Mangifera Indica Research Articles

Mango Tree Dataset for Yield Estimation: Some Exploratory Analysis

Objectives: Employing computer vision methods for yield estimation requires standard datasets. However, unavailability of such a dataset in the literature limits the researchers from evaluating and comparing the performance of their proposed algorithms. In this paper, a benchmark of mango tree dataset is introduced. Methods: The dataset is gathered over a 5-month period, starting from the fruit's blossoming stage and ending with its ripening stage. There are 21,000 photos of 4 distinct mango tree varieties in the dataset. From each cultivar, images are captured with different views, distances, and daylight conditions. Further, preprocessing, and exploratory analysis of the dataset are carried out by extracting a few global features such as colors, textures, and histograms for intra-class and inter-class mango trees. Findings: The analysis of the collected dataset with different color layers by extracting a few global features and classification of the cultivars of mango trees and, based on the results obtained, the optimal layer of color is attained for the further yield estimation process. Novelty: Exploratory analysis of a novel temporal mango crop dataset is executed, and a color analysis classification method is proposed to aid in the early estimation of mango fruit crop yields. Keywords: Mango Fruit, Yield Estimation, Temporal Dataset, Feature Extraction, Tree Classification

Biological characterization of emerging fungal pathogen Colletotrichum associated with mango (Mangifera indica L.) post-harvest anthracnose from Vietnam.

Post-harvest anthracnose (PHA) of mango is a devastating disease, which results in huge loss to mango producers and importers. Various species of PHA, diverse pathogenicity, and different resistance towards fungicides make it essential to evaluate the pathogen taxonomic status and biological characterization. Two strains DM-1 and DM-2 isolated from the fruit of DaQing mango from Vietnam were identified as Colletotrichum fructicola and C. asianum respectively, based on the morphological features, along with the phylogenetic tree of ITS and ApMat combined sequences. The growth status of different Colletotrichum strains under different conditions was analyzed to reveal the biological characteristics. The optimum growth temperature of DM-1 and DM-2 was 28°C and mycelia grew rapidly in the dark. Both strains could grow in media with pH 4-11, while the optimum pH value was 6. Maltose and soluble starch were the most suitable carbon source for DM-1 and DM-2 respectively, and the peptone was the most suitable nitrogen source for both strains. The lethal temperatures were recorded as 55°C 5min for DM-1, and 50°C 10min for DM-2. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study reporting the identification of the pathogens: C. fructicola and C. asianum responsible for postharvest fruit anthracnose of mango in Vietnam.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND DIASTASE ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF HONEY Apis mellifera FROM INDONESIA

The quality of monofloral honey from Apis mellifera as an antibacterial can be influenced by the activity of the diastase enzyme and the secondary metabolites from the nectar source. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the activity of the diastase enzyme and the effectiveness of monofloral honey derived from Apis mellifera bees as a natural antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Sampling for monofloral honey was carried out from nine different nectar sources, namely Acacia carpa, Calliandra calothyrsus, Nephelium lappaceum, Melaleuca laucadendron, Ceiba pentandra, Mangifera indica, Coffea robusta 1, Coffea robusta 2, and Hevea brasiliensisensi. Furthermore, diastase content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the bacterial inhibition zone using the disc diffusion method. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the clustering of diastase enzyme and antibacterial activity. The results showed that the highest diastase activity in monofloral honey was Mangifera indica, Nephelium lappaceum, and Coffea robusta 2 at 20.00 DN. This was followed by Nephelium lappaceum, Ceiba pentandra, and Hevea brasiliensisensisensi at 10.00 DN, Acacia carpa at 6.67 DN, Coffea robusta 1 at 5.00 DN, and Calliandra calothyrsus 4.00 DN. The clear zones for Staphylococcus aureus on Coffea robusta 2, Acacia carpa, Nephelium lappaceum, Coffea robusta 1, Ceiba pentandra, Hevea brasiliensisensisensi, Nephelium lappaceum, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Mangifera indica were 19.47, 18.53, 17.73, 17.03, 16.12, 16.10, 16.03, 15.73, and 14.73 mm, respectively. Additionally, the clear zones for Escherichia coli on Ceiba pentandra, Coffea robusta 2, Acacia carpa, Coffea robusta 1, Melaleuca laucadendron, Mangifera indica, Hevea brasiliensisensisensi, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Nephelium lappaceum were 27.93, 26.13, 24.60, 24.53; 24.53, 24.07, 21.90, 21.60, and 21.53 mm, respectively. In conclusion, clustering analysis was conducted based on nectar sources to evaluate antibacterial and diastase activity. The clusters identified are cluster 1 consisting of Hevea brasiliensisensi, cluster 2 including Mangifera indica, and Nephelium lappaceum. Others are cluster 3 consisting of Acacia carpa and Calliandra calothyrsus, and clustergroup 4 including Nephelium lappaceum, Ceiba pentandra, Coffea robusta 1, and Coffea robusta 2. Therefore, it was necessary to carry out antibacterial testing of other bacteria, specifically Salmonella typhi, and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of honey with the best antibacterial activity in various concentration variations.

