Mango Mealybug Research Articles

ACTUALISATION DE LA REPARTITION DE LA COCHENILLE FARINEUSE DU MANGUIER ET SES ENNEMIS NATURELS DANS LES REGIONS DU PORO ET TCHOLOGO (NORD, COTE DIVOIRE)

Rastrococcusinvadens, commonly known as the mango mealybug, is a sap-sucking, biting insect. The unexpected introduction of this pest has prompted extensive research in several countries to find control solutions. The aim of this study was to identify areas of infestation by mango mealybugs and draw up a distribution map of the different species identified. A survey was carried out in the study areas, to observe the presence or absence of mealybugs. Sixty (60) orchards were visited in the Poro and Tchologo regions. Ten (10) mango trees per orchard were randomly selected and twenty (20) infested leaves were collected per tree to identify the different species present. Mango leaves containing mealybug mummies were incubated to identify emerging parasitoids. The results showed that the prevalence of infested orchards varied from 50 to 100% in all localities. 08.01% of the orchards visited had a high attack rate, as did the infestation level of the mango trees sampled. Three species of scale insect were encountered: Rastrococcusinvadens, Iceryaaegyptiaca and Pseudococcusvibuni. These species were found at all study sites. R. invadens, I. aegyptiaca and P. viburni had a relative abundance of 100% in Diawala, Kombolokoura and Koumbala respectively. In both study areas, the parasitoids Gyranusoideatebygi Noyes and Anagyrusmangicola were observed in the localities surveyed.

PCRA based study of weather parameters on seasonal incidence of mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (Green)

PCRA based study of weather parameters on seasonal incidence of mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (Green)

STUDY ON BIOLOGY OF MANGO MEALYBUG AND THEIR CHEMICAL CONTROL IN LABORATORY

The experiment was conducted at Entomology laboratory of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University campus Dhaka during the period from September, 2021 to June, 2022 to study the biology and chemical control of mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae (Green). Seven chemical insecticides treatments viz. T1 = Nitro 505 EC (Chlorpyrifos + Cypermethrin) @1ml/L of water, T2 = Karate 2.5 EC(Lambda Cyhalothrin) @ 1ml/L of water, T3 = Imitaf 20 SL (Imidacloprid) @0.5ml/L of water, T4 = Ripcord 10 EC (Cypermethrin) @1ml/L of water, T5 = Voliam Flexi 300 SC (Chlorantraniliprole + Thiamethoxam) @ 0.5 ml/L of water, T6 = Fame 70 WDG (Imidacloprid 60% + Acetamiprid 10%) @1gm/L of water, T7 = Capture 75 WDG (Imidacloprid 70%+Emamectin benzoate 5%) @0.5gm/L of water and T0= Untreated control were tested on mealybug. In laboratory, completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was used. The color of the first, second and third instar nymphs are recorded as yellowish, grey brown with black and greenish respectively with their mean lengths and breadth 0.67±0.09 mm and 0.41±0.05 mm; 0.92±0.04 mm and 0.55±0.05 mm; 1.06±0.13 mm and 0.69±0.04 mm respectively. The crimsoncoloured adult male are 1.38±0.10 mm and 0.78±0.03 mm in length and width respectively. Adult female bugs are white colour, elliptical shape and body is covered with numerous minute hairs. Female bugs are 2.18±0.28 mm and 1.35±0.15 in length and width respectively. The longevity of first, second and third instar nymph are 49.33±2.52, 23.00±1.73 and 13.00±2.00 days where the longevity of adult male and female are 3.33±1.15 and 14.00±1.36 days respectively. Karate 2.5 EC (Lambda Cyhalothrin) was the most effective insecticide against mango mealybug which reduced maximum population of mango mealybug (93.67% after 12, 24, 36, 72 hours of spray followed by Voliam Flexi 300 SC (Chlorantraniliprole + Thiamethoxam) 93.25% after 12, 24, 36, 72 hours of spray.

Phytochemical composition and insecticidal effects of native plant extracts against the mango mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

The mango mealybug Rastrococcus invadens Williams causes enormous damage to fruit trees in Burkina Faso, with losses of up to 90% for mango trees and 53% for citrus fruits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal effects of native plant extracts against this insect pest. The insecticidal activity and biological effectiveness of the extracts were evaluated on Petri dishes and mango leaves previously contaminated by spraying them with the native plant extracts. The experimental was a completely randomized Fischer block, and compared six doses of the hydroalcoholic extracts of A. conyzoides and H. suaveolens with abamectin 18 EC and water (control). These treatments were repeated up to ten times. The determination of the efficiency coefficients was achieved using Abbott's formula (1925). Both extracts of A. conyzoides and H. suaveolens were effective, but the one based on A. conyzoides at 50 gl -1 was the most effective with 100% mortality in 48 hours compared to 95.00% for H. suaveolens’ extract in 72 h. Their respective LC50 were 12.50 gl -1 and 17.49 gl -1, showing that A. conyzoides’ extract is more toxic to R. invadens. The high content in phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc. of leafy stems of A. conyzoides and of H. suaveolens could help to sustainably control R. invadens in an integrated approach and effectively protect mango orchards.

