MnSO4 Research Articles

Unveiling electrochemical insights of lithium manganese oxide cathodes from manganese ore for enhanced lithium-ion battery performance

Implementing manganese-based electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) faces several challenges due to the low grade of manganese ore, which necessitates multiple purification and transformation steps before acquiring battery-grade electrode materials, increasing costs. At present, most Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) materials are synthesized using electrolytic manganese dioxide, and the development of new processes, such as hydrometallurgical processes is important for achieving a cost-effective synthesis of LMO materials. In this work, we develop a full synthesis process of LMO materials from manganese ore, through acid leaching, forming manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4·H2O), an optimized thermal decomposition (at 900, 950 or 1000 °C) producing different Mn3O4 materials and a solid-state reaction, achieving the synthesis of LMO. The latter was used as a cathode material for LIB exhibiting a specific capacity comparable to the state-of-the-art LMO cathode with a remarkable cycling stability of 800 cycles with <20 % in capacity loss. These performances were attributed to the excellent redox reversibility of the LMO cathode, characterized by voltammetry and in operando and in situ characterization by Raman and XRD.

Preparation of high-purity manganese sulfate and removal of unwanted metal ions using resin-based purification

ABSTRACT High purity manganese sulfate(MnSO4) is of great importance due to its applications in lithium-ion batteries, pharmaceutical applications, and within feed additives. As manganese always occurs in combination with iron, laterite and other minerals, co-leaching of Mn and Fe complicates the purification procedure of MnSO4. Obtaining high purity MnSO4 without contamination of calcium and magnesium is difficult, because of their similar chemical properties. Current research involved preparation of highly pure MnSO4 from low purity MnO2. A simple and efficient procedure has been developed for purification of MnSO4 by using a carbon adsorbent followed by treatment with iminodiacetate functionalised resin polymer. The two-step procedure enabled an extremely pure MnSO4 generally exceeding 99.9%. Iron has been efficiently removed to below 5 ppm (>99% reduction from ∼1000 ppm), calcium was reduced to ∼100 ppm (>90% reduction from ~1600 ppm) and magnesium was reduced to below 10 ppm (>99% reduction from ~1400 ppm). Adiitionally, simple carbon adsorption effectively reduced lead and zinc to below their detection levels (< 0.050 and 5.00 ppm, respectively) and arsenic was reduced to below its level of quantification (< 0.375 ppm). Careful adaptation of the procedure allows for producing high purity manganese salts at a larger scale.

Choosing an appropriate somatic embryogenesis medium of carrot (Daucus carota L.) by data mining technology

IntroductionDeveloping somatic embryogenesis is one of the main steps in successful in vitro propagation and gene transformation in the carrot. However, somatic embryogenesis is influenced by different intrinsic (genetics, genotype, and explant) and extrinsic (e.g., plant growth regulators (PGRs), medium composition, and gelling agent) factors which cause challenges in developing the somatic embryogenesis protocol. Therefore, optimizing somatic embryogenesis is a tedious, time-consuming, and costly process. Novel data mining approaches through a hybrid of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and optimization algorithms can facilitate modeling and optimizing in vitro culture processes and thereby reduce large experimental treatments and combinations. Carrot is a model plant in genetic engineering works and recombinant drugs, and therefore it is an important plant in research works. Also, in this research, for the first time, embryogenesis in carrot (Daucus carota L.) using Genetic algorithm (GA) and data mining technology has been reviewed and analyzed.Materials and methodsIn the current study, data mining approach through multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) as two well-known ANNs were employed to model and predict embryogenic callus production in carrot based on eight input variables including carrot cultivars, agar, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), calcium dichloride (CaCl2), manganese (II) sulfate (MnSO4), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and kinetin (KIN). To confirm the reliability and accuracy of the developed model, the result obtained from RBF-GA model were tested in the laboratory.ResultsThe results showed that RBF had better prediction efficiency than MLP. Then, the developed model was linked to a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the system. To confirm the reliability and accuracy of the developed model, the result of RBF-GA was experimentally tested in the lab as a validation experiment. The result showed that there was no significant difference between the predicted optimized result and the experimental result.ConclutionsGenerally, the results of this study suggest that data mining through RBF-GA can be considered as a robust approach, besides experimental methods, to model and optimize in vitro culture systems. According to the RBF-GA result, the highest somatic embryogenesis rate (62.5%) can be obtained from Nantes improved cultivar cultured on medium containing 195.23 mg/l MgSO4, 330.07 mg/l CaCl2, 18.3 mg/l MnSO4, 0.46 mg/l 2,4- D, 0.03 mg/l BAP, and 0.88 mg/l KIN. These results were also confirmed in the laboratory

