Mangosteen Rind Extract Research Articles

Cardiac Histopathology Alterations Induced by Subchronic Mangosteen Rind Extract in Wistar Rats

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is renowned for its potent antioxidant characteristics, including free radical scavenging, and its antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. This study aims to assess the subchronic toxicity effects of ethanol extract from mangosteen rind on the cardiac histopathology of male and female Wistar rats. This research was a posttest-only control group design. Forty biological specimens from 40 Wistar rats were divided into four groups, a control group, and three treatment groups, which were given ethanol extract of mangosteen rind with doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1,000 mg/kg for 28 days. Cardiac specimens were prepared and examined using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining at the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani in December 2021. The findings indicated that prolonged ingestion of large amounts of ethanol extract from mangosteen rind can cause toxic effects characterized by an inflammatory response in cardiac tissue. No fibrosis or hypertrophy was detected; however, inflammatory changes such as the presence of inflammatory cells, vacuolar changes, and neovascularization were observed. The inflammation observed might be due to excessive antioxidant administration leading to oxidative stress. Inflammatory cells may trigger fibrotic remodeling in the heart. The difference in the quantity of inflammatory cells between male and female rats suggests that gender influences the inflammatory response. Overall, administration of ethanol extract from mangosteen rind at doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1,000 mg/kg cause subchronic toxicity effects on the heart histopathology of Wistar rats, marked by inflammation.

Phytogenic cocktails fed in different feeding regimes as alternatives to antibiotics for improving performance, intestinal microbial, and carcass characteristics of slow growth chickens.

The phytogenic cocktail (PC) is a unique combination of natural plant extracts consisting of coconut shell smoke, clove leaf extract, and mangosteen rind extract, predominantly containing phenol, eugenol, and α-mangostin. Chicken performance can be improved by its antibacterial properties. This study aimed to test PC as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), assessing its impact on performance, intestinal microbes, and carcass traits in slow growth KUB chickens. Two hundred and forty KUB chicks were distributed randomly to five dietary groups. Each group constituted six replicates, one replicate contained eight chicks. The treatments included the control diet (CD) with no additives, CD with 50 ppm Zinc bacitracin as an additive (AGPs), CD paired with 198 mL PC/ton feed provided for the initial 12 weeks (PC1), CD with 198 mL PC/ton feed given for the first 4 weeks (PC2), and CD supplied with 198 mL PC/ton feed for the first 8 weeks (PC3). Performance and mortality indicators were assessed during the feeding stage up to 12 weeks of age, while intestinal total microbial count and carcass characteristics were determined at 12 weeks. Duncan's multiple-range test identified differences among the treatments in the randomized experiment. The AGPs group weighed significantly more (p < 0.05) than PC2 but not significantly different (p > 0.05) from Control, PC1, and PC3 at 4 weeks. At 8 weeks, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the body weight (BW) between the AGP, CD, and PC groups. The AGPs group had a significantly greater BW than PC1 and PC2 at 12 weeks (p < 0.05), but was comparable to CD and PC3 (p > 0.05). During the starter phase (0-4 weeks), dietary addition of AGPs or PCs significantly reduced feed intake (p < 0.05); however, no significant effect (p > 0.05) was observed during the later feeding periods (0-8 or 0-12 weeks). During the starter period, PC3 yielded the best feed conversion ratio, slightly surpassing AGPs and significantly (p < 0.05) outperforming CD. No significant variations (p > 0.05) were detected in the carcasses among the treatments. The reduction of abdominal fat relative weight was significant (p < 0.05) during the first 8 weeks of PC feeding. After the 12-week trial, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the proportionate weights of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, cecum, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, heart, and liver. The reduction in the intestinal microbe population due to AGPs or PC was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). About 100% viability was confirmed by the absence of mortality throughout the study. PC supplementation in KUB chicken feed enhances their performance. The optimal feeding regimes were effective during the first 8 weeks of age. In the 0-4 week time frame, feeding the PC to the chicken worsened performance whereas no improvement was observed in the 0-12 week period. The application enhanced weight loss, feed efficiency, and reduced abdominal fat. Based on the research findings, the PC can replace AGPs as a feed additive due to comparable or superior improvement results.