Anti‐cancer Activity of Ethanolic Extract from ‘Bao’ mango ( Mangifera indica ) Peel and Its Nanoencapsulation Against Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Mango (Mangifera indica) has been one of the most cultivated fruits in Thailand and other South and Southeast Asian countries. ‘Bao’ mango is a distinct petite mango variety that is available all year round. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti‐breast cancer activities of Bao‐mango peel extract (MPE). The total phenolic content (TPC) of MPE was 280.57 ± 7.95 mg quercetin per g of powder. Based on antioxidant activity analyses, MPE had IC50 values of 35.09 and 23.80 ± 0.48 mg/mL for 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, respectively. Additionally, MPE exerted an inhibitory action against MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells with an IC50 of 39.08 ± 5.22 mg/mL. Furthermore, nanoencapsules loaded with MPE using chitosan‐coated poly lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (CS‐PLGA‐(MPE)) were also prepared. It exhibited spherical morphology with an average size of 251.90 ± 19.61 nm. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) of nanoparticles was 30.48%. Moreover, the CS‐PLGA‐(MPE) exhibited higher anticancer activity by affecting cell viability and inhibiting the cell migration and invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, compared to the free MPE. Therefore, these findings indicated that MPE and CS‐PLGA‐(MPE) nanoparticles could be promising alternatives to chemicals used for breast cancer treatment.

Floral attractants and rewards to pollinators in Mangifera indica L.

Floral attractants and rewards are essential in plant-pollinator interaction, pollen transfer to and from the flowers, and hence in crop production. In this trial, we determined the attractants and rewards of mango ‘Osteen’ cultivated under a plastic greenhouse. The attractants analyzed were inflorescence architecture and compactness, flower number, size and color patterns. Rewards determined were pollen quantity and its nutritious value and nectar volume and composition. The results show that mango forms panicles with more staminate than hermaphrodite flowers, but the latter are of higher size, more exposed to pollinator activity, and preferentially located in a better-nurtured position within the inflorescence. Pollen produced by staminate and hermaphrodite flowers was similar in quantity and quality. On the contrary, hermaphrodite flowers produced more nectar, likely because of the larger size of their nectary disks. Pollen and nectar present 17 and 22 metabolites, respectively, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids. Our study provides, for the first time, solid information about the floral attractiveness and rewards of mango cultivated under plastic greenhouses. This will help to understand the possible adaptations required for pollinating this crop under protected cultivation.

