Mango Research Articles

Biopolypropylene-Based Wood Plastic Composites Reinforced with Mango Peel Flour and Compatibilized with an Environmentally Friendly Copolymer from Itaconic Acid

This work reports on the successful development of biopolypropylene/mango peel flour (bioPP/MPF) composites using extrusion and injection molding processes. The compatibility between bioPP and MPF is improved through the use of PP-g-IA (3 phr) as a compatibilizer (which is prepared by reactive extrusion REX) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) (1 phr) as a cross-linker. The mechanical, morphological, thermal, thermomechanical, chemical, colorimetric, water absorption, and flowability properties are characterized and analyzed. The results show that MPF (30 wt %) compatibilized with PP-g-IA and DCP increased the stiffness of bioPP in terms of Young’s modulus values. Elongation at break also shows very promising results, with a maximum value of almost 30% for the bioPP/MPF/PP-g-IA/DCP sample. PP-g-IA and DCP seem to exert a synergetic effect. Thermal stability is also improved as a result of these additives, as well as crystallinity, which is increased due to an heterogeneous nucleation phenomenon, enhanced by a higher dispersion of MPF particles in the matrix. Moreover, the excellent mechanical results are verified in FESEM images, where a very narrow gap between the MPF particles and the bioPP matrix is appreciated.

Utilization of waste mango peels for extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants by ultrasound-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent

Polyphenols extraction from natural sources has been of immense interest owing to growing demand for natural antioxidants in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. Waste mango peels exhibit excellent prospects for target biomolecules. Conventional organic solvents possess intrinsic shortcomings. Thus, in this work, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) are presented as non-toxic and eco-friendly alternatives for antioxidants recovery from mango peels. The use of NADES combined with ultrasound has been explored. At 20% water content, 50% duty cycle, 2 W/cm3 acoustic density, 30:1 (v/w) liquid: solid ratio, 0.3 mm particle size and 30 min, lactic acid-glucose (5:1), NADES provided highest TPC 69.85 mg GAE/g of MP, TFC 16.5 mg QE/g of MP and DPPH IC50 of 35.37 μg/mL. UA-NADES technique offered 1.4 times TPC, 1.7 times TFC, 1.9 times antioxidant activity also; 50% shorter time, and 25% reduced solvent consumption compared to batch method with 80% ethanol.

The effect of sonication-synergistic natural deep eutectic solvents on extraction yield, structural and physicochemical properties of pectins extracted from mango peels

In this study, eco-friendly deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as extracting agents for the first time in the extraction of pectins from mango peel. Two novel green solvents including betaine-citric acid (Bet-CA) and choline chloride-malic acid (ChCl-MaA) were screened, and the extraction conditions were further optimized by full factor design experimental along with RSM. In addition, ultrasound treatment also had an influence on extraction yield, structural and physicochemical properties of extracted pectins. Two DES-extracted pectins had significantly higher yield, larger molecular weight and particles size than HCl-extracted pectin. High intensity ultrasound power enhanced the yield of low-ester pectins, but decreased the molecular weight and particles size of the pectins extracted. Monosaccharide compositions analysis showed that higher content of galacturonic acid (GalA) and larger HG region were observed in two DESs-extracted pectins. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) of all pectins extracted were similar, with slight differences. Two DESs-extracted pectins exhibited higher DE values than HCl-extracted pectin. Thermal analysis and zeta potential results showed that HCl-extracted pectin had better stability than ChCl-MaA-extracted pectin. Additionally, HCl-extracted pectin had higher viscosity properties than two DESs-extracted pectins or commercial pectin (CP). Moreover, it was found that HCl-extracted pectin was in a colloid state, while two DESs-extracted pectins or CP were in a flow state. Ultrasound treatment significantly improved the yields of pectin/low-ester pectin. Additionally, ultrasound treatment remarkably decreased the viscosity and viscoelastic properties of the pectins extracted. The results were conducive to our understanding of the relationship between extraction conditions and physicochemical properties of the pectins extracted, which provides theoretical basis for the functional application of mango peel pectins in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Effect of Temperature, Concentration, and Type of Plasticizer on Edible Pectin Film Characteristics of Mango Peel (Mangifera indica L.)

