Mango Orchards Research Articles

Performance of medicinal crops in mango (Mangifera indica) based intercropping system under dryland conditions of Jammu subtropics

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) based agroforestry system offers spatial advantage for intercropping in Indian subtropics. Mango is planted at wide spacing to accommodate the large crowns needed to support the fruit yield. Wider spacing of the trees provides the vacant space to the orchardist to grow suitable and synergistic crop (vegetables/ medicinal plants) to supplement his income. The present investigation was done to screen out the best intercrop out of the four crops, viz. ginger, turmeric, kalmegh and stevia that can be grown in old mango orchards. The experiment was laid out at Experimental Farm of Advance Centre for Horticulture Research (ACHR), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Udheywala, Jammu, which is located at an altitude of 327m above mean sea level, between 32073´ N latitude and 74087´ E longitude. Mango orchard selected for the study had a very dense canopy and thus the interception of light was only 30-40 percent than that in the open. The results revealed that shade had profound influence on the survival, growth and yield of ginger, turmeric, stevia and kalmegh. The higher values for plant height, number of leaves, were recorded in ginger and turmeric under shade compared to stevia and kalmegh. Stevia had a very poor survival percentage (11.99%) under mango as compared to open. Likewise ginger had a poor survival percentage (13.22%) in the open compared to that under the mango canopy. Thus, it was concluded that under the subtropical conditions of Jammu region, ginger, turmeric and kalmegh can be grown successfully as intercrops under partial shade of mango trees, however, stevia cannot be integrated. The most remunerative crop among the four, in terms of yield was turmeric followed by ginger and kalmegh.

Monitoring the Foliar Nutrients Status of Mango Using Spectroscopy-Based Spectral Indices and PLSR-Combined Machine Learning Models

Conventional methods of plant nutrient estimation for nutrient management need a huge number of leaf or tissue samples and extensive chemical analysis, which is time-consuming and expensive. Remote sensing is a viable tool to estimate the plant’s nutritional status to determine the appropriate amounts of fertilizer inputs. The aim of the study was to use remote sensing to characterize the foliar nutrient status of mango through the development of spectral indices, multivariate analysis, chemometrics, and machine learning modeling of the spectral data. A spectral database within the 350–1050 nm wavelength range of the leaf samples and leaf nutrients were analyzed for the development of spectral indices and multivariate model development. The normalized difference and ratio spectral indices and multivariate models–partial least square regression (PLSR), principal component regression, and support vector regression (SVR) were ineffective in predicting any of the leaf nutrients. An approach of using PLSR-combined machine learning models was found to be the best to predict most of the nutrients. Based on the independent validation performance and summed ranks, the best performing models were cubist (R2 ≥ 0.91, the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) ≥ 3.3, and the ratio of performance to interquartile distance (RPIQ) ≥ 3.71) for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, SVR (R2 ≥ 0.88, RPD ≥ 2.73, RPIQ ≥ 3.31) for calcium, iron, copper, boron, and elastic net (R2 ≥ 0.95, RPD ≥ 4.47, RPIQ ≥ 6.11) for magnesium and sulfur. The results of the study revealed the potential of using hyperspectral remote sensing data for non-destructive estimation of mango leaf macro- and micro-nutrients. The developed approach is suggested to be employed within operational retrieval workflows for precision management of mango orchard nutrients.

Influence of imidacloprid on bacterial community diversity of mango orchard soil assessed through 16S rRNA sequencing-based metagenomic analysis

