Mango In Brazil Research Articles

Alternative hosts of Erysiphe quercicola in the Brazilian cashew ecosystem

AbstractPowdery mildew is currently the most important disease of the cashew plant across all producing regions of Brazil. A recent study reported the occurrence of Erysiphe quercicola as the causal agent of the symptoms on leaves, inflorescences, pseudofruits and kernels. Morphological evidence raised the question of whether different hosts of the fungus occur in areas near to cashew orchards. This study was developed to compare the fungi that cause powdery mildew in plants in the cashew ecosystem in order to understand the host relationships, and raising the possibility that alternative hosts are involved in the epidemics verified in the cashew tree. The work consisted of collecting samples of plants with symptoms of powdery mildew and carrying out morphological, phylogenetic and cross‐pathogenicity analysis of the fungal pathogens. The results of this characterization showed that annatto (Bixa orellana), sombrero (Clitoria fairchildiana) and mango (Mangifera indica) are possible alternative hosts of E. quercicola pathogenic to cashew and can therefore represent a source of inoculum for cashew powdery mildew. In addition, the occurrence of this pathogen in mango in Brazil was identified for the first time.

First Report of Colletotrichum fructicola Causing Anthracnose on Annona Leaves in Brazil

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 101, No. 2First Report of Colletotrichum fructicola Causing Anthracnose on Annona Leaves in Brazil PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Colletotrichum fructicola Causing Anthracnose on Annona Leaves in BrazilJ. F. O. Costa, R. Ramos-Sobrinho, T. P. Chaves, J. R. A. Silva, D. B. Pinho, I. P. Assunção, and G. S. A. LimaJ. F. O. CostaSearch for more papers by this author, R. Ramos-SobrinhoSearch for more papers by this author, T. P. ChavesSearch for more papers by this author, J. R. A. SilvaSearch for more papers by this author, D. B. PinhoSearch for more papers by this author, I. P. AssunçãoSearch for more papers by this author, and G. S. A. LimaSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations J. F. O. Costa R. Ramos-Sobrinho T. P. Chaves J. R. A. Silva , Setor de Fitossanidade/Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL, Brazil, 57100-000 D. B. Pinho , Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil, 70910-900 I. P. Assunção G. S. A. Lima , Setor de Fitossanidade/Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL, Brazil, 57100-000. Published Online:21 Nov 2016https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-16-0927-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Anthracnose, caused by different Colletotrichum species, is major disease on Annona spp. (Kamei et al. 2014). This disease has been mainly associated with the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex (Kamei et al. 2014). In June 2012, two typical isolates of the C. gloeosporioides complex were obtained from symptomatic leaves (dark, circular, and necrotic lesions) of plants located in the counties of Maragogi and Estrela de Alagoas, Alagoas state, Brazil. Single-conidium cultures were obtained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for both isolates, and deposited at the Coleção de Culturas de Fungos Fitopatogênicos da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (codes COUFAL1111 and COUFAL7777). Colonies on PDA were light gray with whitish edges, and cottony. The underside of the colony was uniformly gray presenting sectors toward the edges with a growth rate of 9.0 mm/day. Conidia were cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline, rounded at both ends, and 10.5 to 22.5 µm long and 3 to 6.5 µm wide. The morphological characteristics were consistent with descriptions of C. gloeosporioides sensu lato (Weir et al. 2012). To confirm the identity, partial sequences of manganese-superoxide dismutase (SOD), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), chitin synthase (CHS), calmodulin (CAL), β-tubulin 2 (TUB2), actin (ACT), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (accession nos. KX013517 to KX013530) were used in a search in the Q-bank fungi database and retrieved C. fructicola with 99 to 100% identities. In addition, Bayesian inference analysis using concatenated sequences (TUB2, ACT, CAL, CHS, GAPDH, ITS, and SOD) placed the Colletotrichum isolates reported here in a same clade with other C. fructicola specimens (study S19095 deposited in TreeBASE). To confirm pathogenicity, a conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) in water was prepared from a 15-day-old culture (grown at 25°C) and sprayed on asymptomatic leaves of soursop (A. muricata L.) and sugar apple (A. squamosa L.). On control leaves, only sterilized water was used. Leaves were kept for 2 days in a humid chamber at 25°C. After 5 days, lesions were observed on 100% of the inoculated leaves. To fulfill Koch’s postulates, the fungus C. fructicola was successfully reisolated from inoculated leaves. No disease symptoms were observed on the control leaves. Other Colletotrichum species were recorded on Annona spp. (Kamei et al. 2014), but no isolate was genetically similar to C. fructicola. This pathogen was previously reported only on apple, cassava, and mango in Brazil (Bragança et al. 2016; Lima et al. 2013; Velho et al. 2015). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fructicola causing anthracnose on leaves of Annona spp. in Brazil.

