Mangrove Area Research Articles

Machine learning-based monitoring of mangrove ecosystem dynamics in the Indus Delta

Mangrove forests play a vital role in carbon sequestration, typhoon-induced wave attenuation, and the provision of ecological services. However, mangrove ecosystems have experienced large-scale loss globally due to rising sea levels and anthropogenic activities. This study investigates the dynamic changes in mangrove cover within the mega-Indus delta, the largest delta in Pakistan and Southern Asia, using multi-temporal remote sensing data and machine learning techniques from 1988 to 2023. The results indicate an increasing trend in mangrove areas in the Indus Delta, with an average annual growth rate of 18.72 %. The spatial distribution of mangrove forests tends to concentrate towards the landward areas, extending along tidal channels, while losses primarily occur in the seaward regions. Rising sea levels pose a potential threat to the survival of these mangroves. The strong southwest monsoon-driven waves are the leading cause of shoreline erosion of the Indus Delta mangroves. Meanwhile, the reduction in riverine sediment discharge is not associated with the increase in mangrove area. Instead, the tidal currents influenced by the southwest monsoon carry sediments into the delta’s tidal channels, causing them to fill and create suitable habitats for mangroves, which are the primary drivers of the observed mangrove expansion in the Indus Delta. Additionally, afforestation activities observed in the northwest and southwest parts of the study area have contributed to the restoration of mangroves. The loss of mangroves in the northernmost part of the northwest region was attributed to an oil spill incident. This study highlights the dynamic nature of mangrove ecosystems in the Indus Delta, characterized by an arid climate and low population density. The findings provide valuable insights into the factors influencing mangrove gain and loss and can inform management strategies for global mangrove restoration efforts.

The Morphometrics of Mangrove Crabs (Scylla serrata) in the Essential Ecosystem Area (KEE) of Bagek Kembar Mangrove Forest, Sekotong, West Lombok

The intensive harvesting of Mangrove Crabs (Scylla serrata) has led to a significant decline in the population density of Scylla serrata in mangrove areas. Overfishing has resulted in a decrease in both the number and size of individual Mangrove Crabs and has altered the structure and composition of the population. This research aims to understand the morphometric characteristics of Scylla serrata, which will help sustain the population and protect mangrove areas as the native habitat for Scylla serrata and other organisms. Therefore, this study contributes to conservation and sustainable management efforts to ensure biodiversity. This type of research is descriptive-exploratory and aims to identify and analyze the size variations of Scylla serrata. The study was conducted at four points in the Essential Ecosystem Area (EEA) of Bagek Kembar Mangrove Forest, Sekotong, West Lombok, in both natural and rehabilitated zones. The results of this study found that the ratio of female to male Mangrove Crabs is 36:32, with females being more dominant in number. The morphometric characteristics of Mangrove Crabs in the Bagek Kembar Essential Ecosystem Area showed relatively uniform sizes across all sampling points, but some characteristics such as dactyl length, weight, and dactyl width showed significant differences, which may be influenced by the physiological condition of Scylla serrata and habitat conditions.

Mangrove wetland recovery enhances soil carbon sequestration capacity of soil aggregates and microbial network stability in southeastern China

Mangrove wetlands are highly productive ecosystems in tropical and subtropical coastal zones, play crucial roles in water purification, biodiversity maintenance, and carbon sequestration. Recent years have seen the implementation of pond return initiatives, which have facilitated the gradual recovery of mangrove areas in China. However, the implications of these initiatives for soil aggregate stability, microbial community structure, and network interactions remain unclear. This study assesses the impacts of converting ponds to mangroves—both in natural and artificially restored settings—on soil aggregate stability and microbial networks at typical mangrove restoration sites along China's southeastern coast. Our observations confirmed our hypothesis that pond-to-mangrove conversions resulted in an increase in the proportion of large aggregates (>0.25 mm), improved soil aggregate structural stability, and increased carbon sequestration. However, mangrove recovery led to a decrease in the abundance and diversity of soil fungi communities. In terms of co-occurrence networks, naturally restored mangrove wetlands exhibited more nodes and edges. The naturally recovered mangrove wetlands demonstrated a higher level of community symbiosis compared to those that were manually restored. Conversely, bacterial networks showed a different pattern, with significant shifts in key taxa related to carbon sequestration functions. For instance, the proportion of bacterial Desulfobacterota and fungi Basidiomycota in natural recovery mangrove increased by 15.03 % and 7.82 %, respectively, compared with that in aquaculture ponds. Soil fungi and bacteria communities, as well as carbon sequestration by aggregates, were all positively correlated with soil total carbon content (P < 0.05). Both bacterial and fungal communities contributed to soil aggregate stability. Our study highlights the complex relationships between soil microbial communities, aggregate stability, and the carbon cycle before and after land-use changes. These findings underscore the potential benefits of restoring mangrove wetlands, as such efforts can enhance carbon storage capacity and significantly contribute to climate change mitigation.