Single and basal crop coefficients for estimation of water requirements of subtropical and tropical orchards and plantations with consideration of fraction of ground cover, height, and training system

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the research carried out over the last 25 years on the FAO56 single and basal crop coefficients of subtropical and tropical orchards and plantations of cactus pear, dragon fruit, fig, jujube, passion fruit, pomegranate, cape gooseberry, cherimoya, guava, longan, lychee, mango, papaya, acerola, carambola, cashew, cacao, coffee, jaboticaba, jatropha, macadamia, açai palm, coconut, date palm, guayule, oil palm, peach palm, ramie and rubber tree. The main objective of this review is to update standard single crop coefficients (Kc) and basal crop coefficients (Kcb) and complete the Kc and Kcb values tabulated in FAO56. Kc is the ratio between the non-stressed crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and Kcb is the ratio between the crop transpiration (Tc) and the ETo. When selecting and analysing the literature, only studies that used the FAO Penman–Monteith equation, or another equation well related to the former to compute ETo were considered, while ETc or Tc were obtained from accurate field measurements on crops under pristine (non-stress cropping conditions) or eustress (“good stress”) conditions. Articles meeting these conditions were selected to provide data for updating Kc and Kcb under standard conditions. The related description of orchards and plantations refers to crop cultivar and rootstock, irrigation systems and scheduling, planting spacing, fraction of ground cover (fc) by the crops, crop height (h), crop age and training systems, as Kc and Kcb values depend on these characteristics. To define the standard Kc and Kcb values of the selected crops, the values collected in the literature were compared with previously tabulated standard Kc and Kcb values. The updated tabulated values are transferable to other locations and climates and can be used to calculate and model crop water requirements, primarily for irrigation planning and scheduling, and thereby supporting of improved water use and savings, which is the overall aim of the current review.

Acute effects of mango leaf extract on cognitive function in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.

Extracts made from the leaves of the edible mango plant (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae) have a long history of medicinal usage, most likely due to the presence of high levels of mangiferin, a polyphenol compound. Previous research has demonstrated that mango leaf extract (MLE) can beneficially modulate cognitive function in both animals and humans. This study aimed to assess the effects of an acute dose of 300 mg MLE (standardised to contain ≥60% mangiferin) on cognitive performance and mood in healthy adults. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 114 healthy men and women (18-43 years) received either MLE or a matched placebo at each testing visit (separated by at least 7 days). Cognitive performance (including the cognitive demand battery) and mood were measured at 30, 180, and 300 min post-dose. The results showed that, compared to placebo, the group taking MLE displayed a significant increase in serial 3 s and serial 7 s subtraction errors overall. There were no other significant effects on cognitive performance. The results of the current study suggest that the consumption of 300 mg MLE in the absence of an observed multitasking psychological stressor does not improve cognitive performance or mood at up to 300 min post-dose. Due to the very limited nature of the effects and since they were observed among many analyses, these findings should be treated with caution.Clinical trial registration: http://ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NCT05182450].

IMPACT OF THE ‘KENT’ MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) JAM FORMULATION WITH DIFFERENT GELLING AGENTS ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES

Pectin content decreases as mango (Mangifera indica L.) maturity progresses. When making jam, a hydrocolloid will be required, which can impact the physicochemical and sensory properties of the processed product. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of two mango maturity stages (60 and 100 %) and four different gelling agents (pectin, xanthan gum, guar gum, and corn starch) on the physicochemical and sensory properties of jams, using a commercial jam as a control. Eight treatments were obtained, and a completely randomized experimental design was applied. The experimental unit was a glass jar (250 g) of jam with three replicates for physicochemical and sensory analysis. Analysis of variance and comparisons of means with Tukey’s test were carried out with SAS® software. The physicochemical properties of the jam were affected according to its formulation. Those with 100 % ripe mango plus pectin or corn starch showed maximum pH values of 3.7 and 3.8, respectively, but lower acidity (0.6 %). The jams with 60 % ripe mango and pectin or corn starch had higher levels of dietary fiber (1.42 and 1.47 %) and protein (0.97 and 0.79 %), with no differences from the control. In terms of texture, the formulation with 60 % ripe mango plus pectin was statistically superior to the other jams. The jam with 60 % ripe mango and corn starch had the highest sensory color and was comparable to the control, but in hue, it was instrumentally different from the other formulations. Changes in fruit maturity from 60 to 100 % and the type of gelling agent modified the physicochemical properties and sensory color of ‘Kent’ mango jam, confirming the effect of formulation on the attributes evaluated.

Cold-stress induced metabolomic and transcriptomic changes in leaves of three mango varieties with different cold tolerance

BackgroundMango (Mangifera indica L.) is grown in Hainan, Guangdong, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Fujian provinces and Guanxi autonomous region of China. However, trees growing in these areas suffer severe cold stress during winter, which affects the yield. To this regard, data on global metabolome and transcriptome profiles of leaves are limited. Here, we used combined metabolome and transcriptome analyses of leaves of three mango cultivars with different cold stress tolerance, i.e. Jinhuang (J)—tolerant, Tainung (T) and Guiremang No. 82 (G)—susceptible, after 24 (LF), 48 (MF) and 72 (HF) hours of cold.ResultsA total of 1,323 metabolites belonging to 12 compound classes were detected. Of these, amino acids and derivatives, nucleotides and derivatives, and lipids accumulated in higher quantities after cold stress exposure in the three cultivars. Notably, Jinhuang leaves showed increasing accumulation trends of flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans and coumarins, and alkaloids with exposure time. Among the phytohormones, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid levels decreased, while N6-isopentenyladenine increased with cold stress time. Transcriptome analysis led to the identification of 22,526 differentially expressed genes. Many genes enriched in photosynthesis, antenna proteins, flavonoid, terpenoid (di- and sesquiterpenoids) and alkaloid biosynthesis pathways were upregulated in Jihuang leaves. Moreover, expression changes related to phytohormones, MAPK (including calcium and H2O2), and the ICE-CBF-COR signalling cascade indicate involvement of these pathways in cold stress responses.ConclusionCold stress tolerance in mango leaves is associated with regulation of primary and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinins are potential regulators of cold stress responses in mango leaves.

Sustainable extraction methods of carotenoids from mango (Mangifera indica L. 'Kent') pulp: Ultrasound assisted extraction and green solvents

Mango is a good source of carotenoids for use in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products because of their organoleptic and health-promoting properties. Safe and sustainable methods for their extraction is required. The present investigation was aimed to study concentration and carotenoid profile of 'Kent' mango pulp through a conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using traditional solvents (tetrahydrofuran-THF and diethyl ether: petroleum ether-DE:PE) and green solvents (GS) (2-metiltetrahydrofuran, 2 m-THF; cyclopentyl methyl ether, CPME). Mango showed (μg/g d.w.) β-carotene (29.4), zeaxanthin (1.28), β-cryptoxanthin (2.8), phytoene (18.68) and phytofluene (7.45) in a CE using DE:PE. Similar results were obtained applying DE:PE in UAE and GS in a CE, so CPME and 2-mTHF seem suitable solvents to replace DE:PE in CE. The yield of total carotenes, xanthophylls and carotenoids using GS combined with UAE was lower than with CE, but important enough to be used as a sustainable procedure for obtaining carotenoids from mango pulp.

Effects of phosphorus and potassium fertilization and fruit canopy position on sugar accumulation in mangifera indica cv. 'Kent' pulp

Sugar content is the key to mango quality and growers are constantly seeking methods to optimize it. In this study, fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose sugars were evaluated to determine how phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in varying amounts could affect these sugar levels and how sunlight exposure effects fruit. The experiments were conducted in the KALRO Orchard of Kiambu County, Kenya. Thirty-five healthy 7- to 8-year-old ‘Kent’ trees were selected and divided into five treatment groups with five replicates each. Treatment with 1 kg, 2 kg P, K and combined PK per tree resulted in a significantly higher fructose content than the control. In contrast, neither 1 kg nor 2 kg P resulted in significantly higher glucose contents than the control. Combined PK fertilizers at 0.5+0.5 kg per tree reduced fructose and increased glucose, sucrose, and maltose. A combination of PK fertilizers at 1.0+1.0 kg significantly increased only fructose, but not other sugars. Even after applying P and K fertilizers, the position of the fruit canopy did not affect fructose, glucose, or maltose contents. However, there was a trend towards a higher sucrose content in fruits exposed to sunlight (5.17 g/100 g) than in canopy fruits (2.29g/100g), although this difference was not statistically significant. The same trend was observed for the other sugars. The t-test revealed no significant differences between the two canopy positions (t = 1.01, p = 0.344). A significant difference in sugar content (p < 0.05) between fruits harvested at different canopy positions suggests that fruits harvested at different canopy positions did not ripen simultaneously. In contrast, neither 1 kg nor 2 kg of P produced a significant difference in the glucose content. Combining PK fertilizers at 0.5+0.5 kg per tree decreased fructose while increasing glucose, sucrose, and maltose. A combination of PK fertilizers at a rate of 1.0+1.0 kg significantly increased only fructose but not other sugars. Even after the application of P and K fertilizers, the position of the fruit canopy did not affect fructose, glucose, and maltose contents. However, there was a trend towards a higher sucrose content in fruits exposed to sunlight (5.17 g/100 g) than in crown fruits (2.29 g/100 g), although this difference was not statistically significant. The same trend was observed for the other sugars. The t-test revealed no significant differences between the two canopy positions (t = 1.01, p = 0.344). A significant difference in sugar content (p< 0.05) between fruits harvested at different canopy positions suggests that fruits harvested at different canopy positions did not ripen simultaneously.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Mangifera indica Leaf in Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Focus on Glycemic Control and Cholesterol Regulation

Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae family) is renowned for its diverse pharmacological properties, encompassing antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study delves into the insulin-releasing and glucose-lowering potential of the ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica (EEMI) leaves in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic (STZ-T2D) rats, concurrently investigating its phytoconstituents. EEMI’s effects on insulin secretion were measured using BRIN BD11 β-cells and isolated mouse islets. Its enzymatic inhibitory properties on carbohydrate digestion, and absorption, and free radicals were investigated using in vitro methods. In vivo parameters including the lipid profile and liver glycogen content were assessed in STZ-T2D rats. EEMI exhibited a dose-dependent increase in insulin secretion from clonal pancreatic BRIN BD11 β-cells and isolated mouse islets. EEMI inhibited starch digestion, glucose diffusion over time, and DPPH activity in vitro. In acute in vivo studies, EEMI improved food intake and oral glucose tolerance. Moreover, following 28 days of treatment with EEMI, a remarkable amelioration in body weight, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, liver glycogen content, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, and HDL levels was observed. Further phytochemical analysis with EEMI identified the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids. The synergistic effects of EEMI, potentially attributable to naturally occurring phytoconstituents, hold promise for the development of enriched antidiabetic therapies, offering a promising avenue for the management of type 2 diabetes.

A Study on Properties, Characteristics and Applications of Mangifera Indica Fibre

This study explores the feasibility and potential benefits of utilizing mango fruit waste to produce natural fiber. The idea of investigates various extraction methods, processing techniques, and potential applications of mango fiber. Overall, features and properties of mango fiber suggests promising potential for both industrial and nutritional application.

Antioxidant activity and sensory acceptability of whey protein-based smoothie beverages made from mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv Haden and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv Festival

Objective: To assess the effect of different whey proteins levels on the physicochemical, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptability of smoothie beverages made from mango and strawberry. Design/methodology/approach: Twenty-four formulations were evaluated (type of fruit and concentration level of whey protein). Results: Adding of whey protein to smoothies composed of mango and strawberry increased the protein content and antioxidant activity by 2-2.5-fold compared to control smoothies’ samples without whey protein. Sensory analysis showed that in terms of overall acceptance, all produced smoothies were considered very acceptable by the panelists. Limitations on study/implications: Smoothies enriched with whey proteins can be a good new food product that incorporated nutritional and functional compounds into the human diet. Findings/conclusions: Smoothies produced from mango and strawberry fruits enriched with whey proteins can be considered valuable products as source of bioactive compounds and from sensory points of view.

The antimalarial profiling of Mangifera indica's herbal formulation attenuated biochemical alterations and improved hepatocytes' histoarchitecture in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.

The antimalarial profiling of Mangifera indica's herbal formulation attenuated biochemical alterations and improved hepatocytes' histoarchitecture in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.

Enzyme-assisted hydrolysis and microencapsulation for production of functional food with dietary fructooligosaccharides from Nam Dok Mai mango (Mangifera indica L.)

This research aimed to develop a mango juice microcapsule with high fructooligosaccharides (FOS) content using enzymatic hydrolysis with Novozym® 960 and Pectinex® Ultra SP-L. Enzymatic hydrolysis was done by varying factors which included enzyme concentration (0.1 and 0.2 mL Novozym® 960/100 mL sample and 0.5 and 1.0 mL Pectinex® Ultra SP-L/100 mL sample), incubation temperature (45–55 °C) and incubation time (60 and 120 min). Using 0.2 mL/100 mL sample of Novozym® 960 reduced sugar content by converting 80% of sucrose and increasing FOS levels by 20%. The optimal condition for spray drying increased-FOS mango juice microcapsules were established with 160 °C inlet temperature. Encapsulating agents were; resistant maltodextrin (RM), gum arabic (GA), and a combination of both at 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 v/v ratios. Microcapsule powders exhibited a light greenish-yellow hue and optimal conditions involved a 3:1 ratio of RM and GA (GRM), which exhibited the highest phenolic compounds, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity (p ≤ 0.05). Microcapsules stored in vacuum-sealed aluminum bags best maintained physicochemical and microbial quality over a 45-day period. Microencapsulated mango juice has potential to be used in the food industry, including its role in beverage production and as a component in functional foods.

Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causing bovine mastitis.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to human, animal, and plant health on a global scale. Search and elimination techniques should be used to effectively counter the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. With only a few novel drugs in clinical development, the quest for plant-based alternatives to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria has accelerated. Treatment of MRSA infections is challenging owing to rapidly emerging resistance mechanisms coupled with their protective biofilms. In the present research, we examined the antibacterial properties of ten plant-derived ethanolic leaf extracts. The most effective ethanolic leaf extract against MRSA in decreasing order of zone of inhibition, Cannabis sativa L. > Syzygium cumini > Murraya koenigii > Eucalyptus sp. > while Aloe barbadensis, Azadirachta indica, had very little impact. Mangifera indica, Curcuma longa, Tinospora cordifolia, and Carica papaya did not exhibit inhibitory effects against MRSA; hence, Cannabis was selected for further experimental study. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Cannabis sativa L. extract was 0.25mgml-1 with 86% mortality. At a sub-MIC dosage of 0.125mgml-1, the biofilm formation was reduced by 71%. The two major cannabinoids detected were cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which were majorly attributed to substantial inhibitory action against MRSA. The time-kill kinetics demonstrated a bactericidal action at 4 MIC over an 8-20-h time window with a 90% reduction in growth rate. The results from SEM, and light microscopy Giemsa staining revealed a reduction in cells in the treated group with increased AKP activity, indicating bacterial cell membrane breakdown. These findings suggested cannabinoids may be a promising alternative to antibiotic therapy for bovine biofilm-associated MRSA.

Biomass valorization of Mangifera Indica into hierarchical carbon materials with self-doping oxygen assisted carbonization for supercapacitor applications

ABSTRACT The exploration of biocompatible energy storage media for future generations has been continuously carried out. This includes the investigations of electrode materials that are renewable, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and rich in heteroatoms. The electrode materials undergo carbonization as a promising thermochemical process to create an active material with a porous structure of well-defined and controlled geometry. The main objective of this study is to thoroughly examine the conversion process of electrode materials derived from Mangifera Indica Seed Shells (MIS) using carbonization and activation methods for supercapacitor applications. Pyrolysis at various temperatures was carried out to determine the definitive influence of carbonization temperature on the capacitive performance of MIS active materials. The optimum carbonization temperature of 600°C significantly enhances mesoporosity, which is positively correlated to the specific surface area, hierarchical structure, and the presence of self-doping oxygen, leading to a substantial increase in capacitive behavior. In the experiment, the MIS samples were used as electrodes for supercapacitor cells, and they were found to exhibit a specific capacitance of 255 Fg−1. The goal of this study is to offer a sustainable solution by using biomass as an active material for high-performance supercapacitor cells that can be utilized in energy storage applications.

Insights into the Pharmacognostic Elucidation of Harumanis Mango (Mangifera Indica Linn.) Leaves Extracts as Therapeutic Agent

Mangifera indica L. (mango) of the Anacardiaceae family is a fruit with many phytochemicals that are extensively used in various traditional systems of medicine to prevent and treat various diseases. In Malaysia, harumanis is a local variety of mango widely cultivated in the northern region, namely Perlis. However, the drawback of this harumanis variety of mango is that research and information on its therapeutics are scarce and limited. Therefore, localized harumanis leaves were introduced to a series of pharmacognostic studies to provide critical details explaining harumanis as a potential therapeutic agent. Initially, the harumanis leaves were introduced to quality analysis tests, unveiling that the raw material used abided by proper post-harvesting protocols. Then, the harumanis leaves were extracted using ultrasonic aided extraction (UAE) with 100% methanol (13.73±0.24 %), 50% methanol (14.47±0.19 %), 100% ethanol (10.35±0.19 %), 50% ethanol (12.61±0.26 %), and distilled water (8.09±0.21 %). Next, the initial phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in all extracts. Subsequently, the phenolic and flavonoid content were quantified with the 50% methanol extracts recorded the highest total phenolic content (5.76 ± 0.02 mg/g), 50% ethanol extracts had the highest total flavonoid content (4.38 ± 0.04 mg/g). Fingerprinting analysis via FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify phytochemicals confirming the presence of flavonoids and phenolics compounds in all extracts. The extracts were then introduced to a DPPH inhibition assay with the highest IC50 value obtained from 50% methanol with 75.2 ± 0.22 microgram per milliliter. Next, the antimicrobial capabilities were tested using a disc diffusion study on E. coli, B. subtilis, and Face normal flora showing that the methanolic extract has superior abilities in microbial inhibitions with the value recorded at 13mm, 22mm, and 14mm respectively. Overall, we obtained valuable pharmacognostic data on the harumanis leaves extracts as potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

The Production of Coating Film with Sweet Potato Starch and Carboxymethylcellulose from Water Hyacinth on Storage Life Extension of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

The objective of this research was to study the production of coating films with sweet potato starch (SPS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from water hyacinth and to study the effect of the coating on the storage life extension of mangoes. The coating film was prepared by dissolving sweet potato starch in water at a concentration of 5 % w/v and adding CMC from water hyacinth at 5 different concentrations: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 % based on the weight of the starch. Glycerol was added as a plasticizer at 20 % of the weight of the starch solution. The mixture was then dried at 65 °C for 18 h. The study found that the thickness of the film decreased with higher concentrations of CMC from water hyacinth. The water activity (aw) ranged from 0.35 to 0.42, and the solubility and water vapor permeability of the film decreased with increasing CMC concentration. In the degradation study, it was observed that the films could biodegrade from 42 to 100 % for 8 weeks, with degradation rates decreasing as the amount of CMC from water hyacinth increased. Coating Mango with 10 % w/w CMC helped delay weight loss, skin color changes, and extended the shelf life of mango for up to 18 days at room temperature (28 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 2 % RH), compared to the control group with a shelf life of 12 days. These results indicate that films made from SPS/CMC from water hyacinth, with glycerol as the plasticizer, can effectively be used for preserving fruits and creating biodegradable films. HIGHLIGHTS The coating film of sweet potato starch (SPS) and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) from Water Hyacinth was prepared The effect of adding different CMC concentrations in SPS films was investigated This coating film is cost-effective and biodegradable The coating film of SPS and CMC from water hyacinth enhances the shelf-life of perishable fruit GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT