Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Synthesis, Characterization, and Toxicity Assessment of Zinc Oxide-Doped Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles in a Macrophage Model.

The doping of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is a key tool for manipulating the properties of ENMs (e.g., electromagnetic, optical, etc.) for different therapeutic applications. However, adverse health outcomes and the cellular biointeraction of doped ENMs, compared to undoped counterparts, are not fully understood. Previously, we have shown that doping manganese oxide nanoparticles with ZnO (ZnO-MnO2 NPs) improved their catalytic properties. In this study, we assessed the toxicity of ZnO-MnO2 NPs in Raw 264.7 cells. NPs were prepared via an eco-friendly, co-precipitation method and characterized by several techniques, including transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared. The physicochemical properties of ZnO-MnO2 NPs, including size, morphology, and crystalline structure, were almost identical to MnO2 NPs. However, ZnO-MnO2 NPs showed slightly larger particle aggregates and negative charge in cell culture media. Exposure to ZnO-MnO2 NPs resulted in lower toxicity based on the cell viability and functional assay (phagocytosis) data. Exposure to both NPs resulted in the activation of the cell inflammatory response and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite this, exposure to ZnO-MnO2 NPs was associated with a lower toxicity profile, and it resulted in a higher ROS burst and the activation of the cell antioxidant system, hence indicating that MnO2 NP-induced toxicity is potentially mediated via other ROS-independent pathways. Furthermore, the cellular internalization of ZnO-MnO2 NPs was lower compared to MnO2 NPs, and this could explain the lower extent of toxicity of ZnO-MnO2 NPs and suggests Zn-driven ROS generation. Together, the findings of this report suggest that ZnO (1%) doping impacts cellular biointeraction and the consequent toxicological outcomes of MnO2 NPs in Raw 264.7 cells.

Characterization and Cellular Toxicity Studies of Commercial Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles.

Manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnOx NPs) are finding applications in several environmentally important areas such as farming and energy storage. MnOx NPs span a range of metal oxidation states that open up a wide range of applications in catalysis as well. As a result, it is important to understand how such materials can impact human health through incidental exposure. In this study, we examined a range of commercially available Mn2O3 NPs and compared our characterization data to those supplied by manufacturers. Discrepancies were noted and then measured values were used to assess the biological impact of these materials on three mammalian cell lines-A549, HepG2 and J774A.1 cells. Cell toxicity assays showed that all Mn2O3 particles exhibited cytotoxic effects that may be correlated, at least in part, to the production of reactive oxygen species. All eight nanoforms also activated caspase 3 but not caspase 1, although the magnitude of these changes varied greatly between materials.

Use of manganese oxide nanoparticle (MnO2 NPs) and Pseudomonas putida for the management of wilt disease complex of carrot

Wilt disease complex of carrot is caused by Ralstonia solancearum and Meloidogyne incognita and is responsible for considerable yield loss. Manganese oxide nanoparticle (MnO2 NPs) and Pseudomonas putida were used alone and in combination for the management of wilt disease complex. In vitro, MnO2 NPs 0.10 g.L-l caused 49.36% reduction in hatching and 14.23% mortality of second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita while paper disc dipped in MnO2 NPs suspension caused 0.51 mm inhibition zone around R. solanacearum in nutrient agar medium. Inoculation of P. putida to plants with pathogens caused a similar increase in plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents as caused by foliar spray with 0.10 g.L−1 MnO2 NPs. Use of P. putida with NPs foliar spray to plants with pathogens caused a greater increase in plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents than with P. putida or NPs foliar spray. Inoculation of M. incognita/R. solanacearum/M. incognita plus R. solanacearum/P. putida/MnO2 NPs and MnO2 NPs plus P. putida caused increase in proline contents. Root colonization by P. putida was reduced in plants with test pathogens. Foliar application of MnO2 NPs and P. putida reduce wilt disease indices. Galling and populations of M. incognita was also reduced in plants co-inoculated with R. solanacearum. The greatest reduction in nematode populations and galling was observed in plants with NPs spray together with P. putida. Principal component analysis demonstrated a clear influence of NPS and P. putida and their combination on various studied parameters in diseased plants.

Antimicrobial activities of copper and manganese oxide nanoparticles against pathogens of tomato plants

Antimicrobial activities of copper and manganese oxide nanoparticles against pathogens of tomato plants

Nano-sized metal oxide fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: balancing benefits, risks, and risk management strategies.

This critical review comprehensively analyses nano-sized metal oxide fertilizers (NMOFs) and their transformative potential in sustainable agriculture. It examines the characteristics and benefits of different NMOFs, such as zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, calcium, titanium, cerium, and silicon oxide nanoparticles. NMOFs offer unique advantages such as increased reactivity, controlled-release mechanisms, and targeted nutrient delivery to address micronutrient deficiencies, enhance crop resilience, and improve nutrient efficiency. The review underscores the essential role of micronutrients in plant metabolism, crop growth, and ecosystem health, highlighting their importance alongside macronutrients. NMOFs present significant benefits over traditional fertilizers, including enhanced plant uptake, reduced nutrient losses, and decreased environmental impact. However, the review also critically examines potential risks associated with NMOFs, such as nanoparticle toxicity and environmental persistence. A comparative analysis of different metal types used in nanofertilizers is provided, detailing their primary advantages and potential drawbacks. The review emphasizes the need for cautious management of NMOFs to ensure their safe and effective use in agriculture. It calls for comprehensive research to understand the long-term effects of NMOFs on plant health, soil ecosystems, and human health. By integrating insights from material science, plant biology, and environmental science, this review offers a holistic perspective on the potential of NMOFs to address global food security challenges amid resource constraints and climate change. The study concludes by outlining future research directions and advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance sustainable agricultural practices and optimize the benefits of NMOFs.

Natural cobalt–manganese oxide nanoparticles: speciation, detection and implications for cobalt cycling

Natural cobalt–manganese oxide nanoparticles: speciation, detection and implications for cobalt cycling

Oxidase-like manganese oxide nanoparticles: a mechanism of organic acids/aldehydes as electron acceptors and potential application in cancer therapy.

Identifying the underlying catalytic mechanisms of synthetic nanocatalysts or nanozymes is important in directing their design and applications. Herein, we revisited the oxidation process of 4,4'-diamino-3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbiphenyl (TMB) by Mn3O4 nanoparticles and revealed that it adopted an organic acid/aldehyde-triggered catalytic mechanism at a weakly acidic or neutral pH, which is O2-independent and inhibited by the pre-addition of H2O2. Importantly, similar organic acid/aldehyde-mediated oxidation was applied to other substrates of peroxidase in the presence of nanoparticulate or commercially available MnO2 and Mn2O3 but not MnO. The selective oxidation of TMB by Mn3O4 over MnO was further supported by density functional theory calculations. Moreover, Mn3O4 nanoparticles enabled the oxidation of indole 3-acetic acid, a substrate that can generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen upon single-electron transfer oxidation, displaying potential in nanocatalytic tumor therapy. Overall, we revealed a general catalytic mechanism of manganese oxides towards the oxidation of peroxidase substrates, which could boost the design and various applications of these manganese-based nanoparticles.

The Effect of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on the Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles

In the context of growing antibiotic resistance and the associated side effects of traditional antibiotics, this research explores the use of nanosized manganese oxide (Mn3O4) as a novel antibacterial agent. This study pioneers the synthesis of Mn3O4 through an eco-friendly hydrothermal method, varying reaction times (2, 4 and 6 hours) at a consistent temperature of 180 °C. Characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy, provide insights into their crystallinity, functional groups and morphology. The synthesized Mn3O4 demonstrates remarkable antibacterial efficacy, with larger inhibition zones against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains compared to standard antibiotics. This research presents the synthesizing of an eco-friendly, cost-effective antibacterial agent through a straightforward hydrothermal method. Varying reaction times unveil distinctive antibacterial capabilities, making Mn3O4 a promising candidate for future antimicrobial systems and medical applications.

Different quantities of manganese oxide nanoparticles incorporated feed on the growth and haematological traits of common carp Cyprinus carpio var. communis

In recent times, nanoparticles have been used as raw ingredients for biofertilizers, mineral supplements in animal feed, and pharmaceuticals. Manganese plays a vital role in enhancing fish's growth and biological function. The present research work aimed to analyze the various quantities of manganese oxide nanoparticles on common carp growth and its haematological traits. Synthesized manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles were illustrated using UV-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X–Ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), X–Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Six different feeds were prepared by incorporating different quantities of manganese oxide nanoparticles (Feed I (control-0mg), Feed II(3mg/100g), Feed III(6mg/100g), Feed IV(9mg/100g), Feed V(12mg/100g), and Feed VI(15mg/100g)) with common ingredients such as groundnut oil cake, fish meal, tapioca flour, and wheat flour. On the completion of 21 days, feed utilization and haematological characteristics of Common carp were assessed. The UV-Vis showed that manganese oxide nanoparticles exhibit strong adsorption peaks at 220nm. SEM image observed at the wavelength range from 9.22 nm to 9.35 nm. The size of the particles was in the 45-55 nm range. The EDAX spectrum recorded two peaks between 0.40 and 6 kev. The XRD graph shows that the diffraction peaks are indexed as 103, 004, 213, 204, 303, and 215. FT-IR spectrum measured at the wavelength range from 500-4000cm-1. Most of the growth parameters and haematological parameters were higher in feed III, containing 6mg of Manganese oxide nanoparticles. Therefore, results show that manganese oxide incorporated feed enhances the growth and haematological traits in common carp compared to control feed.

Design of metal oxide nanoparticles‐embedded polymeric nanocomposites for hydrogen peroxide chronoamperometric sensor

AbstractHere, we synthesized nanocomposites of poly(methyl methacrylate/N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate/acrylic acid) [poly(MMA/DMAEMA/AA)] incorporated with cadmium oxide (CdO), copper oxide (CuO), manganese oxide (MnO2), and selenium oxide (SeO2) nanoparticles via microemulsion polymerization. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, transmission electron microscope (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were utilized to determine and understand the physico‐chemical features of the polymers (MMA/DMAEMA/AA) and their embedded metal oxide (MO) nanoparticles. According to the TEM results, well‐defined nanospheres of the pure polymer and its composite were obtained in the range of 45–75 nm, respectively. The electrochemical characteristics of all CdO, CuO, MnO2, and SeO2‐based nanocomposites showed significant improvement, with capacitance values higher than those of the poly(MMA/DMAEMA/AA) nanosphere assemblies alone. Therefore, the nanocomposites were tested for direct hydrogen peroxide sensing along with direct transfer of electrons. The amperometry results showed a fast linear sensitivity in the range of 1–1000 μM with a lower detection limit of 0.03 μM. As a result, these materials could be recommended for battery storage and hydrogen peroxide sensing devices due to the significantly improved electrochemical properties offered by the synthesized nanocomposites.Highlights Microemulsion polymerization of nanocomposites incorporated with nanoparticles. The nanoparticles improve the nanocomposites' electro capacitance values. The developed nanocomposites exhibit supercapacitors and energy storage. The novel nanocomposites enable direct and fast hydrogen peroxide sensing.

Development of the supercapacitor efficiency of the two-dimensional graphene oxide decorated by nano magnetite through building novel nanocomposites using nanoparticles of cobalt, manganese, vanadium, and zirconium oxides

The targeting of the current work is enhancing the supercapacitor efficiency of the magnetite nanocomposite with graphene oxide (GO) nanostructure via the addition of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as cobalt, manganese, vanadium, and zirconium for building a novel nano combination. The sol/gel method is utilized to fabricate the nanocomposites, and the potentiostat device measures the electrochemical performances. The supercapacitors of the magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs that decorate the graphene oxide (GO) surface and the modified electrode building have been examined by different tests for supercapacitor applications, and are studied via the impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data that confirm the building progress of the electron transfer and surface structure that enable it to be a favorable candidate for supercapacitors applications. The areal capacitance (Carea) of NCPs was measured and presented at 622.65 mFcm−2 (GO@Fe3O4), 62.428 mFcm−2 (GO@ Fe3O4.Co3O4), 388.4 mFcm−2 (GO@ Fe3O4.Mn3O4), 851.1 mFcm−2 (GO@Fe3O4.V4O7), 966.4 mFcm−2 (GO@Fe3O4.ZrO2). The NCPs have capacitance values related to CPE (C = 9.404 nF/cm2), GO@Fe3O4 (C = 40.886 nF/cm2), GO@Fe3O4.Co3O4 (C = 13.17 nF/cm2), GO@Fe3O4.Mn3O4 (C = 17.56 nF/cm2), GO@Fe3O4.V4O7 (C = 126.9 nF/cm2), and GO@Fe3O4.ZrO2 (C = 183.6 nF/cm2). By adding cobalt, manganese, vanadium, and zirconium metal oxide NPs, the new building electrodes have capacitance at 13.17, 17.56, 183.6, and 126.9 nF/cm2, respectively. The capacitance retention finished at 100 cycles is recorded and exhibited good cycle stability. From the results, the fabricated NCPS electrodes are a promising candidate for supercapacitor manufacturing applications and other applications such as water treatment.

Remediation of wastewater by biosynthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles and its effects on development of wheat seedlings.

Nanoparticles play a vital role in environmental remediation on aglobal scale. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand to utilizenanoparticles in wastewater treatment due to their remarkable physiochemical properties. In the current study, manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) were synthesized from the Bacillus flexus strain and characterized by UV/Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of biosynthesized MnO-NPs to treat wastewater. Results showed the photocatalytic degradation and adsorption potential of MnO-NPs for chemical oxygen demand, sulfate, and phosphate were 79%, 64%, and 64.5%, respectively, depicting the potential of MnO-NPs to effectively reduce pollutants in wastewater. The treated wastewater was further utilized for the cultivation of wheat seedlings through a pot experiment. It was observed that the application of treated wastewater showed a significant increase in growth, physiological, and antioxidant attributes. However, the application of treated wastewater led to a significant decrease in oxidative stress by 40%. It can be concluded that the application of MnO-NPs is a promising choice to treat wastewater as it has the potential to enhance the growth, physiological, and antioxidant activities of wheat seedlings.

Sensitive and Selective Dual-Mode Responses to Reactive Oxygen Species by Chiral Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles for Antiaging Skin.

Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to oxidative stress and oxidative damage, which is one of the important factors for aging and age-related diseases. Therefore, real-time monitoring and the moderate elimination of ROS is extremely important. In this study, a ROS-responsive circular dichroic (CD) at 553nm and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dual-signals chiral manganese oxide (MnO2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) are designed and synthesized. Both the CD and MRI signals show excellent linear ranges for intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) concentrations, with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.0027nmol/106 cells and 0.016nmol/106 cells, respectively. The lower LOD achieved with CD detection may be attributable to its higher anti-interference capability from the intracellular matrix. Importantly, ROS-induced cell aging is intervened by chiral MnO2 NPs via redox reactions with excessive intracellular ROS. In vivo experiments confirm that chiral MnO2 NPs effectively eliminate ROS in skin tissue, reduce oxidative stress levels, and alleviate skin aging. This approach provides a new strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of age-related diseases.

Influence of Mg doping on the structural and optical properties of manganese oxide (Mn2O3) nanoparticles

The work presents here the synthesis of pristine manganese oxide (Mn2O3) nanoparticles and magnesium (Mg) doped Mn2O3nanoparticles with the help of the chemical co-precipitation method. We have investigated the influence of Mg doping (9 wt%, 12 wt%, and 15 wt%) on the optical and structural properties of Mn2O3. The structural properties of undoped and doped Mn2O3 nanoparticles have been studied using X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD). The numerous physiochemical bondings present within the prepared nanoparticles have been examined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Both photoluminescence (PL) and UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy have been used to investigate the optical characteristics. All the measurements are done at room temperature. All of the samples’ absorption spectra have been investigated within the wavelength range of 200 to 800 nm. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum for pristine Mn2O3 nanoparticles shows a sharp peak at 289 nm. We have further determined the band gap of the prepared samples using Tauc’s equation. The pristine Mn2O3 exhibits a direct bandgap of 4.04eV. At an excitation wavelength of 320 nm, the prepared samples’ emission spectra have also been recorded.

Effect of reducing agents on structural, morphological, optical and electrochemical properties of Mn2O3 nanoparticles by co-precipitation method

Abstract In this work, two different reducing agents namely sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide (NaOH and KMnO4) were used to synthesis of manganese oxide (Mn2O3) nanoparticles by the co-precipitation method and examined for the electrochemical applications. The as-prepared Mn2O3 nanoparticles using NaOH precursor, dried in a hot oven at 80 °C for 6 h (MN-1) and then annealed for 7 h at 600 °C (MN-2). Similarly, Mn2O3 nanoparticles were prepared using KMnO4 precursor, dried in a hot oven at 80 °C for 6 h (MK-1) and then annealed for 7 h at 450 °C (MK-2), respectively. The influences of reducing agents on structural, morphological and optical properties were investigated. The structural analysis revealed the prepared samples had tetragonal crystal structures with better crystallinity. FT-IR spectral analysis revealed the characteristic bonds of Mn–O–Mn were observed in the region of 486–573 cm−1. The FE-SEM and HR-TEM images showed coral-like and nanorod structures for samples MN-2 and MK-2, with exhibited lattice value of 0.27 nm related to the (222) plane. The presence of the elements manganese (Mn) and oxygen (O) was confirmed by EDAX mapping. The XPS study confirmed that the oxidation state of the prepared samples was +2. The UV-Vis spectra suggested that the adsorption edge was blue-shifted compared to the sample MN-2. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments demonstrated that charge storage in Mn2O3 exhibited faradic-dominated capacitive behavior. MN-2 nanorod structures were obtained at excellent specific capacitance value of 196 F g−1 compared to MK-2 nanoparticles. Based on this study, Mn2O3 nanoparticles was recommended as exceptional electrode materials for efficient supercapacitor applications due to its superior electrical conductivity, large surface area and redox properties.

Toxicity study of pro-angiogenic casein manganese oxide nanoparticles: an in vitro and in vivo approach

Recently, we have demonstrated casein manganese oxide nanoparticles (CMnNP) that exhibit pro-angiogenic property established through different in vitro and in vivo experiments. The CMnNP was explored for therapeutic angiogenesis for treatment of wounds and recovery of hindlimb ischemia in pre-clinical mouse prototypical. It is well known that to translate any therapeutic nanoparticle for future clinical applications, their biosafety evaluation in small and large animals is essential. Herein, in the current study, the biosafety and bioavailability of the CMnNP have been explored by a systematic toxicity profiling study in C57BL/6J mice model. Initially, the in vitro cytotoxic effects of CMnNP were validated in RAW 264.7 cells. Later, the CMnNP was administered intraperitoneally with different doses (50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg b.wt./day) at different time points of exposure (acute: 2 weeks, sub-chronic: 4 weeks as well as chronic exposure: 8 and 20 weeks) with reference to the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) of CMnNP as per the OECD guidelines. The blood hematological and serum biochemical parameters of CMnNP treatment groups indicate negligible changes similar to untreated group. The histopathological examination of CMnNP-treated vital organs (lung, spleen, liver, brain, kidney, and heart) illustrates no major changes even at higher doses. Further, the biodistribution and excretion study depicts normal clearance of CMnNP. Additionally, the serum cytokine levels were normal in the therapeutic dose of CMnNP. The results altogether indicate that the non-toxic nature of CMnNP makes them useful as future therapeutic angiogenic agent for the treatment of various diseases where angiogenesis plays an important role.

One-step process to obtain manganese-assisted laser-induced multi-layer graphene-like carbon supercapacitor

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology has made it possible to prepare graphene-based supercapacitors on a large scale and at low cost. However, the performance of graphene-based supercapacitors fabricated solely by laser still has a great potential for improvement. In this work, we obtained high-performance supercapacitors based on manganese-assisted laser-induced multi-layer graphene-like carbon (MLIGC) by a simple process. Poly-(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) papers treated with modifier (KMnO4) were used as substrates. Modifier not only deepened the cross-sectional carbonization and achieveed uniform dispersing of manganese oxide nanoparticles, but also changeed the surface properties of MLIGC. Benefit from the hybrid structure of manganese oxide nanoparticles uniformly dispersed inside multi-layer graphene-like carbon (LIGC) prepared by one-step laser process, the combination of electric double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance allows for a further breakthrough in capacity while maintaining excellent cycling stability. Specifically, the supercapacitors achieve an area capacity of 72.4 mF cm−2 at 0.2 mA cm−2, which is 25 times higher than the control. In addition to the significant capacity increase, the addition of the modifier also achieveed a significant impedance reduction (almost one ninth of the control) and demonstrateed excellent cycling stability (nearly 100 % capacity retention after 7500 cycles at 10 mA cm−2). More importantly, the method is simple, fast, low-cost and high-efficiency, which provides a new path for the large-scale preparation of planar carbon-based supercapacitors.

Anomalous Temperature-Induced Particle Size Reduction in Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles.

The intricate role of temperature in the structure-property relationship of manganese oxide nanoparticles (Mn3O4 NPs) remains an open question. In this study, we successfully synthesized Mn3O4 NPs using the hydrothermal method with two differing temperatures, namely, 90 and 150 °C. Interestingly, a smaller average particle size is found when Mn3O4 NPs are synthesized at 150 °C compared to 90 °C, corresponding to 46.54 and 63.37 nm, respectively. This was confirmed by the time variation of temperature setting of 150 °C where the size evolution was insignificant, indicating a competing effect of nucleation and growth particles. Under varying NaOH concentrations (2-6 M) at 150 °C, a reduction in the particle size is found at the highest NaOH concentration (6 M). The particle grows slightly, indicating that the growth state is dominant compared to the nucleation state at low concentrations of NaOH. This finding implies that the high nucleation rate originates from the excessive monomer supply in the high-temperature reaction. In terms of crystallinity order, the structural arrangement of Mn3O4 NPs (150 °C) is largely decreased; this is likely due to a facile redox shift to the higher oxidation state of manganese. In addition, the higher ratio of adsorbed oxygen and lattice oxygen in Mn3O4 NPs at 150 °C is indirectly due to the higher oxygen vacancy occupancies, which supported the crystallinity decrease. Our findings provide a new perspective on manganese oxide formation in hydrothermal systems.

A facile approach for the bio-fabrication of monometallic manganese oxide nano-catalyst for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of dyes and drug

The present work describes a green method based on the utilization of egg white for the preparation of manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles. The egg white liquid acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Morphological, physical, and optical properties were evaluated by UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, and XRD. MnO Nanoparticles have a particle size of 29 nm. Morphological studies show that synthesized nanoparticles exhibit a spherical shape. EDX spectrum shows the presence of distinct peaks of Mn and O atoms with the elemental composition of 50.43 % and 33.83 % respectively. The crystalline construction of nanoparticles was investigated using XRD analysis. To test the potential of these nanoparticles as photocatalysts for the breakdown of drugs and colors in industrial effluent, photocatalysis of the dyes Methylene Blue, Bromophenol Blue, and the antibiotic Moxifloxacin HCl was carried out under sunshine. Maximum degradation efficiency achieved was 92.75 %, 84.60 %, and 73.92 % respectively.

Deciphering MnOx nanoparticles: A comprehensive analysis reveals Mn2O3 as the most cytotoxic variant in cellular systems

Manganese oxides (MnOx) nanoparticles have gained significant attention in various applications, including catalysis, energy storage, and biomedicine. However, concerns regarding their potential cytotoxicity have raised questions about their safe use in biological systems. In this study, we present a comparative investigation of the cytotoxic effect of three different MnOx nanoparticles, namely Mn3O4, Mn5O8, and Mn2O3, to evaluate their potential impact on cellular health. The structure and morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The cytotoxicity potential was assessed using PC12 cell as a model system in terms of cell viability assay, lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, and glutathione (GSH) release assay. Significant variations in cytotoxicity were observed among the different MnOx nanoparticles. Mn2O3 nanoparticles exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, followed by Mn3O4 and Mn5O8 nanoparticles, respectively. These results underscore the importance of considering nanoparticle composition in assessing their safety for potential biological applications.