Imidacloprid, used against mango hopper, is a persistent insecticide in soil. Microbes have the ability to remove toxic pesticides from soil surface. Metagenomic is an approach for understanding the diversity and related metabolic activities in any environmental sample without culturing the microbes. Metagenomic analysis of mango orchard soil was carried out using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to understand the impact of imidacloprid on soil microbial population. In control and imidacloprid applied soil samples, representative sequences clustered were 0.142930 and 0.082320 million, respectively. At the kingdom level, 85 and 88 percent represented to bacteria, 2 and 1 percent to archaea, and 13 and 11 percent to unassigned for control and treated metagenomes, respectively. At phylum level, 16 and 17 percent of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) were assigned with Proteobacteria, while 13 and 11 percent of OTUs were unassigned in control and imidacloprid-treated samples, respectively. The other abundant phyla in both the samples were Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. At class level, 9 and 11 percent of OTUs were assigned with Planctomycetia in control as well as imidacloprid-treated samples, respectively. A number of OTUs present in control and imidacloprid applied samples are 31,173 and 21,909, respectively, with 18,018 number of OTUs shared between the two samples. The genus Gemmata totally disappeared in imidacloprid applied soil, while those belonging to class Phycisphaerae, genus Prevotella and species copri were identified in imidacloprid treatment. Bacterial community transformation was evident from this study indicating possible microbial bioremediation of imidacloprid in mango orchard soil.

EVALUATION OF PHENOLIC CONTENT IN MALDAH CULTIVAR OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA. L.) OF DIGHA (PATNA, BIHAR)

Some ripe mangoes were collected from the mango orchard located at Digha in Patna district, in Patna of Bihar. The pulp and peels of these mangoes were separated and they were lyophilized and stored at 20°C and thereafter they were analyzed separately for total phenolics in the pulp and the peels of these mangoes of Maldah Cultivar (principle). The total content of phenolics in the pulp and peels of the ripe Maldah mangoes were estimated using folin-ciocatten reagent at 75 nm in an UV-Vis Spectrophotometer using galic acid for expressing the standard curve and subsequently the total result was expressed as mg GAE (Galic Acid Equivalent/100g of fresh weight). Surprisingly the result shows the greater content of phenolics in peels in respect of the pulps.

Sensitivity to MBC fungicides and prochloraz of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex isolates from mango orchards in Mexico

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is the most significant field and post-harvest disease of mango worldwide and is mainly controlled through the use of systemic fungicides belonging to the methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) class. In Mexico, this disease in mango has been associated with at least seven cryptic species belonging to the C. gloeosporioides complex. In this study, the distribution of sensitivity to MBC (benomyl and carbendazim) and prochloraz fungicides of 101 Colletotrichum spp. isolates obtained from 101 commercial orchards in Mexico’s most important mango-producing states was determined. All Colletotrichum spp. isolates were obtained from commercial mango orchards with applications of MBC fungicides and that had not been exposed to applications of prochloraz, or any other DMI (demethylation inhibitors) class fungicide. Isolates were evaluated using an in vitro test to determine the effective fungicide concentration at which 50% of mycelial growth is inhibited (EC50) for each isolate-fungicide combination. EC50 values for benomyl and carbendazim ranged from 0.0967 to 0.3995 µg mL−1 (median = 0.1923 µg mL−1) and from 0.0880 to 0.1703 µg mL−1 (median = 0.1171 µg mL−1), respectively, while those for prochloraz ranged from 0.0066 to 0.0813 µg mL−1 (median = 0.0253 µg mL−1). Our results revealed a wide distribution in Mexico of Colletotrichum spp. isolates from mango sensitive to MBC fungicides and prochloraz. Data obtained in this study will serve as a source of comparison of the evolution of the sensitivity of Colletotrichum spp. populations obtained from mango to MBC and DMI fungicides in the future.

Variation of soil arthropods abundance and diversity between two sites of the Punjab province in Pakistan

