Source Of Manganese Research Articles

Selection of high rate capability and cycling stability MnO anode material for lithium-ion capacitors: Effect of the carbon source

The N-doped carbon modified MnO composites were successfully prepared using K2MnO4 as the manganese source, CH4N2O as the nitrogen source, and glucose, sucrose, or reduced graphene oxide as the carbon sources. Among them, the composite (MPN) prepared using glucose as the carbon source exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, attributed to its relatively small particle size (6.4 nm), high specific surface area of 199.4 m2·g−1, and a high ID/IG ratio of 0.86. The MnO in MPN contained a significant amount of Mn3+, ∼16.8 %, which is ascribed to the incomplete reduction of high valence Mn during the process of synthesis. With the formation of Mn3+, a large number of cationic vacancies were generated, which increased the diffusion coefficient of Li+ from 2.12 × 10−14 cm2 s −1 to 5.94 × 10−13 cm2 s−1. The carbon layer with appropriate thickness, doped N and mesoporous structure suitable for electrolyte transport provide a fast ion/electron transport channels for MnO, and ensure a stable interface structure in the electrochemical reactions. Consequently, the MPN anode material exhibited remarkable high current discharge capacity (769.5 mAh·g−1 at a high current density of 2 A·g−1) and excellent cycling performance (882.2 mAh·g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 A·g−1), indicating its exceptional rate performance and cycle stability. Furthermore, the lithium ion capacitor constructed with MPN as anode and activated carbon as cathode demonstrated a high specific energy of 190 Wh·kg−1, a high specific power of 205.3 W·kg−1, and an impressive cycling lifespan of up to 3000 cycles without obvious degradation.

Synthesis of low-temperature NH3-SCR catalysts for MnOx with high SO2 resistance using redox-precipitation method with mixed manganese sources

It remains a big challenge to enhance the SO2 resistance of catalyst in low-temperature NH3-SCR reduction. In this work, a series of MnOx-a%Mn (a = 0, 1, 3, 5, 10) catalysts were prepared by introducing manganese acetylacetonate during the reaction between lactic acid and KMnO4, based on the molar ratio of manganese acetylacetonate to KMnO4. Notably, MnOx-5 %Mn exhibited more than 95 % NO conversion and 100 % N2 selectivity at 80–240 °C. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrated excellent sulfur resistance by sustaining over 90 % NO conversion at 140 °C at the presence of 100 ppm SO2 for more than 6 h. Furthermore, XPS characterization indicated that adding manganese acetylacetonate enhanced electron transfer efficiency and improved the reduction capacity of the catalyst due to the interconversion between Mn3+ and Mn4+, which improved electron transfer efficiency. The enhanced reduction capacity of the catalyst promoted the formation of oxygen vacancies and surface-adsorbed oxygen species (Oα), avoiding over-oxidation of NH3. The results elucidated that manganese acetylacetonate could optimize the overall performance by modulating the synergistic effect between the oxidizing ability and surface acidity of the catalyst. Therefore, the MnOx-5 %Mn catalyst possessed a broad operational temperature window (40–240 °C) and SO2 resistance in the NH3-SCR reaction, indicating its potential for practical application.

PSV-3 Lifetime plasma concentration of select trace minerals in broiler chickens hatched from broiler breeders fed hydroxychloride or organic sources of zinc, copper, and manganese

Abstract The objective was to investigate the effects of feeding broiler breeders (BB) hydroxychloride (HC) or organic (OR) sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) from 42 to 63 wk of age (woa) on plasma concentration of trace minerals (TM) in offspring at hatch through to 42 d of life (Table 1 to 4). A total of 408 ♀ Ross 708 and 48 ♂ Yield Plus cockerels were placed in pens (17 ♀ and 2 ♂) and allocated to one of two diets: 1) HO, a blend of 80% HC and 20% OR sources, and 2) OR, 100% OR sources. In total, 2,160 eggs (90 eggs from each pen replicate) were collected and labelled by BB pen at 46, 52 and 62 woa and incubated. Upon hatching, chicks were sexed, weighed, and placed in 24 pens (40 birds/pen) within BB diet identification. For offspring phase, one-half of chicks from BB fed HO or InO were fed HC and the other half were fed inorganic (InO) sources of Zn, Cu and Mn, effectively creating 4 treatments for offspring phase (n = 6; 3 pens per sex). There were no BB diets effects (P > 0.05) on plasma concentration in hatchlings (Table 5, 6). However, BB age effect was such that plasma of hatchlings of 54- and 62-wk-old BB exhibited increased concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mn compared with those from 46-wk-old parents (P < 0.0001; Table 6-7). Additionally, female hatchings displayed greater Cu concentrations in plasma compared with males (P = 0.024). Broiler chickens fed HC exhibited greater plasma Zn, Cu, and iron on d 21 compared with the other groups (P < 0.05) while 42-d chickens fed HC diet exhibited increased concentrations of Mn and iron compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Forty-two-d old broiler chickens from 62-wk-old breeders exhibited greater TM concentrations compared with those from younger parents (P < 0.0001). The findings provide valuable insights for enhancing TM supplementation in BB diets to enhance the plasma concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mn in offspring. Notably, hatchlings fed with HC as a source of Zn, Cu, and Mn exhibited increased concentrations of these minerals through 42 d.

