Mango Kernel Research Articles

A promising Natural remedy for Resistant Bacteria Associated Diarrhea from Mangifera indica. L

We examine the antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica.L against the drug resistant bacterial pathogens. The Indian traditional mango fruit exposed promise in the prevention of diarrhea. However, there is less information existing regarding activity against drug resistance bacteria causing diarrhea. In this study, we performed isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens from diarrheal stool samples and analyzed their antibiotic resistance pattern with three generation antibiotics. Antibiotic activity of mango kernel exhibited remarkable activity from 15.2±0.5mm to 19.0±0.3mm zone of inhibition. MIC of kernel extract was noted as 10 μg /ml. Current study provide the potent antibacterial activity of mango kernel against the drug resistant bacteria. In conclusion, the traditional Indian fruit become the natural remedy for the treatment of diarrhea.

Heat and Mass Transfer Predictive 3D Model of Mango Kernel During Convection Oven Drying Process

A large number of mangoes are utilized in process industries which produce a large amount of mango kernel that can be utilized effectively as a by-product. Processing and utilization of mango kernel flour is getting more scientific interest day by day. Drying is one of the major operations of flour processing where the moisture loss and heat transfer phenomena across the different portions of the products have to be pre-defined for better drying accuracy. The study was conducted to define a compatible predictive model that represents a 3D expression of heat penetration through the mango kernel slice (MKS) and moisture losses during drying with convective oven dryer using COMSOL Multiphysics with originated boundary conditions, excluding the changes of properties due to varying mangoes species. The model was validated using a convective drying process for varying thicknesses 4, 6 and 8 mm of MKSs having temperature elevated to 60oC and 1 ms-1 air velocity up to 5 hr. The developed model was concurred and correlated well with the experimental data and can be used in describing heat and mass transfer phenomena while drying the mango kernel.
 Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2020) 82-87

Peripheral arterial disease: Effects of ethanolic extracts of seed kernels of mango (Mangifera indica .L) on acute hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats

Background and aimHind limb ischemia is one of the peripheral arterial diseases affecting majority of the people with atherosclerosis, diabetes and chronic cigarette smokers. Hind limb ischemic-reperfusion injury is also one of the exacerbating events in these peoples, resulting in hind limb dysfunction. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of ethanolic extracts of mangifera indica (EEMI) on reversing hind limb dysfunction in diabetic rats with acute hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury. Experimental procedureUnilateral femoral artery ligated diabetic rats were orally fed with EEMI (0.2 and 0.4 g/kg) for 14 days. At the end of the study, plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and relevant biochemical parameters were measured. The isolated gastrocnemius muscles were used for gene expression and histopathological studies. ResultsThere was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde; and the expression levels of mRNA of induced nitric oxide synthase and intercellular adhesion molecule −1; and increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine, in isolated gastrocnemius muscles of animals treated with 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg of EEMI in comparison to disease control. In addition, histopathological study of gastrocnemius muscle and hind limb function test indicated the recovery of tissue damage from ischemic reperfusion at 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg of EEMI in comparison to disease control. ConclusionWe conclude that 14-day EEMI treatment of rats with acute hind limb ischemia/reperfusion in diabetic rats recovered from ischemic/reperfusion injury by modulating (decreasing) oxidative stress and inflammation.

Study on enhanced mechanical, barrier and optical properties of chemically modified mango kernel starch films

The main aim of this study was to chemically modify mango kernel starch (MKS) and assess its impact on packaging film properties. MKS exhibited limited application due to low solubility, retrogradation, higher gelatinization temperature and hydrophilicity. These limitations could be effectually overcome by integrating modifications to native starch. Chemical modifications of MKS were performed by oxidation and benzylation with a low degree of substitution. X‐ray diffractogram presented A‐type pattern of crystal structure which was in accordance to endosperm starch. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the native and modified starch samples exhibited strong bands in the regions corresponding to OH and CH stretching. Additionally, absorption bands were found in the regions for carbonyl and aromatic phenyl vibrations signifying the substitution of functional groups within native starch. Modified starch films presented increased lightness L* representing that the films were lighter in colour than native film. Tensile strength (TS) of modified films was found to increase more than twice that of native starch film. Starch recrystallization was interrupted by oxidation thereby preventing retrogradation. Benzylation lowered the water vapour permeability by 58% and improved UV absorption by 80% when compared with native film.