High efficiency and cost-effective innovative self-oxidation in-situ removal scheme for the preparation of battery-grade manganese sulphate

As an essential crucial intermediate in the green new energy, achieving sufficient global supply of battery-grade manganese sulfate holds significant strategic importance. However, high efficiency and cost-effective preparation of battery-grade manganese sulfate and efficiently removing impurity ions pose highly challenging. Herein, an innovative self-oxidation in-situ removal scheme successfully prepared battery-grade MnSO4 from low-grade pyrolusite. Specifically, during the purification of qualified MnSO4, abundant Fe3+ was generated in situ through the self-oxidation of pyrolusite without the need for additional oxidants. This significantly facilitated the formation of jarosite (XFe3[SO4(OH)3]2, X=K/Na), greatly enhancing the removal efficiency of K, Na, and Fe (99.69 %, 99.82 % and 99.99 %), and promoted the removal of subsequent impurity ions. Subsequently, the dissolved impurity ions were successively removed in-situ using industrial reagents, achieving technical indices (Cu 99.93 %, Co 99.73 %, Cd 93.26 %, Zn 99.50 %, Ni 98.42 %, Al 99.71 %, Si 98.67 %, Ca 99.82 %, Mg 97.90 %, and F 99.78 %) that are far superior to those of battery-grade MnSO4.This fruitful innovative scheme has promising commercia prospects and is conducive to the efficient and low-cost comprehensive utilization of global pyrolusite resource.

Effects of Micronutrients on the Growth and Phytochemical Composition of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the Field and Greenhouse (Hydroponics and Soil Culture).

The current research was conducted to compare the growth, yield, and phytochemical composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum) in the open field and the soil and hydroponic cultivation in a greenhouse. Furthermore, the effect of foliar spraying of micronutrients on this crop was also evaluated. In each of the cultivation systems, foliar spraying of one micronutrient, either iron sulfate (Fe), zinc sulfate (Zn), copper sulfate (Cu), manganese sulfate (Mn), or boric acid (B), at a concentration of 0.1% was applied in a randomized complete block design. Plants grown in the hydroponic system had higher yield and biomass. The concentration of the elements K, Ca, Mg, N, P, Mn, Fe, B, and Zn in the leaves of hydroponic plants was higher. Contrarily, plants cultivated in the field showed higher stem dry weight, essential oil content, phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. The level of methyl chavicol was higher in the hydroponic culture, but the level of 1,8-cineole was much lower in this cropping system. Foliar spraying of Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, or B significantly increased leaf dry weight and anthocyanin content. In field conditions, the highest levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity were observed with Zn or Mn application. In the hydroponic system, foliar spraying of Zn or B led to the highest antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Overall, the basil plants cultivated in the field showed higher bioactive ingredients. However, the essential oil of plants cultivated in the hydroponic system had a higher economic value due to its higher percentage of methyl chavicol.