Testing the antibacterial effectiveness of mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L) against Aeromonas hydrophila Bacterial infection in dumbo catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Plants belonging to the Clusiaceae species are Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangosteen fruit). The skin layer of this fruit has been used as a traditional medicine for wound healing, topical infections. Mangosteen rind contains compounds including mangostin, mangostenol, mangostinon A, mangostenon B, trapezifolixanthone, tovofillin B, alpha mangostin, beta mangostin, garsinon B, mangostanol, flavonoids, epicatechin. Gartanin, gamma mangostin, garsinon E, epicatechin. Farming African catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) when facing serious problems such as fish are susceptible to disease, mainly due to bacteria. One type of bacteria that causes the disease is Aeromonas hydrophila. This type of bacteria can cause high fish mortality in African catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) of various sizes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mangosteen rind extraction on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in vitro, as well as the 96-hour Lethal Dose (LD50) value of mangosteen rind extract after exposure to African catfish (Clarias Gariepinus). In this study, the antibacterial activity of the material was tested in vitro with concentrations of 0%, 1.56%, 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25% and 50%.

Cytotoxicity Effects of Formulated Mangosteen Rind and Grape Seed Extract Against Vero Cells, Breast Cancer and Colon Cancer

Globally, cancer causes millions of deaths in addition to significant social and economic consequences. Even in cases when the level of tolerated therapy has not been reached to suppress the death rate and shorten the duration of survival for metastatic cancer patients, novel therapeutic strategies are being employed, including medications, biological molecules, and immune-mediated therapies. Traditional medical practices relied heavily on plant-derived natural compositions to treat a variety of illnesses. When science-based "modern" medicine first appeared, it was carefully studied if there was any scientific basis for using natural remedies derived from plants to cure ailments. Scientists continued, however, to search for the scientific foundations of medical plants, herbal remedies, and functional foods. Finding therapeutic plant-based active principles has led to significant advancements in the identification and use of natural chemicals for the treatment of many ailments in recent decades. Mangosteen rind extract and grape seed extract, both high in antioxidants, were mixed as a formulation to explore the cytotoxic effects on breast and colon cancer. The cytotoxicity of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) and HT-29 (colon cancer) was investigated and compared to the standard (Doxorubicin). The findings of the cytotoxicity assays show that the addition of Mangosteen and grape seed extract to MTT assays gradually improved the inhibition of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and HT-29 cells. Mangosteen and grape seed extract treatment boosted the fraction of cells undergoing apoptosis in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and HT-29 cancer cell lines. Thus, the invitro study results of compounded mangosteen and grape seed extract revealed that they are effective anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant agents.

Sintesis Nanoemulsi dari Ekstrak Kulit Manggis dengan Metode Energi Tinggi

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) has become the main agricultural products contributing to the largest annual foreign exchange from the fruit category. Mangosteen rind contains xanthone compounds as a source of antioxidants, with α-mangostin and γ-mangostin, as the main components which are used as traditional and modern ingredients to treat various diseases. However, mangosteen rind extract has low bioavailability thus resulting in low effectiveness in the application. This study aimed to find the ideal formulation for producing the extract and nanoemulsion of mangosteen peel. The research carried out in two stages: extraction of mangosteen peel and production of nanoemulsion. Ethanol 70% was the best for mangosteen rind extraction, with a percentage yield of 40.96±0.51%, antioxidant activity of 5708.33±159.57 µg AEAC/mL sample, and total xanthones of 373.84±6.49 µg/mL sample. The use of Tween 20 at nanoemulsion production gave the best test results, with particle size of 10.58±1.25 nm, polydispersity index 0.27±0.03, zeta potential -2.34±0.46 mV, and total xanthones 35,28±0,04 µg/mL sample.

Effect of mangosteen skin ethanol extract on streptozotocin-induced TNF-α expression

Introduction. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a significant health problem worldwide. DM with poor control of blood glucose levels can eventually cause pancreatic cell disorders, including a decrease in cell mass and function. Mangosteen rind contains xanthone compounds that can be used to protect and reduce cell damage, especially those caused by free radicals. This study aimed to analyze the administration of mangosteen peel ethanol extract on the expression of TNF-α induced by streptozotocin. Materials and Methods. The research was carried out in an experimental laboratory. The research design used was Randomized Post Test Only Control Group Design. The sample is a male rat Wistar strain. Rats were grouped into five groups, namely negative control group, positive control STZ, mangosteen peel extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW (K2), a dose of 400 mg/kg BW (K3), an amount of 600 mg/kg BW (K4). Administration of therapy for 14 days orally. Results. The effects of the mangosteen rind extract had a lower TNF- positive cell count of 3.83 compared to the group that was not treated with the mangosteen rind extract 19.33. All treatment groups showed a significant difference (P&lt;0.001) in the number of TNF- protein-expressing cells. This research can inform the public that mangosteen peel’s benefits can be developed as prevention and alternative treatment in humans caused by inflammation. Conclusions. This research affects the administration of ethanol extract of mangosteen peel to decrease the number of TNFpositive cells with an effective dose of 600 mg/kg BW.