Plastic is a polymer product that is widely used by the community and is generally non-degradable. Its high usage makes plastic a source of waste that is difficult to decompose. It is important to transform the use of degradable materials as packaging by the community in an effort to overcome plastic waste. The edible film is an environmentally friendly packaging medium, which is generally synthesized from a mixture of pectin, plasticizer, and tapioca starch by heating and stirring. This study aims to study the effect of mixing temperature, pectin concentration, and type of plasticizer on the characteristics of the edible film. The temperature was varied at 70 o C, 80 o C, and 90 o C, with variations in pectin concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%. The types of plasticizers used were glycerol, sorbitol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG 400). The characteristics of the edible film were tested from thickness, tensile strength, elongation, and solubility. In the range of variables studied, the optimum conditions for producing the best edible film characteristics were 70 o C, 3% pectin, and the plasticizer of glycerol, giving solubility of 0.670 g water/g edible film, the thickness of 0.392 mm, the tensile strength of 3.200 MPa, and elongation of 0.134.

Chondroprotection of fruit peels in a monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis rat model via downregulation of Col1A1.

The potential of the fruit peels of mango, orange, cantaloupe, and pomegranate in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) was evaluated in a rat model. Their metabolic profiles were characterized using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy and 66 albino rats were intra-articularly injected with monosodium iodoacetate in the knee joints. The extracts were orally administered at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 28 days. Serum levels of IL-6 and tissue levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were measured using ELISA. COL1A1 expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Histopathological changes in the joints were examined. In the extracts, 85 metabolites were annotated, and the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, COX-2, α-SMA, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide were significantly reduced, while PPARγ and glutathione levels were significantly raised in all treated groups compared to the OA group. All extracts downregulated the cartilage mRNA expressions for COL1A1 dose-dependently. Mango peel extract exhibited the best chondroprotective effect. The in silico study showed the link between mango extract metabolites and COX-2.

Exploration of soluble dietary fiber extraction technique for enhancing physicochemical and structural properties of mango and pomegranate peel

Exploration of soluble dietary fiber extraction technique for enhancing physicochemical and structural properties of mango and pomegranate peel

Mango Pectic Oligosaccharides: A Novel Prebiotic for Functional Food.

Prebiotics are functional food ingredients that assist probiotic growth and render many other health benefits. Mango peel is the biomass of the processing industry and has recently been value-added as a dietary fiber pectin. Besides its general use as a food additive, mango peel pectin (MPP) is partially hydrolyzed by pectinase to obtain pectic oligosaccharides (POSs) that have recently gained attention as novel prebiotic products and in medical research. This review describes probiotic candidates responsible for the digestion of pectin derivatives and the advantages of POSs as functional additives and their current best retrieval options. Mango pectic oligosaccharide (MPOS) recovery from low methoxyl MPP from mango with prebiotic performance both in vivo and in vitro environments is discussed. Current research gaps and potential developments in the field are also explored. The overall worthiness of this article is the potential use of the cheap-green food processing bioresource for high-value components.

An Agro‐Waste Based Eco‐Friendly Synthesis, Electrochemical Behavior and Anti‐oxidant Properties Evaluation of Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole and Pyrazolyl‐4H‐chromenes Derivatives

AbstractAn efficient and economical one‐pot synthesis of pyrano[2,3‐c] pyrazoles and pyrazolyl‐4H‐chromenes using Water Extract of Mango Peel Ash (WEMPA) as a natural aqueous medium catalysts under microwave irradiation described. The microwave irradiation enhances the rate of the reaction, and decreases by‐product formation. The catalyst is obtained from the agro‐waste feedstock, by simple thermal treatment of dry peel of mango fruit followed by extraction of the resulted ash in water gave catalytic green solvent medium. In continuation of our research work on developing green chemistry protocol for bioactive molecule synthesis, herein, first time described pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole and pyrazolyl‐4H‐chromene derivative synthesis by the reaction of hydrazine hydrate (1), malononitrile (2), ethyl acetoacetate (3), aryl aldehydes (4), and/or salicylaldehyde (5). Some of the selected pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole (6) and pyrazolyl‐4H‐chromene (7) derivatives are tested for their in vitro antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging) by DPPH assay method. The assay result revealed, compounds 6 a, 6 h, 6 i and 7 d showed significant antioxidant activities comparison with refrence ascorbic acid. Some of the selected derivatives are characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐, 13C‐NMR and mass spectrometry analysis, and also tested for their electrochemical behavior studies using a cyclic voltammetry.

Bio-Waste Products of Mangifera indica L. Reduce Adipogenesis and Exert Antioxidant Effects on 3T3-L1 Cells.

Several studies highlighted the beneficial value of natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Here, we investigated the anti-obesity effects of extracts of peel and seed of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivated in Sicily (Italy) in 3T3-L1 cells. Mango Peel (MPE) and Mango Seed (MSE) extracts at a 100 µg/mL concentration significantly reduced lipid accumulation and triacylglycerol contents during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation without toxicity. HPLC-ESI-MS analysis showed that both the extracts contain some polyphenolic compounds that can account for the observed biological effects. The anti-adipogenic effect of MPE and MSE was the result of down-regulation of the key adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ and its downstream targets FABP4/aP2, GLUT4 and Adipsin, as well SREBP-1c, a transcription factor which promotes lipogenesis. In addition, both MPE and MSE significantly activated AMPK with the consequent inhibition of Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase (ACC) and up-regulated PPARα. The addition of compound C, a specific AMPK inhibitor, reduced the effects of MPE and MSE on AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, suggesting a role of AMPK in mediating MPE and MSE anti-lipogenic effects. Notably, MPE and MSE possess an elevated radical scavenging activity, as demonstrated by DPPH radical scavenging assay, and reduced ROS content produced during adipocyte differentiation. This last effect could be a consequence of the increase in the antioxidant factors Nrf2, MnSOD and HO-1. In conclusion, MPE and MSE possesses both anti-adipogenic and antioxidant potential, thus suggesting that the bio-waste products of mango are promising anti-obesity natural compounds.

Development of a full-scale cost effective mango peel biochar-sand filter based wastewater treatment chamber in Patharpratima in West Bengal

A feasible three stage full-scale domestic wastewater treatment chamber has been developed using a septic tank, biochar and sand filter chamber and a chlorination chamber providing a one-stop solution. The experimental setup was suitably made such that various properties of the influent can be analyzed at various steps of the filtration process thereby providing the removal percentages of various wastewater constituents by each layer. Water neutrality along with sufficient COD and BOD removal of around 97% and 88% are reported respectively. The water quality improved in terms of reduced turbidity, improved color, odor and taste. Subsequently, the treated effluent was found to be safe for domestic, agricultural and drinking purposes as per the drinking water standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). As the experiment was conducted in a rural area in West Bengal (India), economical analysis of the pilot treatment chamber revealed its feasibility for the target population, especially low income to poverty stricken demographic. The results also show a 99.999% removal of E.coli confirming the technology's suitability for small to medium sized communities.

Heat transfer analysis during hydrothermal treatment of mango.

To export Mexican mango fruit, it is required to comply with phytosanitary regulations, which implies heat transfer. Foods are biological systems with a dynamic behavior and, when they are thermally processed, their thermophysical properties change with temperature. Suitable simulation of heat transfer with temperature-dependent thermophysical properties can provide proper estimations of temperature histories to perform heat penetration analyses. The objective of this study was to predict temperatures within mango and immersion times by varying the mass of the fruit and water temperature during hydrothermal treatments. Thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and apparent density of ''Kent'' mango peel and pulp were determined. Finite element analysis was used to simulate heat transfer within the mango. Thermal conductivity and density were different for peel and pulp, but thermal diffusivity for both materials was not different. Predicted temperature histories adjusted properly to experimental data throughout the heating process. This indicates that thermophysical properties as a function of temperature for mango peel and pulp, the convective coefficient, the finite element model, and the methodology used to perform the estimations can be useful in the design of hydrothermal treatments for mango. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Proper simulation of heat transfer with temperature-dependent thermophysical properties during hot water treatments for mango can provide accurate temperature histories and profiles that allow the prediction of temperatures within the fruit or immersion times by varying the mass and temperature of the heating medium. This will allow a subsequent heat penetration study to predict larval mortality, facilitating the design of quarantine treatments.

Remnants of mutilation in anti-FGM law in Australia: a reply to ‘The prosecution of Dawoodi Bohra women’ by Richard Shweder

This article examines the absence of discussion about male circumcision in the first legal case against female circumcision in Australia, the Vaziri and Magennis case of 2015, 2018 and 2019, where the High Court of Australia prosecuted three people for practising female circumcision. It engages with the work of Rick Shweder on this case, arguing that what powerfully informs legal cases on this topic in Australia is less anthropological or medical evidence, than anti-female genital mutilation advocacy in the forms of literature and activism. These forms of anti-female genital mutilation discourse, the article argues, obscure the obvious comparison between male circumcision – as a ritual or ceremony that results in the production of a man as a man of God or of the nation – and female circumcision, which is understood as a mutilation. In lieu of the missed comparison, the result of this representation in legal and fictional texts is a rendering of the woman as unable to authorise her own agency, that is, as a remnant of mutilation, a rendering that is far from accurate.

Walk in the Neighborhood

It's already too late.I'm laughing, talking to a friend on my cellwhile I steer the dog around the corner,forgetting I'll be passing this house of grief.I see the man crafting his small lawn,grass blades so perfectly straight and greenthey seem cut with an exacto knife to fit the edges.Yesterday he told me his son had died the week before.And though I don't know his namewe embraced and cried.Today I move my ear away from the celland we smile differently now, me apologetic to be living,him apologetic to be curating his green patchwith the young man gone a week from this strange world.

Isolation and Characterization of Pediococcus sp. HLV1 from Fermented Idly Batter

The aim of the present study is the isolation and characterization of the lactic acid bacteria from idly batter, a traditional Indian fermented product. To achieve the aim, 10 idly batter samples were selected from different regions of Kadapa district. In the primary isolation and screening process, 50 lactic-acid-producing bacteria were isolated, and from them, six strains were selected based on their lactic acid yielding capacity for further evaluation. The selected cultures were studied for their phenotypic characters, and all cultures were Gram positive, cocci, and catalase negative. All the six strains were tested for their growth and lactic acid production at above 35 °C, and finally, one strain that showed good growth at 50 °C was selected for further characterization. Molecular characterization by 16S rRNA gene analysis and BLAST analysis revealed 99% similarity with Pediococcus pentosaceus Ni1142. The isolated culture was named as Pediococcus sp. HLV1, and the sequence was submitted to the NCBI databank as accession number MH921241. The isolated strain is able to utilize a wide range of carbohydrate substrates including glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, and xylose. The major fermentation product from glucose is lactic acid. Pediococcus sp. HLV1 showed optimum growth and production of lactic acid with glucose as carbon source (10%) and yeast extract as nitrogen source (0.3%) at pH 7.0 and 40 °C. As well-known probiotic bacteria, the isolated Pediococcus spp. also showed antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and more specifically inhibited Gram-positive Bacillus. Using the above optimal conditions, lactic acid from a fresh mango peel extract was studied, and at the end of the fermentation, 5.2% (v/v) of lactic acid was produced. In conclusion, the isolated LAB Pediococcus sp. strain HLV1 is able to grow and produce lactic acid at a high temperature (45 °C) and to survive at 50 °C. Mango peel, a by-product of mango pulp industries, can be utilized as one of the economically cheap feedstocks for industrial production of lactic acid by the Pediococcus sp. strain HLV1.

Economic pre-feasibility of supercritical fluid extraction of antioxidants from fruit residues

During the different stages of the supply chain, large amounts of waste are generated, being mostly disposed of in landfills. Most of these residues have a high content of valuable compounds with a high antioxidant capacity. These compounds have a high potential for use in different industries, such as the pharmaceutical and food industries. Supercritical fluid extraction is one of the technologies available for extracting effectively these components from wastes. Several studies have focused on this technology to show its advantages. This work aims evaluates the production of bioactive compound from different fruit residues to analyze their economic pre-feasibility using supercritical fluid extraction. Five fruit wastes were used for the analysis: mango peel, yellow passion fruit seed, raspberry seeds, mandarin peel, and açaí berry exhausted pulp. As results there was found that the use of a co-solvent increases production costs. Another influencing factor was the extraction yield related to the raw material used. The appropriate selection of these variables makes it possible to obtain economically viable processes. The yellow passion fruit presents the better economic indicators for obtaining an oil extract mainly composed of palmitic acid. With the raw material flow of 100 kg/h, a profit margin of 86.94% was obtained, which was the higher than for other raw materials. Additionally, the minimum flow of yellow passion fruit is 5.13 kg/h to obtain an NPV of zero at ten years.

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Pectinase-treated Peel Powder from Carabao Mango (Mangifera indica cv. Carabao)

Fruit peel wastes such as from mango can be utilized as an alternative source of dietary fiber and may further be modified to improve specific functional properties. In this study, mango peel powder was treated with pectinase to produce mango peel powder with reduced hydration properties. The resulting pectinase-treated mango peel powder (PMPP) has reduced crude pectin (0.53 g/ 100 g), greater lignin (46.88 g/ 100 g extractive free solid), protein (10.86 g/ 100 g), fat (3.94 g/ 100 g), iron (8.7 mg/ 100 g), calcium (434 mg/ 100 g) and sodium (76.5 mg/ 100 g) compared to the untreated mango peel powder (MPP). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed the presence of new peaks and shifted signals in PMPP but not in MPP – indicative of changes in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin composition. PMPP exhibited lower water holding capacity (WHC) (2.20 mL g–1) and swelling capacity (SC) (4.00 mL g–1) and comparable hypoglycemic properties with psyllium and metformin. Phenolic extract from PMPP showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity but weaker free radical scavenging capacity compared to MPP. Results show that pectinase treatment improved the properties of the mango peel powder and could lead to the utilization of PMPP as a food ingredient and as a dietary fiber supplement with functional and health potential.

Extraction of phenolic compounds from (Mangifera indica L.) and kinnow (Citrus reticulate L.) peels for the development of functional fruit bars

An investigation was carried out to extract polyphenols from mango and kinnow mandarin peels for the development of functional fruit bars and their storage stability. Solvent ethanol at 50%, 80% and 100% concentration was employed for polyphenols extraction from mango and kinnow peels through ultrasound assisted extraction technique. Higher polyphenols were extracted from mango peels with comparatively more antioxidant activity than kinnow peels. Fruit bars fortified with different levels of mango and kinnow peel polyphenolic extracts subjected to ambient and refrigerated storage conditions revealed a gradual decline in total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and sensory attributes score during storage period. Microbiological parameters though increased during storage but remained well within the permissible limits. Ambient temperature storage fruit bars were discarded after three months whereas at refrigeration temperature conditions remained sensory acceptable for five months. Overall, 2% mango peel extract fortified fruit bars scored highest by the sensory panelists while 3% kinnow peel extract fortified fruit bars scored lowest. It was concluded that mango and kinnow peel extract could be utilized as ingredient for the preparation of functionl foods.

Characterization and optimization of extracted pectin from unripe banana and mango fruit peels

Nowadays, the global source for pectin production is primarily from citrus fruits. Due to the high demand in pectin production, this causes a rise in the cost and demand of citrus fruits in the global market. Moreover, fruit processing industries generate fruit wastes comprising of peels and seeds, liquid waste of juice, and wash water. Since the peels of fruits are often discarded as waste, it would be an advantage to convert them into a value-added product such as pectin. A central composite design was used to determine the effects of temperature (40–90 °C), extraction time (1–3 h) and pH (1.0–3.0) on the yield of pectin from unripe banana and mango peels. The pectin extracted was characterized in terms of moisture content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content (MeO), total anhydrouronic acid (AUA) and degree of esterification (DE). The fitted mathematical model allowed to plot response surfaces and to determine optimal extraction conditions for both fruit peels. It was found that pH was the most important parameter that influenced the yield. A maximum yield of 78.64% was obtained for the unripe banana peels at optimum conditions of 90 °C, 1 h and pH 1.0 whereas a maximum yield of 23.69% was extracted for mango peels at 90 °C, 2 h and pH 2.0. The moisture content, equivalent weight. methoxyl content, total anhydrouronic acid content and degree of esterification for the unripe banana peels were 16.10%, 462.96, 5.58%, 41.18% and 76.93% respectively whereas, for the mango peels were 26.50%, 340.14, 8.68%, 56.67% and 86.96% respectively. In conclusion, unripe banana peels would be a better choice to replace citrus fruits for pectin production compared to mango peels.

Teaching Coagulation Using Bio Coagulant from Mango Skin Against Cement Wastewater to Vocational School Students through Experimental Demonstrations

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of video learning on the coagulation process using a mango peel-based bio-coagulant on cement wastewater for vocational school students. The bio-coagulant fabrication is done by drying the mango peel in an oven at 60 degrees Celsius, mashing it in a blender, then uniforming the powder particle size using a 200 mesh sieve. The mango peel bio-coagulant powder was then applied to cement wastewater that had been conditioned to an acidic atmosphere with variations of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg/L. Cement wastewater was tested through pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids (TDS) tests before and after adding the bio-coagulant powder to determine the effect of the bio-coagulant application. This research was also conducted by providing pretest questions, learning videos, and posttest questions to vocational students. The results showed that giving bio-coagulants to cement wastewater could increase the pH value, had no effect on temperature changes, and could decrease the TDS value. Then, the learning outcomes for vocational students show that the use of video learning media has a low effect on students' understanding of the coagulation process. Keywords: bio-coagulant, coagulation, mango peel, teaching, students

Extraction and Characteristics of Pectin from Lemon and Mango Peel and its Application in Biodegradable Film

Extraction and Characteristics of Pectin from Lemon and Mango Peel and its Application in Biodegradable Film