Mapping Global Potential Risk of Mango Sudden Decline Disease Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata.

The Mango Sudden Decline (MSD), also referred to as Mango Wilt, is an important disease of mango in Brazil, Oman and Pakistan. This fungus is mainly disseminated by the mango bark beetle, Hypocryphalus mangiferae (Stebbing), by infected plant material, and the infested soils where it is able to survive for long periods. The best way to avoid losses due to MSD is to prevent its establishment in mango production areas. Our objectives in this study were to: (1) predict the global potential distribution of MSD, (2) identify the mango growing areas that are under potential risk of MSD establishment, and (3) identify climatic factors associated with MSD distribution. Occurrence records were collected from Brazil, Oman and Pakistan where the disease is currently known to occur in mango. We used the correlative maximum entropy based model (MaxEnt) algorithm to assess the global potential distribution of MSD. The MaxEnt model predicted suitable areas in countries where the disease does not already occur in mango, but where mango is grown. Among these areas are the largest mango producers in the world including India, China, Thailand, Indonesia, and Mexico. The mean annual temperature, precipitation of coldest quarter, precipitation seasonality, and precipitation of driest month variables contributed most to the potential distribution of MSD disease. The mango bark beetle vector is known to occur beyond the locations where MSD currently exists and where the model predicted suitable areas, thus showing a high likelihood for disease establishment in areas predicted by our model. Our study is the first to map the potential risk of MSD establishment on a global scale. This information can be used in designing strategies to prevent introduction and establishment of MSD disease, and in preparation of efficient pest risk assessments and monitoring programs.

Ceratocystis fimbriata isolates on Mangifera indica have different levels of aggressiveness

Mango is amongst the most exported fruits worldwide and the mango tree has been cultivated in many countries with tropical and subtropical climates. Currently, Ceratocystis wilt caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata is among the most important diseases on mango tree. Planting of resistant genotypes is the best strategy for disease control. In the selection of resistant plants a highly aggressive isolate should be used in inoculations under controlled conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether there are differences in aggressiveness among isolates of C. fimbriata obtained from diseased mango trees in Brazil. Before inoculation, five randomly selected isolates were tested for sporulation and mycelial growth in different culture media in order to select the best conditions for inoculum production. Twenty-four isolates from the States of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul were inoculated in the susceptible mango cultivar Espada. Subsequently, the four most aggressive isolates were inoculated in other five different mango cultivars. The culture media MEA provided the best levels of sporulation and mycelial growth for four of the five tested isolates. Isolates SEMG1-1 from Minas Gerais and SESP8-3 from Sao Paulo were the most aggressive. The response of cultivars to the most aggressive isolates tested in the present work varied from highly resistant to highly susceptible, ‘Uba’ being the most resistant regardless of the isolate tested. These results demonstrate that there are significant differences in aggressiveness among C. fimbriata isolates from mango in Brazil, as well as cultivar × isolate interaction.

Environmental impacts of imported and locally grown fruits for the French market: a cradle-to-farm-gate LCA study

Introduction. Fruits are under growing scrutiny regarding their environmental impacts. However, fruit cropping systems have seldom been studied using life cycle assessment (LCA). As part of the Agribalyse® project, the cropping systems for apple and peach in France, clementine in Morocco, and mango in Brazil were evaluated with a cradle-to-farm-gate LCA in order to include the manufacturing, transportation and utilization of all inputs used on the farm. Materials and methods. Representative systems for each fruit were designed, relying mostly on expert knowledge for apple, peach and clementine, and on a detailed survey of eight commercial orchards for mango from the Rio San Francisco Valley in Brazil. Potential environmental impacts were calculated using the ReCiPe Midpoint (H) method. Results and discussion. For most impact categories, apple showed the least impacts, followed by mango, peach and clementine. For marine eutrophication, mango and small citrus had the least impact, followed by apple and peach far above. For ecotoxicity, mango had the least impact followed by apple, peach and clementine far above. For each fruit cropping system, margins of improvement were identified and associated with agronomic recommendations. Generally speaking, the key aspects driving the eco-efficiency of fruit cropping systems at the farm gate were the yield, the fertilizer rates, the use of toxic substances for pest management, the water requirement associated with its local availability and the energy source for irrigation. The ecotoxicity results revealed were uncertain due to the difficulty of determining representative crop protection practices for perennial crops. Conclusion. The Agribalyse® program represented an important step forward for the environmental assessment of fruits. Complementary research is needed to design better crop protection practices, field emissions and water-use impacts. (Resume d'auteur)

Botryosphaeriaceae associated with diseases of mango (Mangifera indica)

Fungal species of Botryosphaeriaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution and are important pathogens of a wide range of plant hosts. This study aims to use phylogenetic inference to review the geographical distribution of botryosphaeriacous species that have been associated with diseases of mango (Mangifera indica) globally. The phylogenetic analyses were performed based on the combined sequence datasets of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA and a partial region of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) gene. The phylogenetic study revealed seven clades with distinct morphological characters from several countries, including Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Iran, Mali, Peru, South Africa, Taiwan and Thailand. Lasiodiplodia theobromae appears to be a dominant species on mango with the largest geographical distribution, whereas L. crassispora and Barriopsis iraniana have only been reported on mango in Brazil and Iran, respectively. These finding indicate that most of the species reported from mango are not restricted to specific geographical regions, although some genera appear to have a limited distribution.

Botryosphaeria, Neofusicoccum, Neoscytalidium and Pseudofusicoccum species associated with mango in Brazil

Members of the Botryosphaeriaceae are well known fungi associated with dieback, canker and fruit rot on various hosts worldwide, including mango. The aim of this study was identify a large collection of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with dieback and stem-end rot of mango in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil, and compare the species in relation to mycelial growth, pathogenicity and virulence. A total of 115 isolates were sampled and based on morphology and DNA sequence data (ITS and EF1-α) seven taxa were identified, namely, Botryosphaeria dothidea, B. mamane, Fusicoccum fabicercianum, Neofusicoccum parvum, N. brasiliense sp. nov, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum. B. dothidea and P. stromaticum were the most commonly isolated species, which represented 37 % and 33 % of all isolates respectively. B. mamane is reported for the first time in association with mango diseases worldwide. There were significant differences among the species obtained in this study in relation to optimum temperature for mycelial growth and mycelial growth rates. All species were pathogenic on mango fruit. There were significant differences in virulence among the species, with Ne. dimidiatum and N. parvum being the most virulent species, while P. stromaticum was the least virulent.

Species of Lasiodiplodia associated with mango in Brazil

Mango (Mangifera indica) is a major tropical fruit species cultivated in Brazil. The objective of this study was to identify species of Lasiodiplodia associated with dieback and stem-end rot of mango in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil, and compare the species in relation to mycelial growth, pathogenicity and virulence. A total of 120 isolates of Lasiodiplodia were used and identifications were made using a combination of morphology and phylogenetic analysis based on partial translation elongation factor 1-α sequence (EF1-α) and internal transcribed spacers (ITS). The following species were identified: Lasiodiplodia crassispora, L. egyptiacae, L. hormozganensis, L. iraniensis, L. pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae and Lasiodiplodia sp.. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was the most frequently isolated species, which represented 41 % of all the isolates. Only this species had been previously reported on mango in Brazil, while the other species represent the first report associated with mango tree diseases in this country. Lasiodiplodia crassispora is reported for the first time associated with mango diseases worldwide. There were significant differences in mycelial growth rates among the Lasiodiplodia species and also in the optimum temperature for growth. All species of Lasiodiplodia were pathogenic on mango fruit. There were significant differences in virulence among the species, wherein L. hormozganensis and Lasiodiplodia sp.were the most virulent, while the least virulent were L. iraniensis, L. pseudotheobromae, L. crassispora and L. egyptiacae.

Lack of host specificity of Colletotrichum spp. isolates associated with anthracnose symptoms on mango in Brazil

The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic and pathogenic variability of Colletotrichum spp. isolates from various organs and cultivars of mango with anthracnose symptoms, collected from different municipalities of São Paulo State, Brazil. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates from symptomless citrus leaves and C. acutatum isolates from citrus flowers with post‐bloom fruit drop symptoms were included as controls. Sequencing of the ITS region allowed the identification of 183 C. gloeosporioides isolates from mango; only one isolate was identified as C. acutatum. amova analysis of ITS sequences showed larger genetic variability among isolates from the same municipality than among those from different populations. fAFLP markers indicated high levels of genetic variability among the C. gloeosporioides isolates from mango and no correlation between genetic variability and isolate source. Only one C. gloeosporioides mango isolate had the same genotype as the C. gloeosporioides isolates from citrus leaves, as determined by ITS sequencing and fAFLP analysis. Pathogenicity tests revealed that C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum isolates from either mango or citrus can cause anthracnose symptoms on leaves of mango cvs Palmer and Tommy Atkins and blossom blight symptoms in citrus flowers. These outcomes indicate a lack of host specificity of the Colletotrichum species and suggest the possibility of host migration.

Species of Botryosphaeriaceae associated on mango in Brazil

The aim of the present study was to assess diversity in the Botryosphaeriaceae on trees and fruit of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in a semi-arid region in northeastern Brazil in which most exported fruit in the country are produced. Using morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data (ITS-1, ITS-2 and 5.8S rDNA) we confirmed the presence of Lasiodiplodia theobromae in the region, and for the first time report Fusicoccum aesculi and Neofusicoccum parvum. L. theobromae was prevalent in the Assu Valley and F. aesculi and N. parvum were in the Sao Francisco Valley. In fruit inoculations, L. theobromae and N. parvum were more virulent than F. aesculi.

Integrated Fruit Production—Enhancing Production, Quality, and Safety of Fruit Production and Packing of Mango in Brazil as a Model

The development and implementation of ecosystem-based technologies in plant protection have been important objectives of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) since its foundation in 1956. Integrated Production/Integrated Farming is a system that produces high quality and safe food and other products by using natural resources and regulating mechanisms to replace polluting inputs and to secure sustainable farming. The objectives and principles of Integrated Production (IP) are based in a holistic view of the system, combining strategies such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), safety, fertilization, and agronomic measures to enhance their effectiveness. It relies on ecosystem regulation, food safety, the importance of animal welfare, and on the preservation of natural resources. The expansion of the mango growing area in Brazil depends on the generation and adaptation of production technologies, as well as on consumer market tendencies that currently require better quality fruit. Brazil needs to adjust itself to agricultural production systems like Fruit Integrated Production (FIP) that has the objective of economically producing high quality fruit obtained by ecologically safer methods, which minimizes the collateral undesirable effects of the use of pesticides, increasing environmental protection and improving human health. The FIP System in the São Francisco River Valley began in 2000, with the elaboration of an environmental diagnosis of the region followed by the monitoring of insects and diseases, training of technicians and farmers, study of the production chain, and elaboration of databases and procedures for integrated mango production. Today, the program counts on the participation of 287 mango producer farms, amounting to a monitored area of 8,780 ha. This program is based on the integration of scientists, farmers, consultants, and extension people, both from public and private institutions. Research studies are being carried out in order to generate and diffuse new technologies, products, and services that can be adapted to the situation of the Brazilian mango farmers.

DNA based characterization ofCeratocystis fimbriataisolates associated with mango decline in Oman

A serious mango decline disease has recently been reported from the Sultanate of Oman. Based on morphological characteristics, the pathogen responsible for the disease was previously identified as Ceratocystis fimbriata. C. fimbriata is one of the most important pathogens of mango in Brazil and its appearance in Oman is of great concern. Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that C. fimbriata most likely represents a species complex. The aim of this study was to confirm the identity of the mango pathogen in Oman based on DNA sequences. Sequence data were obtained for the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions and the 5.8S rRNA gene regions and these were compared with sequence data of C. fimbriata from several hosts and geographic areas. The isolates from Oman where shown to represent C. fimbriata sensu lato and also to be most closely related to an isolate from mango in Brazil. This provides some evidence that the mango pathogen in Oman might have originated in Brazil.

Viabilidade econômica da irrigação da manga para o Estado de São Paulo

O Estado de São Paulo é o maior produtor de manga do Brasil e a maior parte dos pomares ainda não possui sistema de irrigação, embora esta técnica apresente grande potencial para elevar a produtividade média de manga no estado. No presente trabalho, utilizou-se uma metodologia para avaliação da viabilidade econômica da implantação de sistemas de irrigação em pomares de manga em produção, a qual foi aplicada para diferentes localidades do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados mostraram que o custo de aquisição do equipamento de irrigação, associado à sua vida útil, é o fator de maior sensibilidade na análise de viabilidade. A cobrança pela utilização da água não inviabilizou a implantação do sistema de irrigação, tendo pouca influência sobre o incremento necessário de produtividade.

Genetic diversity in the mango malformation pathogen and development of a PCR assay

Malformation is a destructive disease of mango, Mangifera indica. Its causal agent possesses the morphological features of Fusarium subglutinans, a species whose taxonomy and nomenclature has recently been in a state of flux. Genetic diversity was examined among 74 F. subglutinans‐like isolates from malformed mango in Brazil, Egypt, Florida (USA), India, Israel and South Africa. With nitrate‐nonutilizing (nit) auxotrophic mutants, seven vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were identified. Three of the VCGs were found in a single country, and VCG diversity was greatest in Egypt and the USA where, respectively, four and three different VCGs were found. RAPD profiles generated with arbitrary decamer primers were variable among isolates in different VCGs, but were generally uniform for isolates within a VCG. In PCR assays, a 20‐mer primer pair that was developed previously to identify F. subglutinans from maize (mating population [MP]‐E of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex) also amplified a specific 448 bp fragment for isolates of F. sacchari from sugarcane (MP‐B) and what was probably F. circinatum (pine, MP‐H). With the exception of three isolates from Brazil, it did not amplify the fragment from F. subglutinans‐like isolates from mango. A second pair of 20‐mer primers was developed from a unique fragment in the RAPD assays. It amplified a specific 608 bp fragment for 51 of 54 isolates from mango (all but the three Brazilian isolates). It also amplified a smaller, 550 bp fragment from isolates of F. nygamai (MP‐G), but did not amplify DNA of isolates of any other taxon of Fusarium that was tested.

PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF XANTHOMONADS ASSOCIATED WITH ANACARDIACEAE

Bacterial black spot (BBS), associated with Xanthomonas pv. mangiferaeindicae, is a serious threat to mango production in many tropical and subtropical areas. Chemical control is unsatisfactory and integrated management strategies, including the use of rigorous prophylactic measures, adapted cultural practices and weakly susceptible cultivars, are used. Breeding prograrns have been developed in several countries and a thorough evaluation of the susceptibility to BBS of new cultivars is therefore important. We present here a description of phenotypic and genetic diversity of xanthomonads associated with Brazilian pepper in Reunion Island, ambarella in the French West Indies, and mango from 14 countries. Biochemical and physiological profiles, carbohydrate utilization fingerprints and sensitivity to antibiotics and heavy metal salts have been determined to assess phenotypic diversity. Relationships among strains were also examined by isozyme analysis of esterase, phosphoglucomutase and superoxide dismutase and by RFLP analysis using a cluster of hrp genes as a probe. Grouping of strains was consistent with the 3 methods used. These techniques allowed to clearly differentiate: - Apigmented strains isolated from mango in Brazil, - Apigmented strains isolated from mango in all other countries and from Brazilian pepper in Reunion Island, - Apigmented strains from ambarella in the French West Indies, - Yellow-pigmented strains from mangd, with a high heterogeneity among strains. These results indicate that i) there is a need of a comprehensive taxonomic evaluation of xanthomonds associated with Anacardiaceae using a polyphasic approach, ii) apigmented strains isolated from mango (except Brazil) and Brazilian pepper form a homogenous group representative of pathovar mangiferaeindicae, and ii) other strains (e.g. yellow-pigmented strains from mango and apigmented strains from mango in Brazil and from ambarella in the French West Indies) are probably members of pathovars other than mangiferaeindicae. The incidence of these strains on mango production remains mostly unknown. The genetic diversity of strains representative of pv. mangiferaeindicae was further analyzed by RFLP analysis using an avirulence gene and an insertion sequence (IS) as probes. Four main lineages characterizing either geographic origin of strains or host of isolation (mango vs. Brazilian pepper) were found. An analysis of the pathogenicity of strains from both host species indicated that host specialization occurs (i.e. strains were more aggressive on the host species from which they originated). The occurrence of several xanthomonads associated with mango and the diversity existing within pathovar mangiferaeindicae should be considered for germplasm evaluation. (Resume d'auteur)

Phenotypic diversity of Xanthomonas sp. mangiferaeindicae.

Carbohydrate utilization profiles by means of the API (Appareils et Procédés d'Identification) system and sensitivity to antibiotics and heavy metal salts of 68 Xanthomonas sp. mangiferaeindicae strains isolated in nine countries from mango (Mangifera indica L.) and other genera of the Anacardiaceae were examined to assess the variability of the taxon. The strains could be separated into 10 groups according to Ward clustering. Apigmented strains isolated from the pepper tree [syn. Brazilian pepper] (Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi) could not be clearly differentiated from most apigmented strains isolated from mango. Yellow-pigmented strains isolated from mango in Brazil and Reunion Island, apigmented strains isolated from mango in Brazil and from ambarella in the French West Indies, clustered in distinct groups. The results are consistent with those of other studies, based on isozyme analysis of esterase, phosphoglucomutase and superoxide dismutase, and hrp-RFLP analysis; they indicate the need for a comprehensive taxonomic evaluation of xanthomonads associated with Anacardiaceae.