Effect of acrylic denture immersion in mangosteen rind extract on shear bond strength of artificial teeth with denture base

Effect of acrylic denture immersion in mangosteen rind extract on shear bond strength of artificial teeth with denture base

Optimisation of Extraction and TLC-Densitometric Analysis of α- and γ-Mangostin from the Rind of Garcinia mangostana L

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a plant from Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Myanmar, commonly used in traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the best solvent for the extraction of α-mangostin and γ-mangostin and develop a validated analytical method for simultaneously determining both compounds. The dried rind of G. mangostana (500 mg) was extracted with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone by percolation. The percolates were evaporated to obtain viscous crude extracts. The TLC-densitometry technique was employed to determine the content of α-mangostin and γ-mangostin in the extracts. Chromatographic identification of the contents was carried out on a silica gel TLC plate (GF254) with a mobile phase of chloroform: ethyl acetate: hexane: formic acid (5:2:3:1) using standard αmangostin and γ-mangostin as reference compounds. The method has satisfactory linearity and meets the criteria for precision and accuracy at concentrations of 100 – 500 µg/spot for αmangostin and 200 – 500 µg/spot for γ-mangostin. The results showed that ethyl acetate extract had the highest concentration of α-mangostin and γ-mangostin at 3.05±0.22% and 0.22±0.15%, respectively. The TLC-densitometry technique is suitable and practical for the simultaneous routine analysis of α-mangostin and γ-mangostin in G. mangostana rind extract. Keywords: mangosteen rind extract, mangostin, percolation, TLC-Densitometry

Perbandingan Daya Lekat Pewarna Ekstrak Daging Buah Naga Merah dan Kulit Manggis dengan Disclosing Solution

Dental plaque is a bacterial biofilm structure, neatly organized and attached to the tooth surface, which contains inorganic components such as calcium and phosphorus derived from saliva. Bacteria in plaque that stick to the surface of the teeth will provide a place for new bacteria to grow. Disclosing solution is a plaque coloring agent that works to change the color of dental plaque to contrast with the color of the white tooth surface. Erythrosine is a red coloring agent commonly used for disclosing solutions, but erythrosine is a synthetic dye which is carcinogenic. Anthocyanins are natural dyes that have met the requirements as additional food coloring agents, which are internationally permitted as food coloring agents. This study aims to determine the adhesive power comparison of red dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereus costaricencis) and mangosteen rind extract (Garcinia mangostana) with a disclosing solution made in manufactured. The research design was an experiment conducted at the Dwi Farma Pharmacy Laboratory in Bukittinggi. The research was conducted in November 2020. This research was conducted on 10 preparations. Analysis of the results of the study used the t test independent with a 95% confidence level and a significance level at α = 0.05. Statistical test results showed that there was a difference in the average length of adhesion between mangosteen rind extract and disclosing solution, between red dragon fruit peel extract and disclosing solution, and between mangosteen rind extract and red dragon fruit peel. A comparison of the duration of adhesion of mangosteen peel extract and red dragon fruit peel extract showed that the average duration of adhesion of mangosteen rind extract was faster than that of red dragon fruit peel extract and factory-made disclosing solution.

Diversifikasi Produk Ikan Asap Cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Kulit Manggis Terhadap Mutu Sensorik

Skipjack fish is a prima donna for Sorong City, West Papua fishing communities. In general, the people of Sorong City process skipjack into smoked fish. The smoking process is carried out using traditional techniques where the smoke source is in direct contact with the raw material, thus significantly affecting the appearance of smoked fish. Using mangosteen rind extract, carried out with a precipitating process before the fish is smoked, will give a more attractive color and appearance. The mangosteen rind extract used can be used as a natural coloring agent to give fish a more attractive color when smoked traditionally. This study aims to determine the effect of mangosteen rind extract on the sensory quality of smoked skipjack and determine the best concentration of mangosteen rind extract on smoked skipjack products. This study uses an experimental method where the research is carried out by giving treatment to the object of research with 3 treatments, 15 panelists, and tested using the Kruskal Wallis test. Statistically, the addition of mangosteen rind extract to smoked skipjack products significantly affected the product's sensory value, and the best sensory test of smoked skipjack products with the addition of mangosteen rind extract was in treatment A2 and the lowest was in treatment A0.

Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial nanoemulsion mouthwash from active fraction of lemongrass stem (Cymbopogon Nardus)

Currently, the use of pharmaceutical preparations based on natural ingredients has begun to be in great demand by the public. This is because the use of synthetic drugs has weaknesses such as being able to cause resistance. Dental caries is one of the most common oral diseases in humans. One of the plants that has the potential to be used as an antibacterial in the oral cavity is Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Nardus L.). The use of emulsion mouthwash in the oral cavity is one of the treatments that is still being carried out. Mouthwash with nano size has advantages such as being able to enter the body more easily. This study aims to determine the physical properties of mouthwash nanoemulsion ethyl acetate extract of Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon Nardus L.) by evaluating the preparation. The nanoemulsion mouthwash was made with the composition of Palm Oil as the oil phase, 96% ethanol as the cosurfactant, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and phosphate buffer pH 6 as the water phase. Then the mixture was stirred at a speed of 1000 rpm and sonicated and then tested for evaluation of the preparation including pH test, homogeneity test, organoleptic test, centrifugation test and transmittance test using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis of the entire nanoemulsion formula showed that the more the mangosteen rind extract was incorporated into the oil phase, the more concentrated the color of the nanoemulsion formed and the smaller the percentage of transmittance produced.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN SPRAY GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA L.) SEBAGAI HAND SANITIZER TERHADAP BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Hand sanitizer is in the form of a spray gel with various ingredients that quickly kill microorganisms on the skin. hand sanitizer is widely used for practical reasons, easy to carry everywhere and can be used quickly without using water. mangosteen rind (garcinia mangostana l.) contains various secondary metabolites which exhibit certain biological activities, namely antioxidants. the purpose of this study was to determine whether the formulation of spray gel hand sanitizer ethanol extract of mangosteen rind had antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aerius and to find out what concentration of the formulation of spray gel hand sanitizer ethanol extract of mangosteen rind was the most effective antibacterial against staphylococus arius. the method used in this study is the remeseration method using 96% solvent. the dosage formulation was made using hpmc as a gelling agent. spray gel hand sanitizer ethanol extract of mangosteen rind was made in 3 formulations. formulation 1 contains 10% mangosteen rind extract, formulation 2 contains 20% mangosteen rind extract, mangosteen rind extract. negative control is a formulation of spray gel hand sanitizer without extract and negative control uses spray gel hand sanitizer brand x with the active substance of alcohol as an antibacterial agent. the data obtained were organoleptic test, ph test, homogeneity test spreadability test, and antibacterial activity test. formula 1 ph value was in accordance with the ph of the skin, had good dispersion, and the homogeneity test showed that there were no coarse grains contained in the four formulations. the results of the antibacterial test showed that the mangosteen rind extract was applied as a hand sanitizer spray gel at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%. can inhibit or the most optimum bacterial growth inhibiting bacteria is at a concentration of 30% extract which produces an inhibitory zone of 9.08 mm in staphylococcus aureus.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Etil Asetat Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus

Some of the bacteria that cause infection include Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive bacteria that often causes disease in humans. Infection by bacteria that causes disease with characteristic signs of inflammation, necrosis, and abscess formation. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) against Staphylococcus aureus. In this study using experimental research methods were carried out to prove the hypothesis. Experimental research is research by conducting experimental activities that aim to determine the symptoms or effects that arise as a result of certain treatments on the antibacterial activity test of the ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) against Staphylococcus aureus. The population in this study was the mangosteen fruit. And the sample used in this study was mangosteen rind. While the research instrument uses the results of laboratory tests. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) against Staphylococcus aureus. Results Based on research that has been done that the ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen rind extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. With the most effective concentration at a concentration of 25%. at concentrations of 50%, 75% and 100% the same has a moderate concentration from the range of 7.95-10.77 mm so that all concentrations tested belong to the category of moderate antibacterial activity.

Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesis Using Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Rind Extract For Environmentally Friendly Liquid Disinfectant Active Ingredients

Disinfectant is one of the materials that can be used to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms, but most of the disinfectants used in the community are disinfectants made from synthetic chemicals that are harmful to the environment. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of silver (Ag) nanoparticles-mangosteen rind extract as an active ingredient in an environmentally friendly disinfectant formula. The synthesis process of silver nanoparticles was carried out by adding a bioreductant of mangosteen rind extract into a 0.01 M AgNO3 solution precursor with a variation of the precursor : bioreductor volume ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6, respectively. The results of the analysis with UV-Vis spectroscopy showed that the silver nanoparticles of mangosteen rind extract had good stability. The decrease in the absorption peak in the FTIR spectrum at a wave number of 3390.86 cm-1 indicates the contribution of the –OH group in the bioreductant compound in the reduction process of silver nanoparticles. PSA analysis and digital microscopy showed that the diameter of the synthesized silver nanoparticles with a volume ratio of bioreductor : precursor 1:1 was 82.33 nm. The antimicrobial activity test showed that the active ingredient mixture of silver-mangosteen rind extract with a composition of 1:1 had the best activity in deactivating of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. The results of this study indicate that the mixture also can be used as active ingredients for environmentally friendly liquid disinfectants.

Nano-emulsion of mangosteen rind extract in a mucoadhesive patch for periodontitis regenerative treatment: An in vivo study

ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic potential of nano-emulsion of mangosteen rind extract in a mucoadhesive gingival patch on periodontitis, and its effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa Β ligand (RANKL), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression. MethodsSixty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: positive control group (mucoadhesive patch with doxycycline), negative control group (mucoadhesive patch), treatment group I (mucoadhesive patch with mangosteen rind extract), and treatment group II (mucoadhesive patch with nano-emulsion of mangosteen rind extract). An experimental model of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis was established in rats by treatment with 0.03 mL bacteria locally (1 × 1010 colony-forming units) seven times at 2-day intervals in the gingival sulcus of mandibular anterior teeth. Treatment was 1 h/day for 3 days. On days 3, 5, and 7, five rats from each group were killed. TNF-α, IL-10, and RANKL expression was determined by dissecting the lower jaw for immunohistochemistry. ResultsThe mucoadhesive patch with nano-emulsion mangosteen rind extract significantly decreased TNF-α and RANKL expression and increased IL-10 expression (p < 0.05) compared to the treatment I, positive and negative control groups. ConclusionA mucoadhesive gingival patch with nano-emulsion of mangosteen rind extract has the potential to treat periodontitis by decreasing TNF-α, RANKL, and increasing IL-10 expression.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction and the effect of microencapsulation on mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind extract

The effects of optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and microencapsulation on the total xanthone content (TXC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of mangosteen rind extract were studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed with Box-Behnken design to generate fifteen optimization responses by incorporating three independent variables, namely soaking time, solvent-to-feed (S/F) ratio and extraction time. The highest extraction yield (19.43%) was obtained in the third response. TXC and TPC results fitted well, with high R-squared values (0.83-0.91), into the generated models, but not the antioxidant activity data. The interactive effects of S/F ratio and extraction time significantly increased the yields of TXC (46.62 mg α-mangostin/g crude extract) and TPC (46.30 mg gallic acid equivalent/g crude extract), but longer soaking time showed adverse effect. All the results obtained from the optimized models were validated using experimental data which showed desirability index of 0.88. The optimized parameters of MAE were established as 20:1 S/F ratio and 9 min extraction time, without soaking process. Despite the intact morphology of microcapsules observed, spray drying microencapsulation only preserved TXC partially (63.54%) but denatured more than 85% of TPC. Future investigation on the microencapsulation of mangosteen rind extract is required.

Antagonistic Effect of Yeast, Acetic Acid Bacteria and Mangosteen Rind Extract on Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in Unfermented Cocoa Beans

Yeasts and bacteria are two of common biocontrol agents to control mycotoxigenic fungi, meanwhile the mangosteen rind exract has xanthone and gartanin compounds for antioxidant, antiproliferation, antiinflammation, antimicrobial, and anticancer. The objectives of this research are to test the effects of yeasts, acetic acid bacteria (AAB), and mangosteen rind extract on the aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production in unfermented cocoa beans. Four yeast isolates, i.e. Issatchenkia orientalis (Io) BIO 211291, 286 and 288, and Endomyces fibuliger (Ef) BIO 132219; one bacteria isolate of Acetobacter aceti (Aa) FNCC0016; and mangosteen rind extract (MRE) were tested for their capabilities in inhibiting an aflatoxigenic A. flavus (Af) BIO 3361/747 growth using the well method (in vitro). Two yeast (Io BIO 211291 and 288) were combined with Aa and MRE in cocoa beans (in vivo). Aflatoxin production was analyzed using Thin Layer Chromathography (TLC). The result showed that interaction of Io BIO 211291 and 288, and Ef BIO 132219 on aflatoxigenic Af were interaction with inhibition zone ≥ 2 mm (type D), while the interaction type of Io BIO 211286 on Af were mutual intermingling growth, where both fungi grew into each other without any macroscopic sign of interaction (type A). The best treatment in agar media (in vitro) was Io BIO 211288 + Aa on Potato Dextrose Agar + 12 g/l MRE. The highest Io population was 5.88 log cfu/g on cocoa beans inoculated by Io BIO 211291 + MRE in 1 day after inoculation, while the highest A. aceti population was 4.74 log cfu/g on cocoa beans with Io BIO 211291 + BIO 211288 + Aa in 3 days after inoculation. Two best treatments were Io BIO 211288 + Aa + MRE and Io BIO 211291 + BIO 211288 + Aa + MRE, because there were no A. flavus population since 3 until 11 days after inoculation. Aflatoxin in all samples treatment was lower than limit detection B1 (&lt; 2.20 ppb), B2 (&lt; 3.50 ppb), (G1 &lt; 0.54 ppb), dan (G2 &lt; 1.00 ppb).

Evaluation of anti-epithelial-mesenchymal transition property of Garcinia mangostana rind extract

BackgroundEpithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) helps solid tumors to lose their intercellular adhesive property and drives metastasis. As mangosteen fruit is known for many beneficial effects including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-tumorigenic properties and has been used widely in traditional medicine, we interrogated its possible anti-metastatic effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.ResultsWe found that aqueous mangosteen rind extract (MRE) inhibited growth of MCF-7 and altered the transcript levels of ERα, ERβ, and EGFR genes. Additionally, the MRE changed the expression of important markers of EMT, E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin, Snail, and MMP-9. Moreover, MRE inhibited migration of MCF-7 cells.ConclusionThe results suggest that MRE suppresses growth and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in MCF-7 cells.

Formulation of Chewable Toothtablets Containing Mangosteen Rind Extract and Market Feasibility Study in Capital District of Nakhon Pathom Province

The objective of this research aimed to 1. formulate chewable toothpaste tablets containing mangosteen rind extract, 2. compare the suitable filler between lactose anhydrous and mannitol that adsorbs mangosteen rind extract by flowability and appearance indicators, 3. study the effect of type and amounts of foaming agents on stability of foam that leads to appropriate formulation, and 4. study market feasibility of chewable toothpaste tablets containing mangosteen rind extract. Survey method and self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection both before and after formulation in capital district of Nakhon Pathom. Thirty participants were selected and categorized into five groups which are tourists, dental patients, pharmacy students at Silpakorn University, office workers and dentists. After data collection is done, it was analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Results showed that mannitol is an appropriate adsorbent. It showed proper color and appearance as well as good flowability of extract. Cocamidopropyl betaine was selected as foaming agent. According to the survey, participants are interested in product. In addition, some dental specialists suggested to add fluoride. Overall, this product is interested and accepted among participants. Therefore, consumers are likely to buy chewable toothpaste tablet containing mangosteen rind extract.

Computational Chemical Study of Pigment of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Rind Extract as Dye Compound in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)

The electronic transition processes of α-mangostin and β-mangostin as dye compounds in DSSC and their ability to transfer electrons to semiconductors have been studied in theory. The research was carried out computationally using the NwChem application. The methods used are Density Functional Theory (DFT) for structure optimization and Time-Dependent DFT (TD-DFT) for electronic transitions. The results showed that the energy of HOMO β-mangostin was lower that it was more stable or easier to form bonds with semiconductors. Likewise, its LUMO energy is lower than α-mangostin that it is easier to inject electrons into the semiconductor. The energy difference of HOMO-LUMO β-mangostin is smaller than α-mangostin. This shows that β-mangostin is more easily excited or more efficient in exciting solar energy to convert it into electricity. This is consistent with the molecular spectra where λmaxβ-mangostin is at a higher wavelength. Orbital analysis shows electron injection of α-mangostin and β-mangostin into the semiconductor via double O atoms in each molecule. The injection is influenced by the bond length, where the bond length of α-mangostin to TiO2 is smaller than that of β-mangostin to TiO2.