Soil Arthropods are a vitally important component of the ecosystem, as their diversity, abundance, and distribution pattern play a vital role in ecosystem sustainability. Their population is expected to vary according to geographical patterns and environmental variables such as temperature, and humidity. For this purpose, we collected soil arthropods from the two regions having different latitudinal patterns: FSD (Faisalabad) and MGRH (Muzaffargarh). The soil faunal samples were collected fortnightly from the mango orchards for two consecutive years, 2017 and 2018. During the whole research, a total of 8301 specimens of (16, 11) orders, (118, 57) species, and (5027, 3274) individuals were recorded from FSD and MGRH, respectively. Order Coleoptera found the maximum abundance in both regions among all orders. Our results showed that the FSD regions had a high abundance of arthropods compared to the MGRH region. In comparison, the different diversity factors and abundance revealed a strong correlation with the abiotic factors. They showed a high pattern of distribution and richness at the FSD region, as low temperature and high humidity were observed in the FSD region that influences the more diversity occurrence of fauna. Our results predicted that the habitat type and environmental factors such as humidity and temperature play a significant role in the distribution pattern of arthropods in any geographical region.

Evaluation of Phenolic Content in Maldah Cultivar of Mango (Mangifera indica. L.) of Digha (Patna, Bihar)

Some ripe mangoes were collected from the mango orchard located at Digha in Patna district, in Patna of Bihar. The pulp and peels of these mangoes were separated and they were lyophilized and stored at 20°C and thereafter they were analyzed separately for total phenolics in the pulp and the peels of these mangoes of Maldah Cultivar (principle). The total content of phenolics in the pulp and peels of the ripe Maldah mangoes were estimated using folin-ciocatten reagent at 75 nm in an UV-Vis Spectrophotometer using galic acid for expressing the standard curve and subsequently the total result was expressed as mg GAE (Galic Acid Equivalent/100g of fresh weight). Surprisingly the result shows the greater content of phenolics in peels in respect of the pulps.

Determining the Effect of Independent Variables on Commercial Mango Growers Management Orientation Using Path Coefficient Analysis

This study analyses the effect of personal, situational, socio-economic and communicational characteristics such independent variables of the commercial mango grower’s on management orientation. The effect of independent variables was measured through path coefficient analysis, and the profile of the commercial mango growers has significant influence on the efficient management of mango orchard. Path coefficient analysis was used to process the data of 240 commercial mango growers. The main contribution of this study is to show that the personal characteristics of the commercial mango growers have formed a suitable framework for determination effect on management orientation. Path coefficient statistical tool has been used to determine the direct, indirect and substantial indirect effect on management orientation of commercial mango growers. Out of fourteen independent variables, training received has had a direct and positive effect on management orientation and gained the highest path coefficient of 0.08294.

Economic feasibility of potato production influenced by intra-row plant spacing under mango-based agroforestry system

For ensuring the food security and maximum use of land, the potato production under a mango-based agroforestry system is an effective production approach. The purpose of this study was to assess the yield potential and the economic benefits of potato production under a mango-based agroforestry system. The potato tubers were planted in a 10-year-old mango orchard and open field condition. The experiment was laid out following a split plot design with three (3) replications. Potato production system under mango orchard and open field were arranged in main plots T0 = potato sole cropping (control) and T1 = potato under mango-based agroforestry system. On the other hand, potato intra-row plant spacing were in sub-plots S0 = 60 × 20 cm2, S1 = 60 × 25 cm2 and S2 = 60 × 30 cm2. The data of yield characters of potatoes were investigated. The cost of production, gross & net return and benefit-cost ratio was calculated for economic analysis. The results show that the closest (60 x 20 cm2) intra-row plant spacing produced the highest yield while the economic returns from potatoes grown under the mango-based agroforestry system were higher than those derived from cropped grown as a sole crop or potatoes cultivation alone (gross returns US$3508/ha, net returns US$1642/ha). Further, the benefit-cost ratio from the combined cultivation of potatoes and mangos was 2.14, which was 20 % higher than growing potatoes as a sole crop. Thus, the cultivation of potatoes under a mango-based agroforestry system offers a significant financial benefit to farmers while ensuring the sustainable use of vacant space in mango orchards