PSVIII-18 Chemical composition of residual yolk in response to feeding broiler breeders hydroxychloride or organic sources of zinc, copper, and manganese from 42 to 63 wk of age

Abstract The objective was to investigate the effects of feeding broiler breeders (BB) hydroxychloride (HC) or organic (OR) sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) from 42 to 63 wk of age (woa) on chemical composition of residual yolk (RY). A total of 408 ♀ Ross 708 and 48 ♂ Yield Plus cockerels were placed in pens (17 ♀ and 2 ♂) housed in two rooms (12 pens/room) and allocated to one of two diets in a completely randomized block design (n = 12). The diets had similar nutrient specifications but differed in Zn, Cu, and Mn sources: 1) HO, a blend of 80% HC and 20% OR sources, and 2) OR, 100% OR sources ((Table 1 and 2). In total, 2,160 eggs (90 eggs from each pen replicate) were collected and labelled by BB pen at 46, 52 and 62 woa and incubated. For each incubation, embryos were euthanized at embryonic d (ED) 14 and 19 and at day of hatch (DOH) for the RY samples. On ED 14 and 19, six eggs per pen were individually weighed, and cracked open to dissect yolk sac and six hatchlings per pen (3 ♀ and 3 ♂) were individually weighed, and yolk sacs excised for DOH sampling. The RY weight (% of egg for ED or body weight for DOH), and dry matter and ash content were measured. The data at each sampling point was analyzed independently in a model with BB diet, age and associated interactions as fixed factors using PROC GLIMMIX procedures. There were no (P > 0.05) interactions between diet and BB age or main effects of trace mineral (TM) sources on any response criteria. The BB age effect was only observed for RY weight; in this context, the RY weight at ED 19 or DOH differed (P < 0.01) between BB age groups Table 3 and 4). Despite the lack of direct effects of TM sources on the measured criteria, these findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of RY composition in relation to BB age. Further research may explore additional factors influencing RY composition to optimize BB nutrition and subsequent offspring development.

498 Feeding hydroxychloride or organic sources of zinc, copper, and manganese to broiler breeders on growth performance of offsprings when fed hydroxychloride or inorganic sources of the same minerals

Abstract The study investigated the effect of feeding different sources of trace minerals (TM) such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in broiler breeders (BB) and their offspring on the growth performance of offspring. Ross 708 BB were housed in 24 pens (17 ♀ and 2 ♂) and allocated to two diets (12 replicate pen/diet): 1) HO, a blend of 80% hydroxychloride (HC) and 20% organic (OR) sources, and 2) OR, 100% OR sources (Table 1-4). Hatching eggs were collected from BB pens at 46, 54 and 62 wk of age, and incubated. Upon hatching, chicks were sexed, weighed, and placed in 24 sex-segregated pens (40 birds/pen), maintaining BB diet identification. One-half of chicks from BB fed HO or OR were fed HC and the other one-half were fed inorganic (InO) sources of Zn, Cu and Mn, effectively creating 4 treatments for offspring phase (n = 6; 3 pens per sex). Body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Results showed that parental diets did not significantly affect chicken BW, ADFI, ADG, or FCR. However, parental age had significant effects (Tables 5-8). Offspring from 46-wk BB had greater BW on d 10, 21, and 42, increased ADFI on all diets, greater ADG on starter and grower diets, and improved FCR on starter and grower diets. Chicks fed HC diets displayed greater BW, ADFI, and ADG in certain phases. Overall, the study highlights the importance of TM sources and parental age in influencing broiler performance.

25 Copper, manganese, and zinc source and concentration in free-choice mineral supplements influence production throughout three cow-calf production cycles

25 Copper, manganese, and zinc source and concentration in free-choice mineral supplements influence production throughout three cow-calf production cycles

Assessment of an eco-efficient process for the optimization of metal recovery in lithium cobalt oxide and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries

The expansion of technology motivates the increase of global demands for critical minerals. In this context, the exploration of secondary sources of these components is expanding. End-of-life batteries can be seen as potential sources of lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese for electric vehicles or diverse applications in electronic equipments. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the recovery of metals from waste batteries with diverse chemistry composition. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NMC) batteries were co-treated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) channels under supercritical water, varying reaction temperature (400–600 °C) and PVC/Battery composition (0–3 m/m) in a tubular continuous reactor. Results show high recovery rates for all metals, with up to 90% percentage recovery of lithium and cobalt in all cases. Temperature and feed composition were identified as determining factors for the recovery of lithium from LCO batteries. In the case of cobalt, temperature was identified as the most important factor that affects its recovery. The selected optimal conditions for cobalt recovery in the solid products of reactions were identified for batteries LCO and NMC: temperature of 600 °C and PVC/Battery ratio of 3.0 and temperature of 500 °C and PVC/Battery ratio of 1.5, respectively. Environmental impacts, primarily Global Warming Potential (GWP), were minimal, with 4.71·10−5 kg CO2 eq., indicating the benefits of the process as an eco-efficient and promising route for the recycling of valuable metals.

Effects of different valence of starting oxides on the structure and properties of Co-Mn-Fe-Zn-Ni-O high-entropy ceramics

In this work, using different manganese sources, Co-Mn-Fe-Zn-Ni-O high-entropy ceramics (HECs) were synthesized via the solid-phase method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed that the HECs consist of rock salt and spinel phases, and the choice of raw materials has a great influence on the phase composition and lattice distortion of HECs. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) analyses showed that the HECs have dense microstructures, with the major elements conforming to iso-atomic ratios. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy data showed that Mn3+ ions with Jahn-Teller effects distort the [MnO6] octahedra, affecting the electrical properties and aging stability of the material. The room-temperature resistivity of the HEC systems ranged from 20.81 kΩ cm to 35.43 kΩ cm, and the B25/50 resistivity values varied between 4037 K and 4048 K. The resistance drift was observed to be less than 0.70 % after aging at 125 °C for 1000 h. Impedance analyses suggested that the electrical properties of the high-entropy ceramics can be modulated by tailoring the grain size and grain boundary morphology. Selecting suitable raw materials based on valence-induced effects and the tendency of ions to occupy specific sites offers new insights into the design and synthesis of tailor-made high-entropy NTC ceramics.

Study on the influence of different manganese sources on the formation of P2/β Bi-phase cathode materials for sodium ion batteries

This work focuses on the effect of the of Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio in the reactants on the structure and electrochemical properties of NaMn0.9Cu0.1O2 cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. By systematically varying the manganese valence states in the reactants, we observed a phase transition from the β-phase to the P2-phase with increasing Mn3+ concentrations in the reactants, contrary to the expected favorability of the β-phase at higher Mn3+ levels. This finding suggests a complex interplay between the valence states of the reactants and phase formation mechanisms, which needs further investigation. Additionally, electrochemical testing indicated that the phase composition significantly impacts the electrochemical performance of the material. Specifically, the M0 sample, possessing the optimal P2/β ratio, exhibited excellent electrochemical performances, achieving a high initial discharge capacity of 155.1 mA h g−1 and remains 88.1 % after 40 cycles. These results emphasize the importance of precursor selection and valence management in the development of high-performance cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Preparation of Nanosized Copper–Manganese Composite Oxides and Their Catalytic Performance in the Oxidation of Toluene

Nanosized Cu–Mn composite oxide catalysts were prepared from potassium permanganate, copper nitrate, n-butanol, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a manganese source, copper source, reducing agent, and surfactant, respectively. The Cu[Formula: see text]–Mn sample possessed a small particle size (10–40[Formula: see text]nm) and a relatively high specific surface area ([Formula: see text]); its main components were Cu[Formula: see text]Mn[Formula: see text]O4 and Mn3O4. As a consequence, the Cu[Formula: see text]–Mn catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity in the oxidation of toluene. At a toluene concentration of 1000[Formula: see text]ppm and a space velocity of [Formula: see text], the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of the Cu[Formula: see text]–Mn catalyst toward toluene were 239[Formula: see text]C and 250[Formula: see text]C, respectively. Furthermore, even after 30[Formula: see text]h of operation at 275[Formula: see text]C, the conversion of toluene was 99% (at the space velocity of [Formula: see text]).