LIPID CHARACTERISTICS OF MANGO SEED KERNEL OIL AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT RIPENING STAGES OF FRUIT

In this study, the effect of different stages of ripening, i.e. unripe, semi-ripe and ripe, on quality parameters of oils extracted from the kernels of Mango (Magnifera indica) seeds was investigated. The kernels were oven-dried and oil extracted from them using soxhlet apparatus and n-hexane as solvent. The fatty acid profile, phospholipids, sterol contents and some chemical properties such as saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value and acid value of oils obtained from the seeds at different level of maturity were determined. The results show that the oils are rich in saturated fatty acid most especially stearic and palmitic acids varying from 34.36 - 37.86% and 8.84 -10.66 % respectively. The predominant unsaturated fatty acid present in the oils is oleic acid ranging from 41.96 – 45.65 %. For the chemical parameters, the peroxide values (1.82 - 2.23 %) meq/kg, acid values (5.00 – 5.50) mg/KOH/g decreased with fruit maturity. For phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline (380 – 451 mg/100 g) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (217.42 - 342.63 mg/100 g) having the highest quantities, they all increased with fruit maturity except sphingomyelin and phosphatidic acid. Stigmasterol, sitosterol and cholesterol contents of the oils decreased with fruit maturity while Δ-5-avenasterol, campesterol and the cholestanol contents increased with fruit maturity. Sitosterol and stigmasterol and had the highest values at 345.81 - 386.96 mg/100 g and 83.70 – 137.09 mg/100 g respectively. Conclusively, the kernel oils have potential for use as domestic and industrially as a non-conventional source of vegetable oil in chocolate and confectionery products.

Banana peel and mango kernel-based polymers and their suitability in enhanced oil recovery

This study reports the extraction and performance evaluation of two bio-derived polymers for enhanced oil recovery applications. The oil displacement processes were conducted using six (6) unconsolidated sandstone core plugs. Reservoir permeability tester was used to simulate real reservoir conditions in order to evaluate the suitability of the formulated biopolymers for oil displacement applications at laboratory conditions. The experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the biopolymer solutions in enhanced oil recovery in terms of their superior incremental oil recoveries after conventional waterflood with percentage oil recovery of 30.9–39.3% for banana peel derived polymer and 40.6–50.8% for mango kernel derived polymer compared to conventional waterflood with percentage recovery of 16.2–32% of the initial oil in place. This work identified the potential suitability and use of bio-derived polymers for enhanced oil recovery applications with emphasis on their biodegradability.

Effect of deep frying unripe mango kernel flour extrudate: Physicochemical, microstructural and starch digestibility characteristics

The waste produced by the food industry causes serious environmental problems, such as impacts on climate change, food safety, and economic losses. Because of the economic importance of mango, the main byproducts, namely, the peel and the seed, are discarded as agro-industrial waste. The aim of the study was to produce extruded mango kernels to evaluate the physicochemical, microstructural and in vitro starch digestibility characteristics of deep fried to gain information on the possible use of mango kernel flour for food and nonfood purposes. Flour of mango kernel was prepared, and moisture content was adjusted to extrusion. The extruded material was deep-fried and studied in terms of chemical composition, microstructure, gelatinization patterns and in vitro starch hydrolysis. The microstructure results showed that the presence of oil in the food matrix helped change the starch structure in deep-fried extrusion due to amylose-lipid interactions. The deep-fried process reduced the in vitro hydrolysis rate when compared with the extruded matrix. Mango byproducts, especially seeds (kernels), are considered cheaper sources of valuable food and nutraceutical ingredients.