Study of Diversity and Abundance Pattern of Natural Enemies Associated with the Mango Mealy Bug (Drosicha mangiferae G) at Malda of West Bengal, India

Background: As a pest, the mango mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae G) is very important as it ranks second in terms of damage inflicted to the fruit crop. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids are considered to be significant deterrent of mango mealy bug. These natural enemies can act as biological control agent which can bring about pest suppression as an important tool of integrated pest management. Therefore, studies of natural enemy complex of mango mealy bug become pertinent. In the current study the available predators, parasitoids of mango mealy bug was surveyed at different regions of Malda. Methods: The predators of mango mealy bugs were studied by sampling mealy bug infested colonies present in the inflorescence and in 20 cm2 area of trunk. Sampling was carried out by visualization of predatory behavior of the entomophagous insects. Parasitoid was studied by observing the emergence of adults from infested mealy bugs in a closed container. Result: Ladybird beetles and Green lacewings were the most abundant predators; their relative abundance was 48.96% and 37.30%. Among the coccinellids, Rodalia amabilis and one unidentified coccinellid were found as dominant. The green lacewing larva, Chrysoparla sp. acted as important predator. Besides Ladybird beetles and Green lacewings, the spiders and bugs were also noticed in the predatory guild. Only one dipteran parasitoid species, Cryptochetum sp. nr. iceryae (Williston) was found to parasitize the mealy bugs. The standardization of mass rearing techniques for the three predators and one parasitoid and their release in the mealy bug infested orchards can bring about efficacious control of this menacing pest.

Invasion risk by fruit trees mealybug Rastrococcus invadens (Williams) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) under climate warming

The mango mealybug Rastrococcus invadens (Williams) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) is a destructive and important insect pest of fruit trees in Africa and Asia, especially the mango. Females and nymphs feed on plant leaves and fruits and produce honeydew that causes sooty mold, leading to yield reduction. Although it is an important pest, the distribution of R. invadens under different climate change scenarios has not been established. In this study, we predicted the suitable habitat for R. invadens occurrence under current and future [two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios: (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) for the years 2050s and 2070s], using environmental variables and four ecological niche models viz., maxent, random forest, boosted regression trees, and support vector machines. The performance and accuracy of these models were evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC), the true skill statistic (TSS), correlation (COR), and deviance. All models had high accuracy (AUC ≥ 0.96, TSS ≥ 0.88, COR ≥ 0.74 and deviance ≤ 0.3) in predicting the potential distribution of R. invadens. Among the four models, the random forest algorithm had the highest performance (AUC = 0.99, TSS = 0.95, COR = 0.91 and deviance = 0.14) in predicting the potential distribution of R. invadens, followed by maxent (AUC = 0.97, TSS = 0.90, COR = 0.81 and deviance = 0.22). However, the maxent model was the best among the four algorithms in predicting the ecological niche of R. invadens. The precipitation of the wettest month (bio13) was the most crucial environmental variable that contributed to the predictions of the four models. The results revealed that most areas in East, Central, and West Africa were projected with high suitability for R. invadens to occur under current climatic conditions. Similarly, Bangladesh, Laos, Myanmar, India, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia in Asia, as well as Brazil, and Venezuela in South America showed high suitability for R. invadens establishment. However, under future climatic conditions (the years 2050s and 2070s), the suitable areas for R. invadens will increase regardless of the SSPs scenario (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) indicating an expansion of the geographical range for this pest. This expansion is projected to be higher for the years 2070s than the 2050s. Similarly, the invasion risk of R. invadens is predicted to be higher under SSP2-4.5 scenario compared to SSP5-8.5 scenario, regardless of the year of the projection. Our results serve as an early warning tool that could serve as a guide to prevent further spread and invasion of this pest to new areas as well as help in developing an effective management strategy against R. invadens.