Rapid removal of multidrug-resistant bacteria and multidrug-resistant genes in drinking water and hospital wastewater using permanganate/bisulfite oxidation

Bacterial pathogens with multidrug resistance (MDR) characteristics pose a significant public health concern, impeding the effective utilization of antibiotics. In this study, a bisulfite/permanganate (PM/BS) process was used for the rapid inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and the elimination of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). Targeting multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli), the PM/BS process rapidly reduced 3.09-log and 1.05-log within 10 s in real hospital effluent and tap water, respectively. Control experiments revealed enhancements in the inactivation of MDR E. coli with the presence of dissolved oxygen, Fe3+, Mg2+, and Cl−, whereas CO32− and HA inhibited water disinfection. Additionally, the PM/BS process significantly reduced the absolute abundance of two mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and a total of 52 ARGs across nine classes. These genes are responsible for MDR E. coli resistance to clinically important cephalosporins and carbapenems. The removal efficiencies of nine classes of ARGs varied from 91.49 to 98.17 % in ultrapure water and from 28.58 to 87.18 % in hospital effluent, respectively. The average removal efficiency of MGEs in hospital effluent also reached 71.94 %. In-situ generated Mn (III)aq and SO4∙- were further found as key contributors to the rapid inactivation of MDR E. coli and the reduction of ARGs and MGEs. This resulted in severe damage to cell membranes, significant K+ leakage, and protein degradation in MDR E. coli. These findings highlight the potential of the PM/BS process for rapid and efficient inactivation of ARBs and ARGs in both wastewater and drinking water, offering an alternative to traditional oxidants and opening avenues for the application of reactive Mn (III) species in disinfection.

Nitrogen Requirement and Nitrogen Form Preference by Radermachera hainanensis and R. sinica Plug Seedlings

Abstract Radermachera hainanensis Merr. and R. sinica Hemsl. are popular foliage plants raised from seeds. Nitrogen fertilizer can significantly influence medium pH and EC, plug seedling growth, and photosynthesis. Plug seedlings of both species, each with one pair of leaves, were subjected weekly to nutrient solutions with nitrogen (N) concentrations ranging from 0 to 32 mM. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibited the lowest leaf area, SPAD-502 value, and shoot dry weight but the highest root-to-shoot ratio. Leaf area, SPAD-502 value, and root and shoot dry weights increased with increasing N concentration up to 12-16 mM, and gradually decreased thereafter. Well-grown plants with 12-16 mM N exhibited peak maximal fluorescence (Fm), photochemical quenching (qP) and the lowest minimal fluorescence (Fo) and non-photochemical quenching (qN). Seedlings received nutrient solutions with varying proportions of NH4-N: NO3-N (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, in percentages) at 16 mM N. Both species exhibited reduced leaf area, SPAD-502 value, and plant dry weights when supplied with only NO3-N or NH4-N. Maximum growth was achieved at a 50% NH4-N: 50% NO3-N ratio. Species used in this study: Golden jasmine tree, Radermachera hainanensis Merr.; China Doll, Radermachera sinica Hemsl. Chemicals used in this study: ammonium nitrate; sodium dihydrogen phosphate; potassium sulphate; potassium nitrate; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate; calcium sulfate dihydrate; calcium nitrate tetrahydrate; ammonium sulfate; boric acid anhydrous; potassium chloride; ferrous sulfate heptahydrate; disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dihydrate; copper sulfate pentahydrate; zinc sulfate heptahydrate; molybdic acid; manganese sulfate monohydrate; nickel sulfate hexahydrate; sodium hydroxide.

Effects of the dietary supplementation of manganese on growth, skeletal development, oxidative stress and bone metabolism related genes in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element necessary for normal growth, antioxidant defense and maintaining bone health. Knowledge about the effects of dietary Mn levels in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae performance is still scarce. To determine the effects of dietary Mn levels on growth, survival, skeletal development and expression of antioxidant and bone metabolism related genes, gilthead seabream larvae were fed six experimental microdiets supplemented with manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4.H2O) (contained 6.3, 39, 75, 79, 200 and 270 mg Mn/kg diet). After 26 days of feeding, dietary Mn levels had no effect on larval survival. However, larvae fed the non-supplemented diet (6.3 mg Mn/kg) showed signs of Mn deficiency, including growth reduction, low whole body Mn content, lower expression of mnsod, runx2, oc, and reduced bone mineralization. The poor vertebral body mineralization and low bone relative gene expression in seabream larvae was related to a marked increase in the number of fish with total skeletal anomalies and anomalies of the caudal vertebrae region. On the contrary, larvae fed with Mn supplemented diet up to 270 mg Mn/kg showed increased growth and whole body Mn content, up-regulated mnsod, runx2, alp, opn and oc expression, as well as increased bone mineralization, and reduced number of fish with skeletal anomalies. Therefore, the findings suggest that adequate dietary Mn supplementation positively influences the growth, skeletal development, and antioxidant defense of gilthead seabream larvae, preventing the manifestation of Mn deficiency-related issues.

Fish with slow life-history cope better with chronic manganese exposure than fish with fast life-history.

Animals with different life-history types vary in their stress-coping styles, which can affect their fitness and survival in changing environments. We studied how chronic exposure to manganese sulfate (MnSO4), a common aquatic pollutant, affects life-history traits, physiology, and behavior of zebrafish (Danio rerio) with two life-history types: fast (previously selected for fast juvenile growth, early maturation, and small adult body size) and slow life histories (selected for slow juvenile growth, late maturation, and large adult body size). We found that MnSO4 had negative effects on growth and condition factors, but the magnitude of these effects depended on the life-history type. Individuals with fast life histories were more susceptible to MnSO4 than fish with slow life histories as they had lower growth rate, condition factor and feeding probability in high MnSO4 concentrations. Our results demonstrate that MnSO4 can impair fish performance, and life-history variation can modulate the stress-coping ability of individuals.

Process and kinetics of ammonium sulfide removal of zinc, nickel and cobalt from manganous sulfate electrolyte

In producing electrolytic manganese and manganese-based lithium batteries, Manganous sulfate solution serves as a crucial intermediate material. During the preparation of manganese sulfate solution by acid leaching, the removal of impurities such as zinc, nickel, and cobalt ions by sulfide precipitation is essential for obtaining high-quality metallic manganese and high-purity manganese sulfate. The results show that when the temperature is 45 °C, the pH is 5.60, the ammonium sulfide dosage is 40 %, the time is 5 min, and the rotation speed is 650 rpm, the sulfidation rates of zinc, nickel and cobalt are 99.07 %, 89.30 %, and 87.70 % respectively. At this time, the loss rate of manganese in the solution after sulfide impurity removal is 11.45 %, and the manganese-impurity ratio is 80.00. Response surface methodology analysis revealed that temperature, pH, and ammonium sulfide concentration significantly affected the manganese loss rate. After process optimization, at a temperature of 32.70 °C, a pH of 5.20, and an ammonium sulfide concentration of 32.73 %, the manganese loss rate decreased to 6.05 %, while the removal rates of Ni, Co, and Zn were 75.35 %, 60.80 %, and 99.51 %, respectively. In the Manganous sulfate electrolyte with or without ammonium sulfate, the sulfide precipitation processes of zinc, nickel and cobalt ion are all first-order reactions, and the reaction order is zinc > nickel > cobalt. More importantly, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation results also confirmed the formation sequence of zinc sulfide > nickel sulfide > cobaltous sulfide, which supported the experimental results well. This study will lay the foundation for process optimization and mechanism elucidation of impurity ions in ammonium sulfate electrolyte precipitated by ammonium sulfate.

Green-Nano Manganese and Its Impact on the Growth, Yield, and Fruit Properties of Flame Seedless Grapes

The present work aimed to evaluate green-nano manganese produced at the Microbial Biotechnology Department, National Research Centre, Egypt, and assess its impact on the growth, yield, and fruit properties of grapevines. To this end, two experiments were conducted. The first was microbiological, where several incorporation strategies were utilized to enrich the yeast with manganese, as follows: (1) manganese was added to the liquid medium (non-growth phase), and (2) manganese was added after 24 h of incubation (growth phase). The results showed that the non-growth phase had a reduced possibility of medium contamination. The manganese concentration in the yeast cells was increased due to manganese sulfate in the medium. The manganese incorporation in yeast cells was 99.93% (1.205 × 105) higher than that of the medium at 0.0195 g/L of manganese. Although the concentration of manganese in the medium raised the optical density (OD) of the yeast cell biomass, manganese sulfate had no passive influence on it. The second experiment was horticultural, where Flame Seedless grapevines were sprayed with frozen and active fresh yeast enriched with manganese that resulted from the microbiological experiment. Grapevines were sprayed twice a year at 10 or 20 cm3/L, and the results were compared with those for the mineral and chelate forms. The results demonstrated that yeast extracts in both forms showed positive effects on grapevine. The most effective treatment with regard to growth, yield, and fruit properties was frozen yeast enriched with manganese at 20 cm3/L, which yielded 10.14 and 12.6 kg/vine, compared with the control, which recorded 3.7 and 5.6 kg/vine in the two seasons, respectively.

Lithium recovery from Mexican geothermal brine via microwave-synthesized ion sieves

This paper investigates for the first time the feasibility of lithium recovery using lithium ion-sieves from a Mexican geothermal brine from a well of Cerro Prieto power plant. The materials were prepared following the microwave-assisted hydrothermal route to favor their sustainability. Also, the effect of the three manganese-based compounds as precursors was evaluated in which the vacancies were generated by acid treatment, by varying the acid concentration and the contact time. The structural characterizations showed that manganese sulfate was an efficient precursor for synthesizing LiMn2O4 spinel. The results of the uptake experiments, varying the pH of the Li solution showed that the highest sorption capacity is obtained at pH 12. The adsorption kinetics was better described by a pseudo second order equation (R2=0.9392). According to the Weber-Morris model, the process seems to be governed by film diffusion rather by intraparticle diffusion. The maximum adsorption capacity that was achieved was 9.64 mg/g and the thermodynamic equilibrium was best described by the Freundlich isotherm (R2=0.9769). Finally, the material was able to retain a competitive uptake capacity after five adsorption-desorption cycles.

Histopathological and molecular responses of goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to sodium and manganese sulfates

Histopathological and molecular responses of goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to sodium and manganese sulfates

Mn doped nitrogen containing carbon activating peroxymonosulfate for enhancing sulfadiazine degradation via single oxygen pathway: Performance and mechanism

In this work, manganese (Mn) with different contents doped CNs (CNs-Mn) was prepared via the thermal polymerization of the mixture of melamine, β-lactose and manganese sulfate and used as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator for sulfadiazine (SD) degradation. The optimum CNs-Mn(ii) delivered admirable PMS activation efficiency toward SD degradation and the contents of oxidized N and Mn2+ in catalysts displayed strongly positive correlation with SD degradation constant. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments revealed that the content of generated 1O2 species was higher than other radicals and 1O2 dominated SD degradation in the CNs-Mn(ii)/PMS system. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation analysis revealed a novel direct evolutionary pathway of 1O2 formation, that is the cleavage of S-O and O–H of PMS lead to two O atoms to form 1O2. Furthermore, CNs-Mn(ii) displayed good stability, anti-interference ability and performed well in the wide pH range of 4.5 ∼ 9.5. This study would give new insights into 1O2 generation mechanism and essential atomic-scale understanding of the roles of oxidized N and Mn species in 1O2 generation during Mn doped N containing carbon activating PMS process, as well as develop one new strategy to promote 1O2 generation efficiency.

Oxidation of tryptophan by benzimidazolium dichromate

In order to determine a likely mechanism, tryptophan oxidation with benzimidazolium dichromate (BIDC) in an acid medium utilizing sulfuric acid has been investigated at 313 K. First order dependence is demonstrated by the calculated pseudo-first order rate constant, which is found to be independent of the oxidant’s initial concentration. Additionally, the reaction exhibits first order behavior for both sulfuric acid and tryptophan. The rate of reaction is unaffected by an increase in ionic strength and is lowered by a decrease in the medium’s dielectric constant. Since acrylonitrile is not polymerizing, there is no chance of a free radical mechanism. The two electron transfers involved in the mechanism are confirmed when the concentration of manganous sulphate increases because it slows down the rate of reaction. A suitable mechanism and rate law have been derived from the experimental observations. The oxidation reaction yields carbon dioxide, ammonia, and indole-3-acetaldehyde as its products.

Cross-section induced uncertainties in neutron source mission rate calculations

Analysis presented in the paper is focused on the characterization of uncertainties induced by cross-section data, which contributing to the overall uncertainty of the correction factors. Advances in computational methods and computational power shifted the calculation of correction factors among the standard steps of the manganese bath method what decrease an interest about this part of the method. Anyway, with the development of computational tools, the cross-section data were also improved, and new evaluations of nuclear data libraries include more information about the cross-section data covariances. Therefore, the propagation of uncertainties induced by neutron cross-sections can be carried out within standard transport calculation of the manganese sulphate bath model. In this paper, the super-sequence SAMPLER module that implements stochastic techniques is used to assess the uncertainty in computed results. Reaction rates on all nuclides of the solution are computed in 400 cases with uncertain parameters and the results are evaluated by an auxiliary tool. Consideration of nuclear data uncertainty in calculations is a general trend that requires the attention of nuclear researchers and should draw attention in metrology. Additional 1.5 % (one-sigma) uncertainty is introduced to the overall uncertainty through correction factor.

Complete recovery of valuable metals from chlorinated titanium-white waste acids: Focus on solvent extraction for recovery and preparation of battery-grade manganese sulfate (MnSO4·H2O) from lab to pilot scale

Chlorination titanium-white waste acid (CTWA) is known to contain a substantial number of valuable metals, including Mn, which can be utilized in the manufacturing of high-value battery cathode materials. Based on the concept of complete resource recovery and zero pollution, a novel process for metal recovery from CTWA has been developed. D2EHPA was used to extract Sc, V from CTWA. Al was completely removed by slowly adding 1.5 mol/L NaOH until the solution pH reached 4.20 and stabilized for 0.5 h. This process resulted in a limited loss of 11 % for Fe and 5 % for Mn. An oxidative precipitation method was proposed to process the Al-free solution to preparate a pure and easily filterable FePO4 product, which can be used in the production of battery materials. Additionally, the loss of Mn in this process was less than 0.5 %. After removing Fe and Al, the pre-extraction feed has an O/A ratio of 2.5:1, a temperature of 40 °C, and an equilibrium pH of 4.5 ∼ 5.0, it is possible to extract Mn at over 99.50 % using a 5-stage extraction. The loaded phase is scrubbed with 5 g/L H2SO4, O/A = 5:1. It is then cyclically stripped with 75 g/L H2SO4, O/A = 8:1, to obtain a battery-grade MnSO4 solution. The stripped solution can be 100 % crystallized to obtain battery-grade MnSO4·H2O products after removing heavy metals using BaS and removing oil with activated carbon. The recovery of Mn in the extraction process was 97.59 %. The pilot test was conducted to demonstrate that the extraction process can be efficiently and continuously produced. The process achieved the recovery of valuable metals from CTWA and the preparation of corresponding products. This process is comprehensive and environmentally friendly, which has an industrial foundation.