Tracking Trace Elements Found in Coffee and Infusions of Commercially Available Coffee Products Marketed in Poland.

Coffee is a source of micronutrients, including iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. It may also contain toxic metals, such as lead and cadmium. The effects of coffee on the human body may vary depending on its composition. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of ground and instant coffee with regard to the content of selected trace elements. The concentrations of trace elements, including copper, iron, manganese, and zinc, were determined by ICP-AES, while the levels of lead and cadmium were quantified by GF-AAS methods. Furthermore, the degree of coverage of the recommended intake of elements and the risk assessment for human health (EDI, THQ, PTMI, and TWI) were determined. Our findings indicate that the consumption of a cup of coffee provides the body with only small amounts of these elements. A coffee prepared from 6.33 g of ground coffee beans provides 0.08-1.52% of the RDA value, while a coffee prepared from 6.33 g of instant coffee provides 0.46-13.01% of the RDA, depending on the microelement. The low transfer to the brew (Pb = 7.1%; Cd = 30.0%) of the analyzed ground coffees renders them safe for the consumer, even at a consumption of six cups per day. The percentage of benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL0.1) in the case of lead did not exceed 0.9%. The estimated value did not exceed 0.2% of the provisional tolerable monthly intake of cadmium (PTMI). None of the analyzed coffees exhibited any risk regarding the trace elements.

143. Efficacy of different manganese sources in broilers: Impact on growth performance and manganese retention

143. Efficacy of different manganese sources in broilers: Impact on growth performance and manganese retention

Antibiotic Degradation via Fenton Process Assisted by a 3-Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction Pathway Catalyzed by Bio-Carbon-Manganese Composites.

Bio-carbon-manganese composites obtained from olive mill wastewater were successfully prepared using manganese acetate as the manganese source and olive wastewater as the carbon precursor. The samples were characterized chemically and texturally by N2 and CO2 adsorption at 77 K and 273 K, respectively, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical characterization was carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The samples were evaluated in the electro-Fenton degradation of tetracycline in a typical three-electrode system under natural conditions of pH and temperature (6.5 and 25 °C). The results show that the catalysts have a high catalytic power capable of degrading tetracycline (about 70%) by a three-electron oxygen reduction pathway in which hydroxyl radicals are generated in situ, thus eliminating the need for two catalysts (ORR and Fenton).

Comparative Impact of Hydroxychloride and Organic Sources of Manganese, Zinc, and Copper in Rearing Diets on Pullet Growth, Tibia Traits, Egg Production, and Eggshell Quality in Lohmann Brown Birds up to 50 Weeks of Age.

(1) Background: This study assessed the efficacy of hydroxychloride sources of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) compared with organic sources in the rearing diets of Lohmann brown pullets, focusing on pullet performance, tibia quality, egg production, and eggshell quality. (2) Methods: A total of 120 birds (six replications and 10 birds each) received diets with Mn, Zn, and Cu from organic or hydroxychloride sources during the rearing phase. After the onset of lay, birds were fed diets containing oxide/sulfate sources up to 50 weeks of age. (3) Results: no significant differences were observed in growth performance and tibia quality during the rearing phase (p > 0.05). From 18 to 24 weeks of age, no carryover effect on egg production performance was observed. However, from 25-50 weeks, pullets fed hydroxychloride sources showed lower feed intake and egg mass compared to the organic group (p < 0.05), whereas egg production and eggshell quality remained similar between groups (p > 0.05). (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest the potential of hydroxychloride sources in rearing diets without compromising overall growth in the pullet phase and feed efficiency in the laying cycle.

Fabrication of MnO2@Porous Carbons with High Energy and Power Density and Their Application in Supercapacitors

MnO2@PCs (porous carbons) exhibiting high energy and power density are utilized as supercapacitor electrodes and prepared by impregnating porous carbons (PCs) derived from coal tar pitch (CTP) with KMnO4 as the manganese source. This study systematically investigates the impact of MnO2 loading on the microstructure and electrochemical performance in sample. It is found that the specific surface areas (SSA) of all MnO2@PCs significantly reduced compared to that of the PCs 2789 m2 g−1. The suggested mechanism might be a combination of the energy storage mechanism of dual layer capacitors with pseudo‐capacitance due to redox reactions of MnO2. Notably, MnO2@PCs‐0.0075 exhibits a maximum SSA of 1454.62 m2 g−1. Its specific capacitance reached 561 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, while the capacitance of the PCs increased by 81.5% to 309 F g−1. Remarkably, the Coulombic efficiency remained at 100%. The power density and energy density are determined in a two‐electrode test system to be 0.5 kW kg−1 and 58.01 Wh kg−1, respectively, at 0.5 A g−1. Concluding from these results and related literature, the MnO2 content significantly influences the electrochemical performance, suggesting that MnO2@PCs‐0.0075 could be a promising supercapacitor (SC) electrode material, provided its capacitance retention is enhanced.

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS AND MINERAL PROFILE OF TARO (Colocasia esculenta) IN EMBU, KENYA

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background.&lt;/strong&gt; Taro (&lt;em&gt;Colocasia esculenta&lt;/em&gt;) is one of the underutilized crops in Kenya, grown under a wide range of environmental and edaphic conditions. This crop has exceptional dietary value and numerous culinary applications due to its edible leaves and corms. However, the mineral nutrient composition of taro in Kenya is still not well known due to a lack of scientific information concerning production. &lt;strong&gt;Objective. &lt;/strong&gt;To determine the proximate composition and mineral profile of taro under different watering regimes and planting densities in Embu, Kenya. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology.&lt;/strong&gt; A study was conducted at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) – Embu Research Centre, during the long rains (LR) 2021, and short rains (SR) 2021/2022. A factorial experiment with a split-plot layout arranged in a completely randomized block design was adopted. The watering regimes (100 %, 60 %, and 30 % based on the field capacity (FC)) were the main factor while the sub-factor was the planting density, with three replications. The planting densities used were 0.5 m × 0.5 m (40,000 plants ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), 1 m × 0.5 m (20,000 plants ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), and 1 m × 1 m (10,000 plants ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), representative of high, medium, and low planting densities respectively. Proximate analysis and mineral content were determined. &lt;strong&gt;Results.&lt;/strong&gt; Significant differences (&lt;em&gt;P &amp;lt; 0.05&lt;/em&gt;) in seasons were noted for protein, fibre, potassium, calcium, sodium, and zinc in the taro corms. The high carbohydrate content observed in this study (35 – 39 %) indicates that taro tubers are a good source of nutritional energy. Potassium (&amp;gt; 5000 mg kg &lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and magnesium (&amp;gt; 1000 mg kg &lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) were the most prevalent mineral elements in taro corms and leaves, with copper (&amp;lt; 25 mg kg &lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) being the least prevalent. &lt;strong&gt;Implications.&lt;/strong&gt; Consumption of nutrient-rich foods such as taro helps the body to utilize the necessary nutrients to combat malnutrition and promote food security in rural communities. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion.&lt;/strong&gt; Taro leaves can be recommended as leafy vegetables as they are good sources of potassium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, and zinc; and the corms have low fat and protein content, high calorific energy, and high carbohydrate content. Taro represents one of the main sources of energy in many parts of the tropics and its production can be recommended in sub-humid areas in Kenya.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Sources and Treatment Methods of Excessive Manganese Ion in Groundwater in A Certain Area

Trace element manganese is an essential element for human body, but the high concentration of manganese will adversely affect human health and all aspects of daily production and life. Elevated levels of manganese directly affect the color of the water, making it more prone to discoloration when used to wash clothes or dishes. Prolonged exposure to this water may cause organ damage. The groundwater in the study area is sampled and tested, and the test data is analyzed. The main results are as follows: the groundwater manganese ions in the study area exceed the standard, and the concentration of manganese ions in the southwest mountainous area is higher than that in other areas. In southwest China, due to the planting of a large number of tea trees, the main source of manganese in groundwater is manganese-containing fertilizer, and sewage recovery and treatment should be considered in combination with slope rainwater recovery equipment. In other fields, the manganese in groundwater is mainly from domestic sewage. The combined treatment of manganese ions in groundwater by chemical method and contact oxidation method is considered.