Impact of First Mechanical Fructification Pruning on Mango Orchards

ABSTRACT São Francisco River Valley is the main mango Brazilian growing region, where almost 85% of Brazilian exports are produced. In this region, the fructification pruning is the first and one of the most influential cultural treatments of the productive cycle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical pruning on growth, development, physiology, and yield of mango cv. Tommy Atkins grown in the tropical semiarid. An experiment was carried out in Casa Nova, Bahia, Brazil, with mangoes ‘Tommy Atkins.’ The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with two treatments (manual and mechanical pruning), evaluated in subdivided plots over time (evaluation dates), with five replications and four plants per plot. There was a significant interaction between the types of pruning and the dates of evaluation for the number of flushes emitted per branch, branch diameter, light intensity, nitrogen leaf content, leaf proline, branch proline, and branch soluble carbohydrates. Mechanical pruning increases the length of sprout and decreases the percentage of plants with symptoms of floral malformation. Mechanical pruning presented a lower production compared with manual pruning in the first evaluation cycle after continuous manual pruning, suggesting an initial impact, but with the potential for adaptation of the plants in the next productive cycles.

Mango stem borers: New threat to mango in India

Mango stem borer has been observed to cause an alarming situation in old and young orchards posing a great threat to mango cultivation in India during the last decade. Five species of Batocera namely B.rufomacuata de Geer, B.rubus Linnaus, B.roylie Hope, B.numitor Newmen and B.titana Thompson have been reported infesting mango trees. Among them, B. rufomaculata, is increasingly becoming a menace in mango orchards across the country. The infestation is reported to be in the range of one to eight per cent depending upon maintenance of the orchards. Affected trees gradually loose their vigour, manifest drying of branches to in severe cases and even death ensues. The grubs are the damaging stage, they bore and eat below the bark, making tunnels, subsequently entering into main stem following feeding on wood causing damage. The fross coming out of the entry point indicates the presence of trunk borer in the mango tree. The severe damage results in yellowing of branches followed by drying of terminal shoots and branches ultimately leading to the death of whole tree, if not managed properly. This paper presents a detailed review of informations on their symptoms of damage, distribution, varietal reactions, alternate hosts, life history and the control measures.

Seasonal Incidence of fruit flies, Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango orchard in relation to abiotic factors in Saharanpur region of Uttar Pradesh, India

Seasonal Incidence of fruit flies, Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango orchard in relation to abiotic factors in Saharanpur region of Uttar Pradesh, India

Flowering induction in mango tree: updates, perspectives and options for organic agriculture

ABSTRACT The artificial flowering induction in mango tree is the most important crop management in mango orchards and requires greater attention from growers. The management involves three steps: stoppage of plant growth, branch maturation and flowering induction with nitrates. The first stage starts with the application of paclobutrazol to the soil. However, problems with the use of excessive concentrations are common and lead to the accumulation of residues in the soil. In addition, the use of paclobutrazol is not allowed in organic agriculture. Therefore, this review article aimed to compile information about the updates and efforts to solve these problems in conventional mango crops, as well as identify alternatives for its organic management. In conventional orchards, the application of fulvic acids in association with paclobutrazol, as an alternative to the single use of paclobutrazol, was identified as a way to improve the absorption of the product by plants and, consequently, reduce the concentrations and residues in the soil. Researches involving pruning, girdling, fertilization and irrigation should be developed as an alternative to the use of paclobutrazol for the organic crop system of mango cultivars in tropical and subtropical regions.

Seasonal Abundance of Fruit Fly, Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) with Respect to Environmental Factors in Guava and Mango Orchards

Seasonal Abundance of Fruit Fly, Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) with Respect to Environmental Factors in Guava and Mango Orchards

Assessment of physico-chemical properties in soil from mango orchards of YSR Kadapa District of Andhra Pradesh

For present investigation, total 250 surface and 66 profile samples were collected from five mango orchards of YSR Kadapa District. An effort had been made to study the influence of soil depth on distribution of various physico-chemical properties. From the data, it could be concluded that the physico-chemical properties of soils of mango orchards characteristically represented typical Snady loamy soils in the ‘Low Rainfall’ zone in the Southern region. For improvement of physico-chemical properties of the soil, it was also concluded that, integrated nutrient approach and appropriate management practices should be followed.

Spatial correlation between soil and leaf macronutrients in semiarid Brazilian mango (Mangifera indica L.) fields

Abstract Understanding the relationship between the levels of nutrients in the soil and those found in the plant is of fundamental importance for site-specific fertility management in mango (Mangifera indica L.) crop fields. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of macronutrient contents both in the soil and in the leaf and their correlations in commercial mango orchards under semiarid region conditions and to delimit the management zones using soil and leaf data. The experiment was carried out in three commercial areas in San Francisco Valley, Brazil, cultivated with irrigated mango. Soil samples were collected in 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m depths as well as leaf samples following sample grids. Ca, Mg, K, P, and N contents from soil and leaf samples were determined. Descriptive and geostatistics analyses were performed. Co-kriging was used for the delimitation of management zones. Positive spatial correlations were obtained between soil Ca2+ and leaf Ca contents (R2 = 0.80-0.93), soil K+ and leaf K contents (R2 = 0.35-0.61), and soil Mg2+ and leaf P contents (R2 = 0.51). Negative correlations were observed for soil Mg2+ and leaf Ca contents(R2 = 0.79-0.93) and soil Mg2+ and leaf K contents (R2 = 0.98). The soil 0-0.2 m depth had the greatest influence on mango Ca and K uptake. The negative correlation between soil Mg2+ and leaf Ca shows the competition existing in the plant uptake process. It was possible to delimit specific management zones using co-kriging for the three areas using soil and leaf data.

Fusarium species associated with leaf spots of mango in China

Mango is one of the important commercially cultivated fruit crops in southern China. In continuing research on foliar diseases of mango in south of China during 2016-2017, leaf spot disease was common at all mango orchards investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate Fusarium species associated with leaf spots of mango in the main production areas of China, and to identify them to species. Twenty-two Fusarium isolates were obtained from diseased leaves from seven provinces (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan and Yunnan), and then identified using morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. These isolates were from seven species: F. concentricum, F. hainanense, F. mangiferae, F. pernambucanum, F. proliferatum, F. sulawesiense, and F. verticillioides. We found all 22 isolates to be capable of causing leaf spot symptoms on artificially wounded leaves. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. concentricum, F. hainanense, F. mangiferae, F. pernambucanum, F. sulawesiense and F. verticillioides associated with leaf spots on mango in China, and the first for F. concentricum, F. hainanense, F. pernambucanum, F. sulawesiense from mango worldwide. This is one of the few reports on Fusarium species as potential causal agents of mango leaf spots.

The Relationship among the Ecological Factors and Population of Bactrocera dorsalis in Mango Orchards of District Mirpur Khas, Sindh, Pakistan

The Relationship among the Ecological Factors and Population of Bactrocera dorsalis in Mango Orchards of District Mirpur Khas, Sindh, Pakistan

Population Dynamics of Tephritid Fruit Flies in Citrus and Mango Orchards of Multan, Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Population Dynamics of Tephritid Fruit Flies in Citrus and Mango Orchards of Multan, Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Estimating soil nutrient index vis-a-vis mango orchard productivity of Lucknow region, Uttar Pradesh, India

Soil nutrient index was developed in mango orchard soils for which a sum of 88 soil samples were recently collected from the root zone depth (0–30 cm) of 22 fixed mango orchards of Lucknow region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Analysis of data indicated orchards had wider contents in nutrients in soil and foliar parts. Developed soil nutrient index concluded that mango orchard soils were categorized as low SOC, N and K, whereas P designated in medium rating. In case of available micronutrients, Zn, Fe and Mn falls under medium rating while Cu in low rating. Productivity analysis showed 4.92 to 8.68 t ha-1 with majority of the orchards had production from 6 to ≤8.0 t ha-1. Such lower productivity is linked to low to medium soil nutrients. The study showed for ensuring better productivity, proper nutrition management systems should be adopted by the growers.