Regional mangrove vegetation carbon stocks predicted integrating UAV-LiDAR and satellite data

Using satellite RS data predicting mangrove vegetation carbon stock (MVC) is the popular and efficient approach at a large scale to protect mangroves and promote carbon trading. Satellite data have performed poorly in predicting MVC due to saturation issues. UAV-LiDAR data overcomes these limitations by providing detailed structural vegetation information. However, how to cross-scale integration of UAV-LiDAR and satellite RS data and the selection of features and machine learning methods hampered the practitioner in making a lightweight but efficient model to predict the MVC. Our study integrated UAV-LiDAR, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2 to extract spectral, structural, and textural features at the regional scale. We estimated the influences of different combinations between three vegetation features and machine learning methods (Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBDT), and Extreme Gradient Regression Tree (XGBOOST)) on the results of MVC prediction, and constructed a framework for estimating mangrove vegetation aboveground (ACG) and belowground (BCG) carbon storage in Zhanjiang, the largest mangrove area of China. Our research shows: 1) Compared to using satellite remote sensing (RS), integrating UAV and satellite RS data and fusing multiple vegetation features significantly improved the accuracy of mangrove vegetation carbon stock (MVC) predictions. 2) Structural features, particularly canopy height retrieved from UAV and satellite RS, are essential indicators for predicting MVC. Combined with spectral and structural features, regional MVC was precisely predicted. 3)Although the influence of different machine learning methods on MVC prediction was not significant, XGBOOST demonstrated relatively high precision. We recommend that mangrove practitioners integrate UAV and satellite RS data to predict MVC at a regional scale. Importantly, governments should prioritize the application of UAV-LiDAR in forestry monitoring and establish a long-term mangrove monitoring database to aid in estimating blue carbon resources and promoting blue carbon trading.

Metal Geochemistry and Contamination Assessment of Tropical Mangrove Sediments

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the metal geochemistry and contamination assessment of the metals such as Fe, Co, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Mg, Ca, and Sr from the surface sediment samples collected from seven stations from a tropical mangrove area in the Southwest coast of India. Metals like Ni and Fe were found in higher concentrations but never exceeded the contamination level in all the seasons whereas Cd was highly contaminated in all the seasons as well as stations. Pollution levels were measured using the indices including contamination Factor (CF), potential ecological risk coefficient (Eir), Enrichment Factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), Pollution load index (PLI), Contamination degree (Cdegree), modified contamination degree (mCd) and Hazard Quotient (HQ). However, the level of contamination highlighted Cd has the maximum risk factors from the selected study area. All stations are contaminated by anthropogenic inputs. The pollution load index (PLI) revealed Pazhayangady, Valapattanam, Dharmadom (stations 1,2 and 3), Kumbalam (station5) and Munroe Thuruth (station 7) showed the presence of polluted sediments (PLI> 1).

Extraction of lanceolate imagery for analysis of mangrove extent and shoreline changes

This study aims to determine the area of Topang Island's mangrove forest, an area experiencing extreme line changes and the magnitude of the coastline change rate from 1991 to 2021 on Topang Island, Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province. The method used in this research is remote sensing and field survey. The data obtained were discussed descriptively. The results found that the calculation of wave height prediction on the coast of Topang Island was included in the low category with an average height of 0.12 meters. The research area is dominated by abrasion, based on visual observations, Topang Island has a type of peat and muddy beach. The area of mangroves on Topang Island from 2001 to 2021 saw a big change, either adding or reducing the area of mangroves. Topang Island experienced the worst abrasion in the eastern part with an average abrasion rate of 6.13 m/year, and accretion in the western part with an average accretion rate of 0.62 m/year.