Optical Information Transmission and Multimode Fluorescence Anticounterfeiting of Ca2-xMgxGe7O16:Mn2.

Multimode emission of Mn2+ for multimode fluorescence anticounterfeiting is achieved by cation site and interstitial occupancy in Ca2-xMgxGe7O16. The rings in Ca2-xMgxGe7O16 have a significant distortion for Mn2+ ions to enter the ring interstitials with a luminescence center at 665 nm, which is supported by XRD refinement results and first-principles calculations. The interstitial Mn2+ ion has good thermal stability with an activation energy of 0.36 eV. Surprisingly, these two luminescence centers, the cation site Mn and the interstitial Mn, have an obvious afterglow, and the disappearing afterglow will reappear by heating or irradiating with the 980 nm laser. The afterglow is significantly enhanced, as MnO2 is used as the manganese source, which is explained in detail by the thermal luminescence spectrum. Finally, Ca2-xMgxGe7O16:Mn2+ fully demonstrates its excellent prospects in fluorescent anticounterfeiting, information encryption, and optical information storage.

Use of plant extracts in fabricating manganese-based film electrode for capacitor

The possibility of using plant extracts to fabricate manganese-based film electrode for capacitor was explored in this study. This was achieved by using manganese sulfate as the source of manganese as well as triethylenetetramine (TETA) and extracts from pineapple leaf (ananas comosus), hibiscus rosa leaf, and ginger root (zingiber Officinale) to prepare the ink. During the experimentation, it was discovered that the application of different plant extract solutions led to the production of several manganese oxides. Moreover, electrode fabricated from Mn-TETA-GE had different forms of MnO, Mn2O3, and Mn3O4 as well as the highest average specific capacitance of 38 F g−1 which was almost a steady value. The results also showed that the presence of gingerol in the ginger extract solution led to the reduction of manganese ion to Mn. Furthermore, the oxidation state of Mn was varied to Mn2+ and Mn3+ due to the acidic condition of gingerol content. The variation of manganese oxide was not found to be significant in film electrode fabricated using hibiscus rosa and pineapple extracts. This confirmed that gingerol had the potential to be applied in fabricating electrode for capacitor.

Comparative efficacy of hydroxychloride and organic sources of zinc, copper, and manganese on egg production and concentration of trace minerals in eggs, plasma, and excreta in female broiler breeders from 42 to 63 weeks of age

Comparative efficacy of hydroxychloride (HC) and organic (OR) sources of Zn, Cu and Mn on performance of broiler breeders (BB) between 42 and 63 weeks of age (WOA) was investigated. A total of 408 ♀ Ross 708 and 48 ♂ Yield Plus cockerels were placed in pens (17 ♀ and 2 ♂) housed in 2 rooms (12 pens/room) and allocated to one of 2 diets in a completely randomized block design (n=12). The diets had similar nutrient specifications but differed in Zn, Cu, and Mn sources: 1) HO, a blend of 80% HC and 20% OR sources, and 2) OR, 100% OR sources. Birds were fed and managed according to breeder guidelines. The egg count was recorded daily and categorized as normal or abnormal. Egg yolk color, albumen height, Haugh unit, eggshell thickness, and eggshell breaking strength were assessed every 4 wk. Individual hen body weight (BW) was recorded at 5-wk intervals to determine BW uniformity. At 52 and 63 WOA, the eggs and excreta samples were collected. At the end of the trial, 4 hens per pen were bled for plasma concentration of trace minerals and organs (liver, gizzard, spleen, kidney, and thymus) weight. There were no interactions between source and age on any parameters (P > 0.05). There were no main effects of source on egg production, eggshell quality, BW, and organs weight (P > 0.05). Hens fed HO diets had darker yolk compared to those fed OR diets (P = 0.014). The concentration of Zn in the eggs of OR BB was higher (P = 0.022) than for HO birds. However, there were no dietary effects on the concentration of trace minerals in the egg, plasma, and excreta (P > 0.05). The results indicated that a mixture of HC and O as sources for Zn, Cu, and Mn was as effective as OR sources in supporting egg production, egg quality, and trace mineral utilization in broiler breeders.