Compositional Quality of Mangoes By-product and Its Anticancer Activity in Human Cancer Cell Lines: An In Vitro Study

Significant amounts of mango by-products, such as peels and seeds, could be considered as a source of bioactive properties and promising applications. The current research was designed to estimate the compositional quality of both mango kernels (MK) and peels (MP), the anticancer activity on human breast cancer cell line (MCF7), human colon cancer cell line (HCT116) and normal cell line (VERO). MK was significantly higher in moisture, crude protein, total lipids and total carbohydrate contents than MP, while MP was significantly higher in ash and crude fiber contents. Ca, K, Na and Mg were the major elements in mango kernels and peels. Total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and radical scavenging activity (RSA) were, also, determined. The TP in MK and MP was 2829.25 and 2565.21 mg GAE /100 g, respectively. However, the antioxidant activity in MP and MK was 79.11 and 55.33 % respectively. Stearic acid (24.4 %) was the predominant saturated fatty acid in MK while oleic acid (44.34 %) was the main unsaturated one. Ellagic and pyrogallol were the most abundant phenolic acids in both MK and MP extracts through HPLC analysis. The highest flavonoid compound in MK and MP was the hesperidin component. The mixture of MK and MP powders showed a high cytotoxic activity against HCT116 (IC50=45µg/ml) and MCF7 (IC50=58 µg/ml). In addition, the by-products samples showed antioxidant activity on all tested cell lines. As conclusion, this study confirmed that mango by-products could provide a natural source of antioxidant and anticancer molecules and can be used as food additives and therapeutic agents.

Evaluation of the chemical, antinutritional and antioxidant properties of composite flour comprising native and modified acha (digitaria exilis stapf) flour supplemented with mango kernel seed and soy cake flours.

Gluten-free flours that are nutritionally balanced with appropriate functional characteristics were developed by supplementation of native and modified acha flours with protein, dietary fiber and antioxidants-rich mango kernel and soy cakes flours. Acha flour was subjected to chemical and enzymatic modifications. The proximate, mineral compositions, bioactive and antinutrients properties of the composite flours were evaluated. The water content of the composite flours with native and chemically modified acha flour was between 7.62 and 9.30%, while that of enzymatic acha flour was between 10.12 and 10.79%. However, samples made with 20 and 30% incorporated mango kernel flour had around 13 and 19% increase in the protein content respectively, others including sample with enzymatically modified acha flour had lower protein content. On the other hand, all samples with enzymatically modified acha flour had between 83 and 100% increase in fibre content. The Na/K ratio of all the samples were less than one, as nutritionally required. Samples with enzymatically modified acha flour had best total flavonoid (0.03-0.77 mgGAE/g), total phenol (2.35-11.99 mgTAE/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activities (58.29-94.02%) contents. In addition, samples with enzymatically modified acha flour had the least antinutritional values. Although all the samples had values that were significantly (p ≥ 0.05) different, the samples had significant protein, dietary fiber, minerals and antioxidants contents, while the antinutritional contents were well lower than the standard.

A comprehensive review on processing, therapeutic benefits, challenges, and economic scenario of unconventional oils

The review aims to focus on the processing and economic challenges of these oil industries (lack of organized cultivation, collection, processing, research, and market linking) and fetch the attention toward the application of green technology. The present article provides a systematic view to open a new sphere of understanding for unconventional oilseeds with its geographical distribution, chemical composition, health benefits, and research. Further, new sources of unconventional oil (cottonseed, rice bran, sal seed, mango kernel, etc.) may impart an alternative source of edible oil, which can fulfill the country's edible oil deficit with economic contribution. In inference, the combined evidence supports the assertion that unconventional sources of oils may provide an alternatives to major seed oils. Practical applications Unconventional oils are the new boosting area to upthrust the production of edible oils and reduce the dependence of oil import from other countries. The emerging green technologies for oil extraction shall consider as high oil yield methods. There are many unconventional oil seeds which are still required to be the area for research and commercial application. The present article focused on the market scenario, health benefits of these oil seeds.

Agro-Industrial Waste Valorization: Transformation of Starch from Mango Kernel into Biocompatible, Thermoresponsive and High Swelling Nanogels

Mango industry processing disposes 40-60% of this fruit as residues, such as peels and kernels. The exploration of bioproducts from these industrial rejects can reduce environmental impact besides of producing high value-added materials. In this scenario, carboxymethyl starch nanoparticles were produced from mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernel starch. These nanoparticles were then decorated with thermoresponsive chains of the amino terminated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM‑NH2), with the intention of evaluating their applicability in the biomedical area. Elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed successful grafting of PNIPAM-NH2 onto the carboxymethyl starch backbone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and dynamic light scattering (DLS) data showed sizes of 100 and 112 nm in the dry state and of 744 and 598 nm in the hydrated state, when the grafting degree (GD) was of 6 and 14.3%, respectively. The degree of swelling was of 41,100 and 15,100% for GD of 6 and 14.3% respectively, suggesting that the nanogels are suitable for drug incorporation. The toxicity of the nanogels to human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alamarBlue and hemolysis assays. Both nanogels were non-cytotoxic and non-hemolytic, suggesting the suitability of these biomaterials for cell- and blood-contacting applications.

Study on dehydration kinetics of mango kernel

This study was aimed to study the dehydration kinetics of mango kernel with specific reference to sample thickness, drying temperature and mango varieties, and was performed prior to preparation of flour from mango kernel. Kernels of four mango varieties (Boishakhi, Amrapali, Fazli and Ashwina) were separated manually and dried at 65˚C by slicing into 4, 6 and 8 mm thickness to know the thickness effect on drying kinetics. Again, 6 mm thick slices of kernels were dried at 55, 60 and 65˚C to know the temperature effect. Kinetics analysis resulted that drying rate decreased with the increasing of thickness and decreasing of temperature. Ashwina’s kernels having the highest initial moisture content (M0) had the highest drying rate constant (m), while the lowest m was noticed for Boishakhi’s kernels having the lowest M0. The values of power law index (n) of drying model were 0.83, 0.32, 0.31 and 0.70 for kernels of Boishakhi, Amrapali, Fazli and Ashwina mango, respectively. Activation energy of water diffusion was in the range of 7.002-7.515 KCal/g-mole. Conclusively, this study revealed that moisture diffusivity and drying rate are greatly influenced by drying parameters and kernel varieties.

Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds in Three Different Parts of Mango Fruit.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.), known as the king of fruits, has an attractive taste and fragrance and high nutritional value. Mango is commercially important in India, where ~55% of the global crop is produced. The fruit has three main parts: pulp, peel, and kernel. The pulp is the most-consumed part, while the peel and kernel are usually discarded. Mango pulp is a source of a variety of reducing sugars, amino acids, aromatic compounds, and functional compounds, such as pectin, vitamins, anthocyanins, and polyphenols. Mango processing generates peels and kernels as bio-wastes, though they also have nutraceutical significance. Functional compounds in the peel, including protocatechuic acids, mangiferin and β-carotene are known for their antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. The mango kernel has higher antioxidant and polyphenolic contents than the pulp and peel and is used for oil extraction; it’s possible usage in combination with corn and wheat flour in preparing nutraceuticals is being increasingly emphasized. This review aims to provide nutraceutical and pharmacological information on all three parts of mango to help understand the defense mechanisms of its functional constituents, and the appropriate use of mangoes to enhance our nutrition and health.

Effect of Starch Laurate Addition on the Properties of Mango Kernel Starch Films

Abstract In this work, starch obtained from mango kernel seeds was applied in the preparation of films in combination with its hydrophobic derivatives. Chemical modification of starch was carried out at two different concentrations of vinyl laurate, in dimethyl sulfoxide, under basic catalysis. The degrees of substitution of the starch laurates were 2.4 and 0.3, respectively. None of the products formed films when dispersed in water. However, blends of starch/starch laurate (degree of substitution = 0.3) formed films after microfluidization of their aqueous suspensions. The blends with up to 15% wt of starch laurate (degree of substitution = 0.3) resulted in films of higher elongation at break, higher opacity and lower tensile strength and elastic modulus. The microfluidization of biopolymer suspensions was crucial to obtain films with lower water vapor permeability. X-ray diffraction results corroborated to the mechanical properties of the films, showing that the incorporation of starch laurate reduced the starch films crystallinity.

Exploratory study on argo-industrial wastes for improving geotechnical properties of expansive soil – As sustainable material

The suitability of using Mango Kernel Ash (MKA) as fruit processing industrial waste is a cheap and satisfactory stabilizing agent for pavements laid on expansive soils in low rural roads. A research facility test program comprising an arrangement of Atterberg's limit, standard Proctor test, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Free Swell Index (FSI), and Swell Pressure tests was conducted on the untreated and treated soil samples with MKA (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%), CCR (2%, 4%, 6%) and lime (2%, 4%, 6%) by weight of soil. The application of MKA with Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR) and Lime to the soil significantly changed its properties by decreasing its plasticity and making it more workable by improving its CBR and UCS values. With the increase in MKA, and its mix combinations the increment is seen in the strength of expansive soil, and higher strength was obtained with 20%MKA and 6%CCR; which were later compared with lime instead of CCR. The results of swell pressure decrease by 1/6th of virgin soil value and the Free Swell Index also decreases. To know the microstructural orientation Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was done.

High‐Intensity Ultrasound‐Induced Crystallization of Mango Kernel Fat

AbstractThe crystallization behavior of mango kernel fat (MKF) at 25 °C with and without the application of high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU) (20 kHz, 125 W) was studied as a function of ultrasound amplitude level (30%, 50%, and 70% of the maximum amplitude of 180 μm). The irradiation period was fixed at 5 s. It was found that HIU induced MKF crystallization. The crystallization induction time decreased with a decrease in crystal size and an increase in the number of crystals as the HIU amplitude increased. The β' → β transformation was also accelerated with HIU application. This work has shown that there is great potential for the use of HIU in the food industry to achieve a shorter and more controllable crystallization process. In particular, HIU could be used as an efficient tool for controlling the polymorphic transition of fats.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Mangifera indica linn.( AAMRA KERNEL )

Introduction: Mangifera Indica Linn., Anacardiaceae family, is a large evergreen tree of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Mango kernel can be used as a potential source for functional food ingredi-ents, animal feeds, antimicrobial compounds and cosmetic due to its high quality of fat and protein as well as high levels of natural antioxidants. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physicochemical and phytochemical analysis of Mangifera Indica Linn. Methods Aamra Kernel were collected, cleaned, dried and powdered. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Aamra kernel were analyzed for physicochemical and phytochemical constituents. The study was conduct-ed as per the guidelines of Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India. Results: The result of physicochemical parameters (moisture content: 10.2%, total ash: 2.12%, acid insolu-ble ash: 0.3%, water soluble ash: 1.42%, aqueous extractive value: 14.67% and alcoholic extractive value 12.98%). The phytochemical studies revealed the presence of active constituents, carbohydrates, amino acid, steroids, proteins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins in aqueous and alcoholic extracts. Conclusion: All studies standardization parameters like physicochemical and phytochemical screening pa-rameters provide the knowledge in the identification, authentication of kernel of Mangifera Indica Linn. Hence it is concluded that this drug supposed to be great beneficial and boon for our society.