A Review of The Suitability of Mangrove Agro-ecotourism Areas in Perupuk Village, Batubara Regency, North Sumatra Province

A Review of The Suitability of Mangrove Agro-ecotourism Areas in Perupuk Village, Batubara Regency, North Sumatra Province

Net evaporation-induced mangrove area loss across low-lying Caribbean islands

Abstract Although mangroves provide many beneficial ecosystem services, such as blue carbon storage and coastal protection, they are currently under threat due to changes in climate conditions, such as prolonged drought exposure. Under drought conditions, evaporation exceeds precipitation and high soil salinities can lead to stunted growth and die-back. To quantify this interplay, we developed a database for low-lying and uninhabited mangrove islands in the Caribbean under various evaporation and precipitation regimes. We extracted physical and biological information from each island using remote sensing techniques and coupled it with a process-based model. We used this database to develop a model that explains both the spatial variability in vegetated area across the Caribbean—as a function of rates of evaporation and precipitation—and porewater salinity concentration and dispersion from island edge towards the interior of mangrove islands. We then used this validated model to predict mangrove area loss associated with increases in evaporation to precipitation rates by 2100 for different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP). Less wealthy Caribbean regions such as Belize, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela are disproportionally affected, with mangrove area losses ranging from 3%–7% for SSP 2.6 and 13%–21% for SSP 7.0. Furthermore, foregone carbon sequestration in lost biomass under SSP 4.5 and 7.0 scenarios could compromise the ability of low-lying Caribbean mangrove islands to vertically adjust to sea level rise.

Distribution, sources, impact factors and ecological risks of sediment heavy metals from typical estuarine wetlands in tropical islands

Heavy metal contamination in the estuarine wetlands of tropical islands is becoming increasingly severe. This study focused on four typical estuarine wetlands of Hainan Island, including the mangrove and seagrass areas in Lingshui County, the mangrove and seagrass areas in Xinying Port, the mangrove area in Sibi Wan, and the seagrass area in Huachang Wan. By analyzing the heavy metal content in the surface sediments of these wetlands, we investigated the distribution characteristics and levels, explored their influencing factors, and assessed ecological risk of heavy metals in these areas. It was found the accumulation of heavy metals was high from obvious sampling sites of human activities, the type of sediment could affect the adsorption of heavy metals, with silty mudflats accumulating more. TOC/TN indicated that the organic sources of mangroves were diverse, included environmental impacts and human interference. According to the soil accumulation index and potential ecological risk index in these areas, almost all heavy metals were unpolluted except for As, which showed moderate pollution levels. The overall ecological risk in these areas was relatively low. The results of principal component analysis and correlation analysis indicated that Pb, Cu, and As were primarily sourced from human activities, while Cr was mainly of natural origin. Moreover, the distribution of heavy metals in the study areas was principally affected by TOC and salinity.

Urban Landscape Management of Makassar City Based on Waterfront City Concept

Abstract Makassar City is one of the coastal cities in Indonesia with a 32 km long coastline. This extensive coastal stretch harbors numerous potential natural resources. Recognizing the coastal region’s potential, the government has been implementing the Waterfront City concept to develop and manage this area. Since 2003, the Makassar City government has actively undertaken revitalization and reclamation efforts in the coastal zone, aiming to establish various facilities including commercial areas, public parks, residential zones, and tourism infrastructure, all with the aim of achieving the status of a waterfront city. However, these ongoing development and reclamation activities are inevitably transforming the coastal landscape, bringing about both positive and negative changes. On the downside, there are adverse effects such as deteriorating water quality and diminishing mangrove areas. Conversely, there has been an increase in tourist arrivals, showcasing a positive aspect. This study aims to assess the suitability of land in the coastal areas and the visual appeal of Makassar City’s waterfront, providing recommendations for coastal landscape management. Based on the analysis of land suitability and the aesthetics of the coastal area of Makassar City, the urban areas generally possess land suitable for implementing the waterfront city concept, categorized into three zones: tourism, residential, and conservation, to optimize land functionality. Besides the quality of the beautiful coast has a fairly good value with a neat and clean conditions.