Effect of neem derivatives (Azacdirachta indica) on the mango mealybug (Rastrococcus invadens) for biological control

Pest insects are a major constraint on fruit production in Senegal. In order to find an alternative to the chemical control of these pests, the insecticidal effect of neem derivatives (Azadirachta indica) formulated at different doses on the mango mealybug (Rastrococcus invadens) was studied. The powders obtained from the different parts of the neem were mixed with distilled water in different proportions, namely for 100ml 0g (control), 1g, 2g, 4g, 8g, 16g, 32g, 64g and 124g. The whole, consisting of water and powders of the different parts of neem, was homogenized. For each treatment, 5 repetitions were made over 5 days. The results obtained show that neem significantly reduced the populations of mealybug on the mango tree. The results also showed that neem is a very effective insecticide against these pests. This effectiveness is all the more important with almond derivatives (100% mortality at a dose of 32g per 100ml) compared to other neem derivatives.

Rastrococcus iceryoides (mango mealy bug)

Rastrococcus iceryoides (mango mealy bug)

MANGO STEM BORER: A SERIOUS PEST AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Different insect infect mango like mango hopper, mango mealy bug, mango shoot gall maker, mango fruit fly, mango stone weevil etc. and minor insect like mango leaf webber, mango leaf-gall maker, red ant etc. Among the different pests in the mango, Mango Stem Borer(Batocera rufomaculata) is also one of the chief pest attacking mango in Terai region of Nepal. B. rufomacacuata, for example, has been causing concern in mango orchards. This paper delves into the detail review of information about the mango stem borer, it’s nature of damage, biological cycle and management strategies.

Modified tree trunk banding technology for mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae (Green) management: A techno-economic analysis

Modified tree trunk banding technology for mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae (Green) management: A techno-economic analysis

Farmers' knowledge, perception and management of mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae), on Mangifera indica in Punjab, Pakistan.

In 2004–05, during the December to February about 141 mango farmers were interviewed during peak activity of mango mealy bug in southern Punjab, Pakistan. The objective was to know the farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices in the management of mango mealy bug. Most of the farmers (94.33%) reported that Chaunsa variety (king of all mango varieties) was susceptible to mango and irrigation water was the major source of flare up of this pest. Basudin and Supracide were the most commonly used insecticides as 72.92 and 51.77 percent farmers gave positive response and grease bands were applied for the control of mango mealy bug by the majority of the respondents. Hundred percent yield losses was told by 22.7 percent respondents whereas 75 percent, 50 percent and 25 percent losses were reported by 39.7, 31.9 and 14.2 insecticidal spray did not show satisfaction to the respondents for the control of fertilized females of mango mealy bug coming down from the trees. Lack of knowledge about the pest, lack of money, adulterated and shortage of pesticides, lack of unity amongst farmers Further the growers’ views were tested in the field for confirmation and small land holdings were the main constraints for the control of mango mealy bug.

Ultra structural study on different sensory structure and some associated body parts of mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (G.) by scanning electron microscopy

Ultra structural study on different sensory structure and some associated body parts of mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (G.) by scanning electron microscopy

Testing the Relative Efficacies of Three Different Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Modules for Controlling Mango Mealy Bug (Drosicha mangiferae G.) at Malda, West Bengal

Background: Mango mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae G.) is a notorious pest of mango and when infestation reaches severity quantum fruit loss takes place. Control of this pest had been found to be impossible with conventional chemical pesticide spray. So, the urgent need is to find some non conventional management practices. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to test three different combinations of available pest management practices. Methods: To test the efficacy of the three Integrated Pest Management Modules (IPM modules) control vs. treated trees were tagged and then mango mealy bug number found in inflorescence was counted. The difference in the number of mealy bug at the peak time infestation (12 SMW) in control vs. treated trees and fruit loss reduction in control vs. treated plants gave the idea about relative efficacy of the different modules. Result: 99.46% of mango mealy bug number and 47.52% fruit drop reduction were achieved by adopting module I. Whereas up to 64.33% mealy bug and 22.84% fruit drop reduction was achieved by module II. The module III was found to be the most effective module and adoption of this module attained 54.72% fruit loss control and 97.10% mealy bug control.

Bioefficacy of some insecticides and mixed formulations against mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (green)

Contact toxicity of some insecticides and mixed formulations was determined against nymphs of Drosicha mangiferae by nymphal dip (LC50) and topical application (LD50) methods. The LC50 value of deltamethrin + triazophos was 0.00007% showing 4.28 and 5.71 times higher toxicity compared to novaluron + indoxacarb (0.0003%) and chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin (0.0004%), respectively at 24 hours after exposure (HAE) against 2nd instar nymphs (average wt. = 0.029 g/nymph). Chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin exhibited almost similar toxicity (LD50 = 1.8 and 1.7 pg/nymph) respectively at 12 and 24 HAE against 3rd instar nymphs (average wt. = 0.038 g/nymph); profenofos + cypermethrin resulted in LD50 of 2 pg/nymph at both 4 and 6 HAE, likewise ethiprole + imidacloprid at 48 and 72 HAE resulted in LD50 of 1.0 pg/nymph, respectively against 4th instar nymphs (average wt. = 0.078 g/nymph). The LD50 values of imidacloprid and monocrotophos were 545.0 and 588.0 pg/nymph, respectively at 6 and 12 HAE against 3rd and 2nd instar nymphs. Among SP insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin was most toxic (LD50 = 0.03 pg/nymph) showing 33 times higher toxicity compared to least toxic cypermethrin (1.0 pg/nymph); alphamethrin and deltamethrin at 6 and 48 HAE resulted in similar amount of toxicity (LD50 = 0.5 pg/nymph) showing 12.5 and 16.66 times lower toxicity than lambda-cyhalothrin (0.04 and 0.03 pg/nymph) against 4th instar nymphs, respectively.

An assessment on major insect pests of mango and their control measures at farmers’ level, Saptari, Nepal

A survey study was conducted to assess the major insect pests of mango and their control measures at farmers’ level in Shurunga Municipality of Saptari district, Nepal. Madhupatti, Kushaha, Shripur and Haripur of the Shurunga Municipality were selected for the study. From these areas 120 household samples were selected randomly. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informant interview whereas secondary data were obtained through a review of relevant literatures. Thus obtained data were analyzed using statistical software that involved both descriptive and analytical statistics. Mango hopper was identified as the most common insects followed by the mango mealy bug, red banded caterpillar, mango stem borer and mango fruit fly in terms of occurrence and damage in orchard of study area. It was found that orchard having high insect severity also had high yield loss. Malda variety of mango was identified as the most susceptible variety to insect attack while local variety, “Sahari” was identified as the least susceptible to insect attack. Majority of the respondent (91.70%) relied on use of chemical insecticide to control insects. The number of respondents having more than two spray of insecticide in their orchard was very high (78). Ploughing of the orchard as a means of insect pest control was carried out by about 85.83% of respondents, while only 32.50% of respondents performed field sanitation as cultural measures of insect control. About 54.20% of respondent knew about bio-pesticide but only 10% of the respondents used bio-pesticide in their orchard.

Compared effects of <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> ICIPE 69 and Chlorpyriphos-ethyl on the mango mealybug, <i>Rastrococcus invadens</i> Williams (Homoptera : Pseudococcidae) and its parasitoids in western Burkina Faso

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the bio pesticide Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 69 and the chemical pesticide Chlorpyriphos-ethyl on Rastrococcus invadens and its parasitoids Anagyrus mangicola and Gyranusoidea tebygi in orchards. A Randomized Complete Block design consisting of 5 treatments was set up in Mahon and Niampédougou. There were the untreated control, the reference chemical Chlorpyriphos-ethyl (480 g/l) and 3 doses of the bio pesticide (108 conidia/ml, 109 conidia/ml and 2.109 conidia/ml). Live or dead mealybugs were counted on 20 leaves/mango trees before the first application of the chemicals and then successively each week for 3 to 4 weeks. Highest mortality rates of mealybugs were observed with Chlorpyriphos-ethyl (50-90%) followed by the higher dose of the bio pesticide (28-40%). The level of parasitoids expressed in log (N + 1) was low (0-0.86) on trees treated with Chlorpyriphos-ethyl compared to bio pesticide (0.15-1.86) and untreated control (0.33-1.53). Significant differences (0.047≤P<0.001) were observed between treatments after the first application of the chemicals. Although the rate of mortality of mealybugs was twice as high with Chlorpyriphos-ethyl, M. anisopliae ICIPE 69 could be an alternative to synthetic insecticides for compatibility with parasitoids.© 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Mango mealybug, biological control, entomopathogenic fungus, parasitoids, Burkina Faso

Cross-correlation analysis of invasive mango mealybug and its associated natural enemies in relation to meteorological factors: implications for biological control

ABSTRACTDamage caused by invasive downey snow line mealybug, Rastrococcus iceryoides Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) has been reported to vary between 30% to complete crop loss where no control measure is applied. The current studies seek to determine factors influencing R. iceryoides population outbreaks, parasitoid – host and predator–prey relationships as well as predict optimal management strategies through weather modelling over a period of 28 months from 2008 to 2010 in Tanzania. The highest incidence of R. iceryoides was recorded during the dry season coinciding with the major mango fruiting season. The relationship between R. iceryoides and the parasitoid was positive but not significant, which implies the influence on outbreaks was negligible probably due to low percent parasitism (<12%). However, the predator abundance was directly and significantly related to that of R. iceryoides. Average temperature, average relative humidity, rainfall, and R. iceryoides abundance were autocorrelated to each other. Cross-correlation coefficients vary significantly from −0.286 to 0.589 for the pair-variable between R. iceryoides, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, parasitism and predators. Our findings showed that temperature was the key climatic variable that significantly influenced R. iceryoides outbreaks while rainfall was significantly negatively associated with the pest. Time series analyses show R. iceryoides population increased 4 months after an increase in average temperature in all the sites, 11 months after rainfall and 11 months after relative humidity in Kibaha and Dar es Salaam, respectively. Our findings revealed that R. iceryoides is an excellent target for classical biological control. Thus, the importation of promising co-evolved parasitoid specific to R. iceryoides from the aboriginal home is crucial in formulating an efficient and sustainable management approaches against the invasive mealybug pest in mango agro-ecosystems.

Studies on Biology and Antibiosis Resistance in Mango (Mangiferae indica) Varieties Against Mango Mealy Bug, Drosicha mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)

Abstract Mango is known as king of fruits. Among mango pests, mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (MMB), is considered one of the most destructive pests of mango orchards and other plantations. Whenever it enters in any orchards it is difficult to eradicate it from those orchards. The experiment was conducted at Entomological Research Sub Station, Multan-Punjab, Pakistan, during 2009 and 2010, to evaluate fitness of mango mealy bug on different varieties of mango and biology on ‘Chaunsa’ variety. Mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae), is matter of concern, as it is widespread pest of woody plants even in urban areas. A study was conducted on cultivar resistance and fecundity of mango mealy bug. The ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar of mango proved highly susceptible to mango mealy bug with maximum number of eggs laid, i.e. 335.90, and maximum weight, i.e. 0.239 g of the female, was recorded on the cultivar ‘Chaunsa’. The maximum length, i.e. 1.63 cm, and width, i.e. 0.80 cm of female, was observed on ‘Chaunsa’, which showed a susceptible response and did not differ significantly with the width of female on ‘Black Chaunsa’. Regarding biology, the 1st instar male and female duration on an average is 56.3 days, whereas the 2nd instar has 26 days. In case of the 3rd instar, female has duration 19.5 days and male has three days. Male has pupal stage, while it is absent in female. On an average two study years, the ranking of susceptibility of mango cultivars was as under: ‘Chaunsa’ &gt; ‘Black Chaunsa’ &gt; ‘Malda’ &gt; ‘Fajri’ &gt; ‘Retaul-12’ &gt; ‘Langra’ &gt; ‘Sensation’ &gt; ‘Sindhri’ &gt; ‘Dusehri’ &gt; ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ &gt; ‘Anwar Reutul’ and &gt; ‘Tukhmi’.

Population dynamics of mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae) (Margorididae: Hemiptera) and its relation with weather parameters in subtropical climatic conditions

Dynamics of mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae Green) in the mango (Mangiferae indica L.) growing agro-ecology of Lucknow region of Uttar Pradesh, India was studied during three seasons (2013-2015). Wider variations in the occurrence of mango mealybug were inferred from the study across 22 locations and three seasons. Weekly average mealybug incidence was tabulated against standard meteorological weeks (SMW), a range of 0.09to 2.05, 0.13 to 1.57 and 0.11 to 2.56 mealybug per panicle during 2013, 2014 and 2015 was observed respectively. Peak incidence of 2.05, 1.57 and 2.10 mealybug per panicle was observed at mango orchards of Ulrapur (Fixed II), Navipana (Fixed I) and Ulrapur (Fixed I) respectively. The peak incidence of mango mealybug was found at 7th, 3rd, 10th SMW during the mango seasons of 2013 2014 and 2015 respectively. The mango mealybug incidence had significantly positive relation with maximum relative humidity and rainfall across the seasons. The linear regression models had explained upto 61% of variation in the mealybug population with the weather variables. Thus the concluded wide spread dynamics of mango mealybug incidence across mango orchards of 22 locations. The seasonalchanges were also depicted.

Contact Toxicity of some newer insecticides against mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (Green)

Contact Toxicity of some newer insecticides against mango mealy bug, <i>Drosicha mangiferae</i> (Green)