goals

Mangrove forest is a unique and vulnerable ecosystem. This ecosystem serves both ecological and economic purposes. The Siak government has begun to develop the Sungai Apit District mangrove area, which has potential. The goal of this research was to develop a sustainable mangrove ecotourism strategy through five research goals: (1) identification of mangrove species diversity; (2) identification of ecotourism supply; (3) identification of ecotourism demand, (4) development strategy of mangrove ecotourism, and (5) development of the potential for mangrove ecotourism to increase the SDGs value. This research was conducted from January to April 2020. The supply and demand of natural tourism objects and attractions were assessed using ADO-ODTWA criteria analysis. The IFAS/EFAS and SWOT analysis was used to develop a mangrove ecotourism development strategy based on the valuation of ADO-ODTWA aspects. The contribution of mangrove ecotourism to UNESCO’s SDG indicators for sustainable development. According to research, there are 35 species of mangroves on the Sungai Apit coast. The outcomes demonstrated that the feasibility level of tourism attractions (204 points) and supporting elements (472 points) met high-level criteria. It indicated that the area had a high potential for development as a mangrove ecotourism area. Based on IFAS/EFAS, SWOT analysis and the grand strategy selection matrix, the position of mangrove ecotourism strategy was in Quadrant I (Strength-Opportunity). The strategy that could be developed included (1) developing special interest mangrove ecotourism product; (2) increasing facilities; (3) improving the quality of human resources; (4) developing a network on the website and (5) increasing coordination with the Government. By implementing ecotourism strategy, the SDGs can be achieved, including: no poverty (goal 1); decent work and economic growth (goal 8); climate action (goal 13); life below water (goal 14); life on land (goal 15); and partnerships to achieve goals (goal 17).

Assessing mangrove species diversity, zonation and functional indicators in response to natural, regenerated, and rehabilitated succession.

The United Nations Decade on Ecosystem restoration (2021¬-2030) lists mangrove ecosystems as a restoration priority. Interest in their conservation has increased recently due to their widespread degradation. Anthropogenic stressors and rehabilitation practices, specifically, have resulted in a significant decline in their species compositions. We investigated the knowledge gaps in terms of potential spatial diversity, intertidal zonation, and the historic state of mangrove forest species, and tested the role of environmental factors such as topography, as well as rehabilitation practices on diversity. Diversity and complexity indices, surface elevation, and species and structural diversities along three simplified transect lines over a broad geographical area and under various management practices were analyzed in Trat province, Thailand. Quantitative statistical zonation analyses within each transect and at the landscape-scale were performed using randomization tests and hierarchical cluster analysis. A modified "automatic regrowth monitoring algorithm (ARMA)," based on Landsat (1987-2020) and Sentinel-2 MSI (2015-2020) annual median composites was also used. Fifteen species were identified, with Ceriops tagal as the dominant species. Statistical analysis, however, failed to identify any significant zonation patterns at transect or landscape-scales at specific elevations. Rehabilitated and naturally regenerated stands showed gradual increases in their Normalized Difference Infrared Index over time. After 30 years, the rehabilitated stands made up of Rhizophoraceae monocultures were the same height as the adjacent natural stands. Depending on the location and propagule availability, the diversity and structure of regenerated stands exhibited high variation. Effluent from shrimp farms may have contributed to the disturbance of the forest stands and changes in shrimp farming practices could have facilitated their recovery. The results of the present study provide a valuable diversity baseline for the study site and secondary succession in rehabilitated and regenerated mangroves. The ARMA algorithm has also been confirmed as a valuable tool for future investigations of secondary succession and mangrove biodiversity status.

Indigenous Knowledge of Tribal Traditional Medicinal Plants: An Experimental Research

Background: Many tribal communities are still using today traditional medicinal plants across the India. Our research paying attention on current use of such plants in different tribal communities’ in the Sundarban mangrove forest region. Methods: Twelve villages of four blocks (Gosaba, Basanti, Kultali, PatharPratima) and adjoining forest area are being selected for data collection regarding traditional medicinal plants during 2016-2019 covered roughly entire the seasons of the year. Information was obtained through respondents. A total 12 key informants has been chosen for interview and everyone is local tribal people and also herbalists. Result: Cuts & wounds, digestive disorders, diarrhea, dysentery, appetite & Blood pressure diseases etc. may be treated through the different medicinal plants. One particular variety was used for cuts & wounds; another for dysentery, 1 variety for Blood pressure diseases; 1 variety for stomach trouble; 1 variety for lower abdomen pain; 1 species for cough, and as tonic; and the rest of plants (3 species) are used for preparation of vitamins respectively. Conclusion: Sundarban is the mangrove forest biodiversity region. Various medicinal plants are being used by the local tribal people depending on their traditional knowledge. Although use of modern medicine is so fast with safety and faith, however, medicinal plants have potential values which are not properly explored. If these plants effectively used for various human disorder with scientific way, then scientific acceptance will increase. That is why the result of this study is justified for the benefit the entire society.

Mangrove Biodiversity, GIS Weighted Overlay Analysis, and Mapping of Suitable Areas in Alabel, Sarangani Province, Philippines

The utility of Geographic Information System (GIS) has been adopted in mapping and predicting sites for mangrove suitability in Alabel, Sarangani Province, Province. Biodiversity assessment of coastal mangroves in Alabel, Sarangani Province, Philippines was performed in purposive manner using sampling quadrats. There were 13 observed mangrove species in sand-dominated (51.48%) soil. The sampled field data points are scattered irregularly, showing slight curvature on the east-west trendline but a flatter surface on the north-south trendline. The abundance and soil data were converted into shapefiles and subjected to inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation. The rasterized and reclassified thematic map layers were assigned with factor influence consisting of mangrove abundance (40%), land cover (30%), sand composition (20%), and slope (10%) for suitability analysis. The suitable mangrove areas were computed using weighted overlay suitability analysis, and the final score for the suitability index was converted into suitability classes. Prediction of mangrove suitable areas was performed under the ModelBuilder workflow tool in ArcMap. The mangrove suitability classes were extracted using a zonal geometry tool depicting three suitability classes. The predicted mangrove high suitability areas covered 463.37 km2, the low suitability areas covered 573.02 km2, and the unsuitable areas covered 9,403.77 km2. The study utilized a combination of field gathering and available online data for GIS analysis which local government units could perform. The results could be used to plan and manage mangrove resources in the area effectively.

Pharmacological Maneuver of Mangrove Endophytic Fungi in the South China Sea – A review

Conventional products have a role in addressing the thriving universal demands for biologically active substances. Since the South China Sea is a prodigious province of geostrategic and mercantile importance, it meets the basic needs of people who dwell there. The South China Sea is dominant in mangrove biodiversity which, represents 11.4% of the world’s 15.5 million hectares of mangrove forest. Mangroves are harbored by multifaceted fungal communities that represent the second colossal ecological breed of marine fungi. The symbiotic association between the plants and fungi stimulates the bioactive components such as alkaloid, depsipeptides, cyclic peptides, quinone, terpenes, lactones, terpenoid, flavonoid, phenolic acid, steroids. These components have multifaceted pharmacological activities likely, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial. This review article attempts to present a piece of insightful information currently being explored on the biologically active components generated by mangrove endophytic fungi of the South China Sea.

Occurrence of Leaf Spot Antrachnose in the Monostand of Rhizophora apiculata in Sitio Marabahay, Rio Tuba, Bataraza, Palawan, Philippines

Mangrove trees are naturally resilient to pathogenic attacks with its salt tolerant mechanism, but was reported to be lowest in Rhizophora apiculata making it susceptible to pathogenic attacks. This study aimed to morphologically verify the fungus affecting R. apiculata in the area and determine the extent and severity of fungal infection present in R. apiculata in Sitio Marabahay, Rio Tuba, Bataraza, Palawan, Philippines.
 There were at least 100 R. apiculata trees near the settlement area that were affected by the anthracnose. Almost 85-90% of all sampled leaves were affected by the anthracnose which indicates that the R. apiculata that were thriving in Marabahay, Rio Tuba, Bataraza, Palawan, Philippines were under severe threats of great lost both in terms of quality and quantity of R. apiculata in the area.
 The occurrence of this disease in R. apiculata could be attributed to the humidity brought by the rainy weather during the month of October favoring the growth of fungal pathogens. The low salt-tolerance of R. apiculata and environmental stress brought by the waste management of the settlers in the area contributed also to the spread of the disease among the monostand of R. apiculata.
 Monitoring of the occurrence of this disease should be conducted frequently and water condition and other environmental factors in the settlement area should be evaluated to avoid decline of the mangrove biodiversity in the area.

Mangrove Biodiversity of Bunaken National Park in Project-Based Learning to Improve Students’ Competitive Skills during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Mangrove Biodiversity of Bunaken National Park in Project-Based Learning to Improve Students’ Competitive Skills during the COVID 19 Pandemic. College graduates in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 are required to have strong competitive abilities. Competitive skills can be measured from the science process skills possessed. Objectives: This study aims to obtain a competitive profile of students’ skills through a project-based learning method on mangrove biodiversity in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi. Methods: The research subjects were students who took Sulawesi biodiversity courses in 2020/2021. Fourteen science process skills were measured using a rubric. Findings: The results showed that students’ mastery of science process skills was high in the Sulawesi biodiversity course. Conclusion: The application of project-based learning to the problem of mangrove biodiversity in Bunaken National Park can induce students to develop problem-solving skills, collaboration, creativity, and literacy skills. Keywords: biodiversity mangrove, competitive skills, project-based learning. Abstrak: Keanekaragaman Hayati Mangrove Taman Nasional Bunaken pada Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Bersaing Siswa selama Pandemi COVID 19. Lulusan perguruan tinggi di era revolusi industri 4.0 dituntut memiliki kemampuan bersaing yang kuat. Keterampilan bersaing dapat diukur dari keterampilan proses sains yang dimiliki. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh profil kompetitif keterampilan siswa melalui metode pembelajaran berbasis proyek pada keanekaragaman hayati mangrove di Taman Nasional Bunaken, Sulawesi Utara. Metode: Subjek penelitian adalah mahasiswa yang mengambil mata kuliah keanekaragaman hayati Sulawesi tahun 2020/2021. Sebanyak 14 keterampilan proses sains diukur dengan menggunakan rubrik. Temuan: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penguasaan keterampilan proses sains siswa pada mata kuliah keanekaragaman hayati Sulawesi tergolong tinggi. Kesimpulan: Penerapan pembelajaran berbasis proyek dengan masalah keanekaragaman hayati mangrove di Taman Nasional Bunaken mampu mendorong siswa untuk mengembangkan keterampilan pemecahan masalah, kolaborasi, kreativitas dan keterampilan literasi. Kata kunci: keanekaragaman hayati mangrove, keterampilan kompetitif, pembelajaran berbasis proyek. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v12.i2.202219

Bacterial diversity on wild shrimp post larvae in a mangrove biodiversity hotspot

Bacterial diversity on wild shrimp post larvae in a mangrove biodiversity hotspot

FIRST REPORT: EXISTENCE OF ALPHEID SHRIMP (Alpheus lobidens De Haan 1849) IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM OF KUALA LANGSA, ACEH, INDONESIA

AbstractThe existence of alpheid shrimp species in Indonesia is not too much found in the latest scientific publications. Alpheid shrimp species can be used as an indicator to assess the quality of the environment in mangrove areas. The discovery of shrimp species from the Alpheid group adds to the list of biodiversity in the mangrove area of Kuala Langsa. Biodiversity of a high number of species in this group of shrimp is usually found in mangrove areas with muddy sand beaches. This is because, this type of shrimp has a habit of living in muddy areas. The living zone of this type of shrimp is almost the same location as the type of crab that is wrapped like the Scylla serrata group. Mangrove area kuala langsa although it has mangrove biodiversity that is relatively high. Kuala Langsa mangrove forests are dominated by the Rhizoporaceae group, which is a type of vegetation that is effective as a sediment trap from the direction of the river estuary while holding abrasion from the direction of the sea. In the current year there is also a condition of decrease in the number of large trees. This is caused by the harvest of mangrove wood to produce charcoal for fuel purposes. This condition will slowly make the function of the ecosystem decrease. Where the role of ecosystems provide living niches for aquatic organisms is decreasing. Land clearing of certain areas of the mangrove area for physical infrastructure purposes such as the construction of restaurants, settlements, roads, small aircraft runways, reduces the ability of the region to maintain the function of its ecosystem. The next thing is the ecological pressure for aquatic biota that has living niches in mangrove areas.Keyword: alpheid shrimp, alpheus, mangrove, ecosystem, kuala langsa, aceh

Co-benefits of protecting mangroves for biodiversity conservation and carbon storage

The conservation of ecosystems and their biodiversity has numerous co-benefits, both for local societies and for humankind worldwide. While the co-benefit of climate change mitigation through so called blue carbon storage in coastal ecosystems has raised increasing interest in mangroves, the relevance of multifaceted biodiversity as a driver of carbon storage remains unclear. Sediment salinity, taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and functional distinctiveness together explain 69%, 69%, 27% and 61% of the variation in above- and belowground plant biomass carbon, sediment organic carbon and total ecosystem carbon storage, respectively, in the Sundarbans Reserved Forest. Functional distinctiveness had the strongest explanatory power for carbon storage, indicating that blue carbon in mangroves is driven by the functional composition of diverse tree assemblages. Protecting and restoring mangrove biodiversity with site-specific dominant species and other species of contrasting functional traits would have the co-benefit of maximizing their capacity for climate change mitigation through increased carbon storage.

Mangroves of Maharashtra State (India): Diversity and Sustainability

Mangroves are defined as tropical and sub-tropical forests with a diverse floristic composition bordering the sea on muddy or peaty low lands periodically submerged or influenced by the tides. Maharashtra is one of the coastal states of India, with many rivers emerging from Sahyadri ranges and meeting the Arabian Sea. The coast line available for Maharashtra state is 720 km. Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Raigad, Thane and Mumbai are the five coastal districts of the state of Maharashtra. All the districts together have more than 55 small, medium and large estuaries. It is found that estuaries like Vijaydurg shows maximum mangrove area of and estuaries like Kelye shows minimum area. It also reveals that the species like E. agallocha, A. ilicifolius, R. mucronata, A. officinalis and A. marina show maximum percentage of occurrence as compared to the species like X. granatum, C. iripa, B. cylindrica, S. caseolaris, H.fomes and T. gallica. The studies on mangrove biodiversity in five districts show the major variations. The study found 20 typical mangroves, 10 halophytic species, 13 border line mangroves and 15 mangrove associates from all these districts. Among these the uncommon and threatened greet pied Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) have been found at some sites. Some of the common crab species are Uca roseus, Uca lactea annulipes and Uca vocans. The species like Scylla serrata and Portunus pelagius are edible. In the present study 13 sp. of Molluscs, 25 species of edible fish, 9 species of Reptilia, 45 sp. of birds and 10 species of Mammalia are found. It is found that out of twenty-four species analyzed, some species are analyzed as Critically Endangered (CR), some are found Endangered (EN). From this study it is found that all sites being under human pressure the natural zonation pattern is not seen. The existing zonation pattern is a result of natural distribution and human disturbances.

Linking Territorial and Coastal Planning: Conservation Status and Management of Mangrove Ecosystem at the Egyptian - African Red Sea Coast

The present study was conducted to get proper knowledge regarding the mangrove forests areas, boundaries, growing geomorphologic forms, understand mangrove importance and threats in Egypt and to helping suggest the remedial measures needed for proper conservation of mangrove ecosystem in Egypt. The major threats to mangroves in Egypt are the exploitation of it for coastal development (as removal for constructing hotels, roads and other infrastructureas), firewood, camel feed and timber. by human beings, this leads to a great loss of mangrove biodiversity. Knowledge of mangrove species zonation is essential in determining suitable areas of different species. Where, it is difficult to generalize planting sites for successful mangrove restoration, as this will depend on local environmental conditions and the species to be planted. Therefore, urgently need to evaluate the success of rehabilitation trials of mangroves that implemented before along Red Sea coast to contribute in success of current and future conservation activities for mangroves. In current study, since the results of restoration activities may vary within the environmental condition and management regime, assessment of the efficiency of restoration activities in different scenarios is necessary. Thus, our focus should be extended from developing the regulatory framework of carbon accounting to improving management and policy in mangrove restoration as forest carbon stock enhancement. This holistic effort would increase the benefit of mangrove ecosystem services for communities.

Evidence of Micropollutants in Sediment and Mud Clams (Polymesoda erosa) from One of Mangrove Biodiversity Hotspots in Indonesia

This study aims to explore persistent microorganic pollutants (Poly chloro byphneyls (PCBs) and Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs)) in sediment and mud clams (Polymesoda erosa) in Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL). In addition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the mud clams were evaluated their risk consumption and Bioaccumulation factor in sediment. Concentrations of seven PCBs in the sediment were found in the range 0.11 ± 0.05 to 2.63 ± 0.1 μg kg−1 sed dw. OCPs levels were found in the range of 0.2 ± 0.05 and 2.9 ± 0.01 μg kg−1 sed dw. In P. erosa, 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) (USEPA) were found in the range from 103.34 ± 2.01 to 1348.31 ± 18.21 μg kg−1 tissue dry weight (dw), PCBs content was found only in one station at concentration 2.34 ± 1.72 μg kg−1 tissue dw and OCPs content was found in the range 0.87 ± 0.03 to 24.79 ± 1.30 μg kg−1 tissue dw. The disturbance matrices have been evaluated with the appropriate samples according to the extraction yield and yield analysis. Several guidelines evaluate the quality of sediment on PCBs and OCPs (i.e. pp-DDE). The consumption evaluation shows that this mud clam P. erosa has been contaminated of PAHs and not recommended for human consumption. They were potentially as site-specific bioaccumulation in sediment for organic micropollutants which receives from any untreated sewage, industrial waste discharge into the canal system of river of Segara Anakan Lagoon.

Mangrove fragments as key coastal reservoirs of taxonomic and functional biodiversity

Mangrove forests globally suffer from habitat destruction and fragmentation, which may result in severe reductions in mangrove ecosystem biodiversity and functioning. We explored the influence of mangrove fragments on the taxonomic and functional biodiversity of invertebrate macrobenthic assemblages in a coastal seascape that has undergone substantial changes over the past decades, including a 60% reduction of mangrove areas between 1960s and now. Samples for macrobenthic invertebrate diversity (infauna and epifauna) and environmental variables were collected inside three fragmented mangrove stands and in an adjoining sandflat. We found that the total density of individuals was, on average, lower inside the existing stands; however, this outcome was driven by the higher abundance of small-sized opportunistic species in the sandflat. On the other hand, taxonomic and functional metrics were higher inside the stands, and species associated with mangroves had larger body size, higher mobility, longer lifespan, and belonged to a larger variety of trophic guilds than species inhabiting the adjacent sandflat. We also found that local environmental features such as wave exposure and total organic carbon content influenced mangrove biodiversity, and different stands harbor different set of species. Interestingly, the area of mangrove stand did not affect taxonomic or functional metrics. Overall, our results provide empirical evidence that even small mangrove fragments enhance functional and taxonomic coastal biodiversity relative to bare sediment and therefore should be preserved to safeguard coastal biodiversity.

Mangrove diversity enhances plant biomass production and carbon storage in Hainan island, China

Abstract Mangrove forests, one of the highest carbon density ecosystems, are very different from other forests as they occupy saline and tidal habitats. Although previous studies in forests, shrublands and grasslands have shown a positive effect of biodiversity on plant biomass and carbon storage, it remains unclear whether this relation to biodiversity also exists in mangrove forests. Here, we evaluate the possible effects of mangrove species diversity, structural characteristics and environmental factors on mangrove biomass production and carbon storage, using survey data from 234 field plots of 30 transects in the mangrove forests along the coastlines of Hainan Island, China, during 2017 and 2018. We found that mangrove species diversity had a positive effect, not only on mangrove biomass production but also on soil carbon storage. This positive effect was more strongly evident in the forest communities than in either the shrub communities or forest‐shrub mixed communities, with the forest type having the biggest mangrove biodiversity and carbon storage. Besides, the diversity effect was affected by structural characteristics, namely, mangrove biomass increased exponentially with tree stem diameter and decreased with tree density. Furthermore, we observed a resource‐dependent mediation of the mangrove ecosystem when linking diversity to biomass. The areas with high soil Nitrogen content and Mean annual precipitation (MAP) showed higher mangrove biomass and carbon storage. This suggests that the spatial pattern of mangrove carbon storage and diversity was driven by both climate factors (MAP) and soil fertility (soil N). To our knowledge, this is the first study based on an intensive field survey that has verified the positive effect of biodiversity on mangrove biomass and carbon storage. Our findings suggest that mangrove forests with greater diversity also have higher carbon storage capacities and conservation potential. Thus, biodiversity conservation is crucial for mangroves to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Our findings strengthen the understanding of the diversity effects on mangrove ecosystem services and have important implications for mangrove restoration and conservation. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Mangrove Rehabilitation and Restoration as Experimental Adaptive Management

Rehabilitated and restored mangrove ecosystems have important ecological, economic, and social values for coastal communities. Although a sine qua non of successful mangrove rehabilitation or restoration projects is accurate attention to local hydrology and basic biology of mangrove trees and their associated fauna, their long-term success depends on far more axes, each with their own challenges. Rehabilitation projects: are planned, designed, executed, and managed by people with diverse backgrounds and different scientific and socio-political agendas; need to be responsive to these multiple stakeholders and agents who hold different values; are often influenced by laws and treaties spanning local to international scales; and must be able to adapt and evolve both geomorphologically and socioeconomically over decades-to-centuries in the context of a rapidly changing climate. We view these challenges as opportunities for innovative approaches to rehabilitation and restoration that engage new and larger constituencies. Restored mangrove ecosystems can be deliberately designed and engineered to provide valuable ecosystem services, be adaptable to climatic changes, and to develop platforms for educating nonspecialists about both the successes and failures of restored mangrove ecosystems. When mangrove rehabilitation or restoration projects are developed as experiments, then can be used as case-studies and more general models to inform policy- and decision-makers and guide future restoration efforts. Achieving this vision will require new investment and dedication to research and adaptive management practices. These ideas are illustrated with examples from mangrove restoration and rehabilitation projects in the Indo-West Pacific and Caribbean regions, the two hotspots of mangrove biodiversity and its ongoing loss and degradation.

ISOLATION AND ANTAGONISM OF BACTERIA TEST OF BIOTA IN THE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM KAYU ARA RIVER SIAK REGENCY

The General area is the mangrove biodiversity and marine life that have biological activity that likely has the same pharmacological potential as an antimicrobial compound. The purpose of this research is to know the bacterial antagonism in isolation from mangrove, mangrove crabs, snails and fish tembakul against pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Edwardsiella ictaluri). This research dimula from May – June 2019. From the results of research that has been done shows that isolates that have the capability of antagonism against pathogenic bacteria test three (A. salmonicida, A. hydrophila and E. ictaluri) were isolate CS7 with category stronger, isolate CS6, CS5, CS4, AI4, AI5, CS9 AI2, with weak category, whereas isolates CS1, B22, B33, B44, AI6 AI7 AI8, was only able to inhibit pathogenic test of 2 with a weak category. The results of the DNA analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence with the use and analysis of BLAST obtained that isolates the Bacillus cereus species are included.

Valuing mangrove biodiversity and ecosystem services: A deliberative choice experiment in Mida Creek, Kenya

Mangrove degradation threatens the capacity of these important ecosystems to provide goods and services that contribute to human wellbeing. This study uses a deliberative choice experiment to value non-market mangrove ecosystem services (ES) at Mida Creek, Kenya. The attributes assessed include “shoreline erosion protection”, “biodiversity richness and abundance”, “nursery and breeding ground for fish”, and “education and research”. Unpaid labour (volunteer time) for mangroves conservation was used as the payment mechanism to estimate willingness to pay (WTP). Results suggest that respondents were willing to volunteer: 5.82 h/month for preserving the mangrove nursery and breeding ground functions to gain an additional metric ton of fish; 21.16 h/month for increasing biodiversity richness and abundance; 10.81 h/month for reducing shoreline erosion by 1 m over 25 years; and 0.14 h/month for gaining 100 student/researcher visits/month. The estimation of WTP for mangrove ES provides valuable insights into the awareness of local communities about the contribution of mangrove forests to ES delivery. This knowledge could assist decision-making for the management and conservation of mangroves in Mida Creek and its environs.

PREVENTIVE REGULATIONS TO REMOVE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE TO MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM AT EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

Indonesia is an archipelago state composed with thousands of large and small islands. Mangrove restoration got widespread attention given the high economic and social value of ecosystem ecology. Restoration may raise the value of mangrove biodiversity resources, give the livelihoods of the population, prevent damage to the beach, keepbiodiversity, fisheries, and others. This paper proposes legal frameworks to support to counteract damage to mangrove ecosystem at East Kalimantan based on Indonesian regulations.

Stakeholder discourses on urban mangrove conservation and management

In Southeast Asia, mangrove forest cover and biodiversity has shown a rapid decline in recent decades, despite extensive conservation efforts. Identifying and analysing discourses on biodiversity conservation improves our knowledge and understanding of stakeholder perspectives (including normative values and socially constructed viewpoints) on biodiversity conservation within a specific social-ecological context. Considering these perspectives in a decision-making context contributes to the long-term sustainability of resulting conservation approaches, thus contributing to continued biodiversity conservation efforts in the far future. We consider the urban City State of Singapore to identify and interpret stakeholder discourses -including values and socially constructed viewpoints-on (effective) mangrove biodiversity conservation and management in an urban context. Using the Q methodology, we: (i) delineate and describe mangrove conservation and management discourses in Singapore and (ii) extract consensual perspectives common to discourses as a basis for management recommendations. Areas of agreement and disagreement on motivation, prioritization and responsibilities related to mangrove conservation and management are described based on numerical (i.e. sorting of statements along an ordinal scale) and qualitative data (i.e. structured interviews). There was a large overlap between discourses, suggesting that disagreement between various stakeholders may not be a prominent inhibitor of future decision making regarding mangrove conservation and management. It seems stakeholders realise the urban context strongly limits the range of realistic conservation and management approaches of mangrove forests, resulting in the larger overlap between discourses. Generally, all participants agree no further loss of existing Singapore mangroves should be allowed. The most important recommendations to reach this ultimate objective include indefinite legal protection and increase of mangrove areas under national park and nature reserve status, as well as continued promotion of mangrove's cultural ecosystem services. The identified discourses can inform decision-making by deducing shared stakeholder objectives based on the consensus values and perspectives. These shared objectives can readily be incorporated in decision-making processes on mangrove conservation and management in an urban context.