Analysis Of Mangrove Land Cover In The Sawo Marine Conservation Area, North Nias District

Sawo sub-district of North Nias Regency has a mangrove ecosystem that has been designated as a Regional Marine Conservation Area (KKLD) with an area of 29,230.85 ha. The 2005 earthquake and tsunami are reported to have caused damage to mangrove ecosystems due to rising land levels. The increase in land surface has resulted in the destruction of mangroves in this area. This has an impact on the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem in this region and is important to study. The purpose of this study is to analyze changes in mangrove land cover after the tsunami in 2006 to 2022 and to analyze the impact of changes in mangrove land cover. The results found that mangrove land cover continues to experience a reduction in area, in 2006 an area of 139.78 ha and continues to decline until the remaining 70.87 ha in 2022. This is due to the increasing population growth that causes mangrove forest degradation and land conversion into agricultural land, plantations and infrastructure. The increase in population is a driving force, land clearing for settlements and plantations is a pressure factor (Pressures), land use change is a factor of existing conditions (State), reduced mangrove land area is part of the impact (Impact) and coastal spatial planning, counseling to reforestation is a response (Response). Land conversion to other uses is a contributing factor to the continued loss of mangrove land in this area.Keywords: Mangrove, Land cover, GIS, DPSIR

Progress of Tourism Development in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia: A Path to Realize the Sustainable Economic Sector

The tourism sector in East Kalimantan Province is expected to contribute to the region’s economy over the domination of the mining industry. On the other hand, the main issue is that the province’s economy still relies much upon the mining-based sector, particularly coal. As green growth-based and sustainable development strategies have been embraced globally for future development, developing a tourism-based economy is associated with this implementation due to tropical and mangrove forest area resources owned by the province. This path, if consistently developed, means not only an improved proportion of non-mining sectors in total local GDP but also significant reductions of carbon emissions responsible for global warming and climate change. Less elaborated studies have discussed the case of tourism development for the case of coal-based at province level. This paper tries to contribute to the gap by descriptively summarizing the current conditions of the tourism destinations and their climate development in the region using SWOT analysis. Our study shows that East Kalimantan Province has a comparative advantage in natural tourism with ecotourism destinations. Mangrove forest attractions, for instance, recorded as many as 18 objects and if these objects are properly conserved, they may contribute to reducing the harmful effects led by greenhouse gases. Other tourist objects with nature backgrounds have also reached 124 in number, and there was one object recognized in the Indonesian Tourism Village Award. An increase in non-domestic tourist visits from 2013 to 2019 was also seen, though the number was less developed compared to national tourists, and it experienced a significant decrease due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Some limitations such as accessibility and amenities, human resource, branding, and marketing of tourist destinations hamper the development of the tourism sector and should be addressed to optimize its competitiveness. Policies that cut these burdens may improve the realization of sustainability in East Kalimantan’s Province economy. Keywords: tourism, development, tourist destinations, ecotourism, East Kalimantan

Assessment of spatio-temporal dynamics of mangrove forest in Teluk Pangpang, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Hidayah Z, Rachman HA, Wiyanto DB. 2024. Assessment of spatio-temporal dynamics of mangrove forest in Teluk Pangpang, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3138-3150. Mangrove forest in Teluk Pangpang, Banyuwangi District, East Java, Indonesia is located in a semi-enclosed bay area on the east coast of Java Island and bordering with Bali Strait. Since 2020, this location has been designated as an Essential Ecosystem Area (EEA) by the Indonesia Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Regardless of its designation as an EEA, information on vegetation stucture and spatio-temporal changes of Teluk Pangpang’s mangrove forest is limited. The availability of multi-temporal medium to high-resolution satellite imagery data enables researchers to monitor the condition of mangrove ecosystem using long-term data and reliable spatial continuity. The objective of this study is to investigate vegetation community structure of mangrove forest in Teluk Pangpang, as well as to determine the changes in extent and condition of mangrove forest measured as Mangrove Health Index (MHI) between 2015 and 2023 using remote sensing and GIS analysis. Spatio-temporal dynamics of MHI was determined using Sentinel-2 imagery data from 2015, 2018 and 2023. Meanwhile, a series of extensive survey in 15 transects with a total of 75 plots were conducted to obtain field data. The results showed that Rhizophora apiculata Blume and R. mucronata Lam. were the most important species with Important Value Index (IVI) of 140.91 and 148.24, respectively. Meanwhile, Sentinel-2 image processing results revealed a major increase in mangrove’s area, from 643.35 ha in 2015 to 737.51 ha in 2023. Furthermore, MHI analysis indicated improving conditions of mangrove ecosystem, as evidenced by the significant increased of mangroves area at the excellent MHI category (MHI&gt;66.8) from 11.00 ha in 2015 to 175.86 ha in 2023. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) several environmental parameters were strongly correlated to MHI including salinity, DO, TSS and mangrove’s diversity index. The findings of this study, primarily the application of MHI approach, may provide an alternative strategy for monitoring the dynamics of vegetation cover of mangrove forest in Teluk Pangpang and other mangrove areas in Indonesia.

LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ESTUARINE FISH SPECIES IN THE SECOND LARGEST MANGROVE AREA IN THE WORLD, BRAZIL

Length-weight relationship (LWR) parameters are necessary to understand the life cycle of fish to describe the biological aspects of species. In this sense, LWRs were determined for 17 estuarine species from the second largest mangrove area in the world, Northern Brazil. The sampling was carried out during the dry and wet seasons of 2015 and 2018 in 3 estuaries described as conservation units in the rivers Pará, Caeté, and Parnaíba. Fish were collected by using manual beach seine, block nets and sieves. Overall 488 specimens were analyzed using the equation W = a TLb. The a values ranged from 0.000001 to 0.000019 and b values ranged from 2.7230 to 3.2821. This study brings new data on estuarine fish from Brazil with additional information contributing to the conservation and management of the fish stocks.

Stand growth and carbon stocks of community-based mangrove rehabilitation in Singkawang City, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Astiani D, Roslinda E, Widiastuti T, Ekamawanti HA, Ekyastuti W, Dwianto W, Alfikri F, Ngidu EY. 2024. Stand growth and carbon stocks of community-based mangrove rehabilitation in Singkawang City, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2799-2805. The ability of tropical mangrove ecosystems to store carbon in the form of biomass is well-founded. The mangrove forest in Setapuk Besar Village, Singkawang City, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia has been managed by community members in response to the development of alluvial sediment land in recent years. The community's efforts in Setapuk Besar Village to rehabilitate and manage mangrove forests illustrate how essential mangrove forests are to the local ecology and should be applauded for their success. This study aims to investigate the growth and development, carbon stored and sequestered in mangrove forests planted by community in Setapuk Besar between 2015 and 2020. Field survey was conducted from July to November 2022 by mapping the sediment land that had expanded since 2015 and continued with the measurement of density and diameter of mangrove stands that were systematically planted in each planting year using sampling plot method. In addition, site factors such as pH, carbon content, nitrogen, phosphorus, CEC, and soil solution salinity were investigated. Our findings indicate that due to alluvial sedimentation, the coastline in Setapuk village is expanding by 3.3 to 4.6 ha annually, accumulating 24 ha throughout a six-year period. The mangroves planted in 2015-2016 are now thriving on the new land. The six-year-old trees diameter achieved an average of 6.80±0.13 cm, averaged 5.1 m in height, and increased from 0.45 to 2.2 cm in diameter. The total biomass (above and below-ground) of plants aged 4, 5 and 6 years was 250, 303 and 430 tons ha-1, with a potential to absorb carbon of 28-33 tons ha-1 year-1, correspondingly. Given that this mangrove area plays a crucial role in CO2 capture in nature and has a relatively high ability to absorb and store carbon, conservation efforts and best practices are necessary for this forest.

Management strategies for the potential and value of mangrove forest ecosystem services in the Panango area of south Bolaang Mongondow regency

The Panango area is an area that has mangrove forests in its coastal areas that are used for ecotourism, fisheries, and environmental conservation. Mangrove forests in the area have the potential and value of important benefits to the surrounding community which has been using them for a long time, but data and information are not yet available, so it is necessary to identify and assess the ecosystem services in the area. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential and value of the benefits of mangrove ecosystem services in the Panango area in terms of provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting functions, and to determine strategies for managing the mangrove forest in the area. This research uses primary data obtained through field observations, namely observation of research objects, completion of questionnaires, and interviews with respondents. Secondary data was obtained from local government data and other data sources relevant to the research. The research data analysis technique was carried out by calculating the total economic value of each mangrove ecosystem service and SWOT analysis to determine mangrove area management strategies. This study concluded that the economic value of the potential and benefits of mangrove forest ecosystem services in the Panango area in total Rp. 26,259,380,092/year consisting of the value of service providers of Rp. 684,300,000/year, the potential for regulatory services as a wave breaker with a benefit value of Rp. 9,705,300,000/10 years, the potential value as a cultural service of Rp. 15,846,000,000/year, and the potential value as a supporting service of Rp. 23,780,092/year. Strategies that can be used in sustainable management of the potential and value of the benefits of mangrove forest ecosystem services in Panango area are through conservation efforts to protect and manage the area by involving joint participation between local governments and communities and other stakeholders.