Effect of Impurities on Solubility and Metastable Zone Width of Manganese Sulfate Monohydrate

AbstractRecovering manganese from waste batteries is an important issue to promote the development of new energy. Herein, nickel sulfate and cobalt sulfate, representative impurities in waste battery leachate, are selected to examine their influence on the crystallization thermodynamics and crystal nucleation of manganese sulfate monohydrate. This work assessed alterations in solubility and metastable zone width (MSZW) due to the presence of impurities. The results showed a decrease in manganese sulfate monohydrate solubility in water with increasing impurity concentrations of either nickel sulfate or cobalt sulfate. The effects of initial concentration, heating rate, and impurity concentration on MSZW demonstrated a consistent increase in MSZW as these factors increased. The MSZW data are fitted using the self‐consistent Nývlt‐like model and the classical 3D nucleation theory model. The results revealed a general increase in the nucleation rate constant, K, with increasing saturation temperature or decreasing nickel sulfate concentration. Conversely, the solid‐liquid interface energy, γ, generally decreases with increasing saturation temperature or decreasing nickel sulfate concentration. Based on the influence observed on the interface energy, a possible mechanism is proposed that suggests that impurities inhibit crystal nucleation through adsorption.

The recycling of sulphur in waste and conversion to manganese sulphate: Process optimization, kinetic study, mechanistic insights

The recycling of sulphur in waste and conversion to manganese sulphate: Process optimization, kinetic study, mechanistic insights

Assessment of the impact of micro fertilizers on winter wheat and winter barley crops under the Sevan basin conditions

Background: Microelements are crucial for numerous physiological and biochemical processes in plant life. They constitute parts of various vitamins and enzymes, stimulate respiration, and accelerate oxidation and regeneration reactions, positively impacting protein metabolism in plant organisms. Objective: Considering the significant role of microelements in living organisms, our aim is to investigate the effectiveness of applying microfertilizers and biohumus on the growth, development, and quality of winter wheat and winter barley. We conducted field experiments and laboratory research to analyze the impact of trace element content in the soil at our experimental sites. This research holds particular significance amidst the ongoing global climate changes, emphasizing the urgency and relevance of our study․ Methods: Field experiments, both in winter wheat and winter barley, were set up with three replications, with the same fertilization scheme. The size of each plot was 30 m2, and the size of the experimental field in each crop area was 630 m2 consisting of the following types: 1. Control (non-fertilized); 2. Background: biohummus t/ha; 3. Background+Mn (MnSO4 4H2O); 4. Background +Cu (CuSO4. 5H2O); 5. Background+B (Na2 B407.10 H2O); 6. Background + Mo (HH4)2MoO4; 7. Background +Zn (ZnSO45H2O): Microfertilizers were used for pre-sowing seed treatment. Results: The three-year results of the studies revealed that the amount of harvest and the quality indicators of these crops increased from the application of molybdenum, manganese, and copper in the sowing of autumn wheat and autumn barley on the background of biohumus. The increase of the autumn wheat crop under the influence of these elements was 3.3-6.4 c/ha (6.9-13.3%), and the increase of the autumn barley grain crop compared to the biohumus background was 2.6-5.4 c/ha. ha, or 6.5-13.4%. A certain increase in the nitrogen content of wheat and barley grains can be seen as an indicator of a protein problem necessary for life. According to research, it was found that the nitrogen content in the grains of spikelets is high in the versions that received molybdenum, manganese, and copper. Specifically, for wheat, the nitrogen content ranges from 2.64-2.68% for Mo, 2.53-2.57% for Cu, and for barley grains, it ranges from 2.16-2.24% for Mo, 2.08-2.10% for Cu, and 2.02-2.07% for Mn. Simultaneously with the studies, it was proved that the crop yield and quality indicators did not undergo significant changes from the application of Zn and B, which is explained by the higher content of the total and mobile forms of these elements in the soil. Conclusion: In the practice of fertilizing grain crops such as wheat and barley, it's essential to judiciously use specific micro fertilizers like molybdenum ammonium (NH4MoO4), manganese sulfate (MnSO4 · 4H2O), or copper sulfate (CuSO4 · 5H2O). These should be applied alongside organic fertilizers to ensure that the crops receive a comprehensive supply of both microelements and macroelements. This approach not only guarantees the production of high-quality crops but also plays a pivotal role in managing the protein content within them, which is crucial for nutritional value and overall crop health. Keywords: microelements, winter wheat, winter barley, growth and development, yield quantity and quality