Physicochemical properties of mango kernel fats extracted from different mango varieties cultivated in Sabah, Malaysia

This study was set out to determine the total fat content, physicochemical properties, and crystal morphology of mango kernel fat (MKF) obtained from three popular mango varieties cultivated in Sabah, Malaysia. The total fat contents of the MKFs were 7.02, 9.50, and 8.41% for Air, Manila, and Harumanis. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector analyses revealed three major fatty acids namely, palmitic (6.67 to 7.51%), stearic (42.32 to 48.95%), and oleic (32.91 to 38.14%) acids in studied MKFs as novel mango kernel constituents. The iodide, saponification, acid, peroxide, and slip melting point values of the MKFs were found to be 47.79–52.27 g I2/100 g, 181.4–194.5 mg KOH/g, 5.15–6.26 mg KOH/g, 1.05–1.32 meq O2/kg, and 31.0–35.2°C, respectively. The crystals of the three MKFs were spherulites and densely packed. With respect to the characteristics, MKFs potentially can be applied as cocoa butter equivalents and ideal for use in confectionery industry. Practical applications Exploitation of fat from mango kernel is still attracting considerable interest in recent year since it is a source of valuable ingredients that suitable for wide applications in food processing, especially as cocoa butter equivalent (CBE). Different mango varieties and cultivation regions would give rise to variations in characteristics of MKFs. Most of the results indicated that MKFs had the potential to be applied as CBEs and useful in chocolate industry.

Physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and industrial applications of mango kernel and its products: A review.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a fruit plant of family Anacardiaceae, widely grown all over the world, and is a very popular fruit in the world market. Mango fruit is the second most traded tropical fruit and fifth in terms of production globally. Large quantities of mango processing coproducts are generated (peels and seeds), which usually are discarded as waste, yet are a potential source of fat, protein, carbohydrate, and certain bioactive compounds. Mango kernel is a remarkably rich source of macronutrients and micronutrients including calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamins A, E, K, and C. Phytochemicals with a notable therapeutic potential such as tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, polyphenols (gallotannins, flavonols, benzophenone derivatives, mangiferin, homomangiferin, isomangiferin, anthocyanins, kaempferol, and quercetin), and phenolic acids (4-caffeoylquinic acids, caffeic, coumaric, ellagic, gallic, and ferulic acid) are reported. The phytochemicals have high antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and, antiproliferation activities and could be used for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. The nutritional composition of mango kernel constitutes 32.34% to 76.81% carbohydrate, 6% to 15.2% fat, 6.36% to 10.02% protein, 0.26% to 4.69% crude fiber, and 1.46% to 3.71% ash on a dry weight basis. The nutritional profile of the kernel suggests its usability as a food ingredient in the development of value-added products such as mango kernel oil, mango kernel butter, mango kernel flour, and biofilms among other diverse products. This comprehensive systematic review explores mango kernel as a potential and novel food ingredient to meet the needs of a health-conscious population. The review also provides a remedy to waste management and environmental pollution.

Selective extraction of polar lipids of mango kernel using Supercritical Carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) extraction: Process optimization of extract yield/phosphorous content and economic evaluation

Lipids are biomolecules extracted from plant sources and plant residues and have a beneficial role in various food, nutrition and medical applications. Supercritical carbon-dioxide as an advanced high-pressure technology which increases the productivity and has negligible environmental impact is employed for the selective extraction of polar lipids from the lipid matrix in mango kernel for the first time. The process parameters affecting the extraction such as pressure, temperature and the flow rate of CO2 are ranged in the intervals of 30–50 MPa, 40–60 °C and 10–30 g min-1, respectively. Optimization using Box Behnken design obtained the highest yield of 3.38% at 40 °C, 50 MPa and 30 g min-1. The phosphorous content was evaluated to understand the behaviour of polar lipids extraction at higher pressures. The study showed the effect of process parameters having significant influence on polarity and solvating capacity of CO2 which enabled for the extraction of polar lipids adding value to the mango kernel converting waste into valuable industrial products. The economic evaluation estimates the return on investment of a plant processing 3000 tons of mango kernel per year to account net present value (NPV) almost five times higher than the investment expenses and the payback period is under 4 years.