Chemical evaluation and bioactivity of humic substances isolated from the mangrove ecosystem

Mangroves are an ecosystem that features dark colored sediment, rich in organic matter, with humic substances as its main component, which were the target of this work that aimed to characterize those humic substances chemically and spectroscopically and compare the biological activity of different humic materials isolated from mangrove areas with different levels of anthropic interference (Maria Ortiz high and Canal dos Escravos low). The chemical and spectroscopic characterization of the humic materials was performed through the analysis of elemental composition, E4/E6 ratio, fluorescence intensity and infrared and their biological activity was tested by evaluating changes in the root growth of corn seedlings in hydroponics. The humic materials, from the Maria Ortiz area, presented higher values in the C/N ratio, higher values in the fluorescence index and lower values in the E4/E6 ratio, when compared with the humic materials from the area of Canal dos Escravos. The absorption bands of the infrared spectrum indicated similarities with respect to the chemical functionality of the humic materials, however, it was possible to notice clear differences between the study areas. All humic materials promoted, in general, changes in the root architecture of corn seedlings when compared to the control treatment. This work shows that there are differences in the chemical and spectroscopic characteristics and in the biological activity of the studied humic materials, demonstrating that the anthropic activity alters the quality of the organic matter of the mangrove sediments, which may interfere in the survival and development of the mangrove forests.

Extraction of 10 m Resolution Global Mangrove in 2022

With the intensification of global climate change, there is an increasing emphasis on protecting natural resources. Mangrove forests, critical to tropical and subtropical intertidal ecosystems, have garnered considerable attention in recent years for their strong carbon sink capacity, rich species diversity, and abundant natural resources. This study utilizes the 2020 global mangrove vector data as a baseline to construct a reasonable buffer zone by calculating the increase in mangrove crown width. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and its Sentinel-2 data from 2022 are employed to acquire synthetic images across all regions using the mosaic algorithm. Then, mangrove forests are extracted using the Otsu algorithm, and a map depicting the global spatial distribution of mangrove forests in 2022 is obtained. The average overall accuracy of the extracted mangrove forests in this study reaches 92.4%, and it is determined that the global mangrove forest area expanded by 4920.6 km2 between 2020 and 2022, This study provides crucial data support for the global monitoring of mangrove changes and holds significant importance for protecting and restoring mangrove ecosystems.

Trophic niches of estuarine fish and evidence of mangrove-fishery causal links in the Southern Caribbean (Colombia)

The trophic organization of estuarine fish communities is poorly known. We used Stable Isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) to classify the most abundant fishes of the Atrato River Delta (Colombia) into trophic guilds. We examined trophic niches and the relationships between the abundance of the trophic guilds (catch per unit effort) and environmental variables. The zoobenthivores were the dominant trophic guild. The isotopic niche width, based on Bayesian estimate of the standard ellipse areas, was more significant for carnivores (25.3‰2) and planktivores (24.4‰2) than for omnivores (7.8‰2) and phytobenthivores (3.1‰2). The overlap combinations showed a medium probability of isotopic overlap (≈50%) between carnivores and planktivores and between carnivores and omnivores. Isotopic niche size and overlap suggested diversity in food sources and considerable niche segregation of the fish community. Mangrove area was the main factor explaining the abundance of omnivores and zoobenthivores, supporting that the causal links between mangrove habitat and local fishery production may be explained through the trophic contribution of mangroves and mangrove-related sources. The results underscore the importance of mangrove areas in the trophic organization of fish communities and can inform strategies aimed at managing the ecosystem impacts of fishing and protecting extensive mangrove areas in the southern Caribbean.

JENIS SATWA BURUNG PADA KOMUNITAS MANGROVE DI TELUK HITU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

This research aims to determine the types of bird species in the mangrove area in Hitu Bay, Central Maluku Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive using direct and indirect census techniques to determine the type and distribution of birds. The results of the research show that in Hitu Bay there are 17 species of birds, consisting of 12 species of terrestrial birds and 5 species of seabirds. The bird distribution value with the lowest frequency is 0.1 and the lowest relative frequency is 1.03, namely the Common turtledove (Streptopelia chinensis), while the highest frequency is 0.9 and the highest relative frequency is 9.27, namely the Cow swallow (Collocalia esculenta), Little egret (Egretta garzetta), and Cucak kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster).