Mandibular Canine Index Research Articles

Analysing Cheiloscopic Pattern and Mandibular Canine Index for Gender Determination

Aim: To analyse the cheiloscopic pattern and mandibular canine index and assess their benefits for gender determination. Materials and methods: The study population comprised 100 subjects inclusive of 50 males and 50 females with an age range of 18-25 from Saveetha Dental College and Hospital. Lip print of each subject was obtained on a bond paper and analysed by Tsuchihashiclassification. Measurements made with a verniercalliperin mm at the contact point of mesiodistal width of the right and left canines and intercanine distance intraorally, and the mandibular canine index (MCI) was calculated. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The most predominant pattern in the entire study population was found to be Type I in females and Type IV in males with significant statistical values. It was also demonstrated that no two lip prints were found to match each other which proves that every individual has unique lip prints.Theintercanine distance, canine width, and canine index were greater in males compared to females indicating significant sexual dimorphism of mandibular canines. Conclusion: Significant sexual dimorphism occursin the pattern of mandibular canine among the males and females thereforecan be used to identify the gender of an individual.Among plethora methods of forensic identification, place for cheiloscopy is recommended within the scope of forensic odontology. Nevertheless, bigger representative sample with sturdy analytical tools can provide a necessary blueprint of human identification. The data of this study proves the occurrence of significant sexual dimorphism in mandibular canines. We can therefore, recommend the use of mandibular canine dimensions as an applicable and additional method for gender determination in human identification.

Assessment of Sexual Dimorphism of Teeth by Dental Indices

Background : Odontometry is an important parameter to demonstrate sexual dimorphism. Aim and Objective : The study aimed to assess the efficiency of dental indices in identifying sexual dimorphism in permanent human dentition. Material and Methods : Dental casts (n=101; 49 male and 52 female) were retrieved from the archives. The mesio-distal (MD) and bucco-lingual (BL) dimensions of the permanent teeth (from central incisor to second molar) were measured using digital Vernier Caliper. Crown area, crown module, crown index, incisor and canine index were calculated for each individual. Results and Conclusions :Sexual dimorphism in teeth are attributed to hormonal influence and Ychromosome. The BLdimension is less influenced by attrition compared to the MD dimension making it a better identifier. Discriminant function analysis showed MD dimension of mandibular left canine and crown index of right maxillary premolar as the most reliable predictors. Binary logistic regression analysis showed, the MD dimension of the lower left canine was the single best predictor of gender.

Sex estimation using the mandibular canine index components.

The mandibular canine index (MCI) has been described as a suitable methodology for sex estimation in forensic scenarios but there are contradictory reports about its accuracy. Moreover, the two mandibular canine teeth must be available, which is not always a viable option. The aim of this study was to strip the MCI by analyzing the MCI itself and its components, in order to optimize its use for sex estimation. The mesiodistal dimensions of the mandibular canine crown and the mandibular canine arch width were measured in a sample of 120 cast models. Five predictor variables were considered in this study: the standard MCI, a variation of the MCI using the left canine, and MCI components (MD43, MD33 and D33-43). Multivariate binary logistic regression was performed using stepwise forward approach to select the most statistical relevant variables on the probability of a cast being from a female. The estimated probability was then analyzed with respect to performance in sex classification (ROC analysis and optimal cut-offs accuracy) and compared with the performance of the univariate variables. MCI43 and MCI33 presented the lowest performance (64.2% and 63.3% respectively), and the highest overall accuracy was attained using the MD43 and MD33 (85.8% in both cases). The multivariate logistic model obtained (using MD43 and MD33) exhibited the same accuracy as the logistic model based solely on MD43 (85.8%). Our results suggest that MD43 should be used instead of MCI for sex estimation.

Mandibular Canine Index: A Reliable Sex Determinant –Original Research

Introduction: Forensic odontology is a unique discipline dealing with evidence related to dental and oral structures. Mandibular canines are considered to be an important aid for sex determination. The aim of this study was to analyse the role of mandibular canine index in sex determination of Mumbai city population. Materials and Methodology: This was a retrospective study done on the study models of 50 patients aged between 17 to 25 years old and equally distributed among both the sexes, whose treatment has been taken place in The Department of Orthodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai. Mesio-distal width of mandibular canines were measured using a digital Vernier calliper and mandibular canine index was calculated using standardized equation. Independent sample t-test was used and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) observed between right and left mandibular canine width and a significant difference between the right and left mandibular canine index between males and females. Conclusion: The present study verifies the fact that mandibular canine index can be used for sex determination in the population of Mumbai city and can form basis for forensic investigations. Key-words: Canine index, Sex determination, Forensic odontology

Sex determination using cheiloscopy and mandibular canine index as a tool in forensic dentistry

Identification of a person's individuality and sex determination are important for legal as well as identification purposes. The aim of the present study was to check the reliability of cheiloscopy and mandibular canine index (MCI) in the determination of sex in an individual. The aim of this study is to analyze different lip patterns reproduced by the natural dye (vermilion) and lysochrome (Sudan Black II) dyes and to compare the MCI in males and females for the determination of sex and to check the reliability of cheiloscopy and MCI for the same. Latent lip prints were developed using natural dye (vermilion) and lysochrome (Sudan Black II) dyes and their patterns categorized according to Tsuchihashi's classification. MCI were calculated. Analysis of the two was performed. According to discriminant functional analysis, percentage accuracy for cheiloscopy in the determination of sex was found to be 55% while for MCI, the same value was 85%. Natural dye (vermilion) was found as an efficient dye compared to lysochrome (Sudan Black II) dyes for the development of latent lip prints. Both the dyes showed Type I lip print pattern to be common in males and females. Furthermore, all the parameters in MCI were found to be significant in the determination of sex in an individual. The results of the present study revealed MCI to be more reliable in the determination of sex than cheiloscopy.

Correlative study on lip prints, fingerprints, and mandibular intercanine distance for gender determination.

Context:“Identity” is a set of physical characteristics, functional or psychic, normal or pathological, that defines an individual. Identification of an individual is a crucial and an exigent task in forensic investigation.Aims:The aim of the present pilot study was to investigate the accuracy of various methods employed in gender determination such as lip prints, mandibular canine index (MCI), fingerprints, and correlation between them.Subjects and Methods:The pilot study group consisted of 300 samples aged between 18 and 25 years. Lip prints, fingerprints, and impressions of lower mandibular arches were collected.Statistical Analysis Used:The results were analyzed using Chi-square test for lip prints and fingerprints with an independent sample t-test for the MCI. Intergroup comparison between the parameters was analyzed by ANNOVA test.Results:Type II lip print pattern and loop pattern of fingerprints were the predominant patterns in both males and females, and mesiodistal width of right MCI has greater sexual dimorphism than left MCI.Conclusions:Although lip prints, fingerprints, and MCI had their own specifications, correlation of the three parameters did not show any significance.

Comparison of cheiloscopy, odontometric, and facial index for sex determination in forensic dentistry.

Background:The “gender determination” which is an important human identification procedure not only helps in establishing the biological profile from skeletal and dental remains but also in facial reconstruction of unidentified victims.Aim:The aim of this study is to analyze predominant types of lip prints (cheiloscopy), accuracy of mandibular canine index (MCI) (odontometric), and facial index in the study population and to identify whether any correlation among the above parameters could help forensic dentistry in solving crimes.Materials and Methods:A pilot study was conducted in 100 individuals, 50 males and 50 females aged between 20 and 25 years. For each individual, the lip prints, MCI, and facial index measurements were recorded on the same day analyzed by two observers. All the analysis was done using SPSS version 14 assessed using t-test and Chi-square test.Results:Type II pattern of lip prints is observed as common pattern among male and female. There is no significant difference in Odontometric analysis. The mean value of facial index analysis in both genders shows highly significant.Conclusion:A large-scale study is required in order to validate our results to arrive at definitive results and value.

Mandibular Canine Index(McI) Not an Accurate Tool for Gender Identification: Results from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mandibular Canine Index(McI) Not an Accurate Tool for Gender Identification: Results from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mandibular canine: A tool for sex identification in forensic odontology.

Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of mandibular canine index (MCI) and mandibular mesiodistal odontometrics in sex identification in the age group of 17–25 years in central Indian population.Materials and Methods:The study sample comprised total 300 individuals (150 males and 150 females) of an age group ranging from 17 to 25 years of central Indian population. The maximum mesiodistal diameter of mandibular canines, the linear distance between the tips of mandibular canines, was measured using digital vernier caliper on the study models.Results:Overall sex could be predicted accurately in 79.66% (81.33% males and 78% females) of the population by MCI. Whereas, considering the mandibular canine width for sex identification, the overall accuracy was 75% for the right mandibular canine and 73% for the left mandibular canine observed.Conclusion:Sexual dimorphism of canine is population specific, and among the Indian population, MCI and mesiodistal dimension of mandibular canine can aid in sex determination.

Mandibular canine index: A study for gender determination in Gandhinagar population.

Introduction:One of the important pieces of information gathered from tooth analysis is the sex of an individual. In most human living populations, mandibular canines show the greatest dimorphism and greatest dimensional differences between males and females. In view of these facts, the aim of this study was to establish the standard mandibular canine index (MCI) and estimate the sexual dimorphism in the population of Gandhinagar district of Gujarat state.Materials and Methods:The study consisted of 400 subjects, 200 males and 200 females in the age group of 20–40 years. The mesiodistal (MD) width of the right and left canine and the intercanine distance were measured. These values were used to derive the MCI and establish the amount of sexual dimorphism exhibited by the mandibular canine.Results:The MD crown width of the permanent mandibular right and left canines as well as mandibular intercanine distance of the males was found to be larger in size than in the females. The right mandibular canine exhibited 8.42% of sexual dimorphism while the left mandibular canine exhibited 8.40% of sexual dimorphism. The intercanine distance showed 2.75% of sexual dimorphism. The value of standard MCI derived using the formula devised by Rao et al. was 0.254 mm for the population residing in the Gandhinagar district.Conclusion:The present study supports the usefulness of the MCI in gender determination. The method of using mandibular canine indices is advantageous as it is easy, rapid, and cost-effective, requires no elaborate apparatus, and is suited for situations where large a number of samples have to be analyzed.

Determination of Sex from Mandibular Canine Index in Delhi Population

Determination of Sex from Mandibular Canine Index in Delhi Population

Significance of mandibular canine index in sexual dimorphism and aid in personal identification in forensic odontology.

Background:Forensic odontology is basically the science dealing with establishing identity by teeth and has played an important, often crucial, role in the identification of victims of mass disasters. Among all teeth, the mandibular canines are found to exhibit greatest sexual dimorphism. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of mandibular canine index (MCI) in the determination of sex.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 62 subjects (31 males, 31 females). Mesiodistal diameter of mandibular canines was measured with the help of digital Vernier calipers. Intercanine distance was measured with the help of a divider. The standard MCI value is used as a cut off point to differentiate males from females. Statistical analysis was done using t-test.Results:The width of mandibular canine was higher in males than in females, which was statistically significant. The left canine is found to exhibit greater sexual dimorphism, i.e., 7.62% as compared with right canine, i.e., 6.85%. The calculated standard MCI for both male and female was 0.247. With these calculations, the overall percentage of sex determination was 79.03%.Conclusion:The ability to determine gender using Standard MCI was estimated to be 73.33% in males and 80% in females. It was concluded that with standard MCI, it was possible to detect sex for forensic purposes.

Applicability of odontometric dimensions and indices in sexual dimorphism among Nalgonda population.

Background:Teeth morphology varies among different population groups as they are exposed to various environmental conditions. Teeth being the most stable and hard tissue, human identification can be made when the other tissues are unavailable. Odontometric analysis can be considered for anthropological and forensic investigations.Aim:The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of odontometric mesiodistal (MD) width dimensions and indices in sexual dimorphism among Nalgonda population.Materials and Methods:A total of 180 ideal study dental models of patients between the age range of 18 and 25 years were collected from the Department of Orthodontics. Selection criteria include teeth with Class I molar and canine relation, free of anomalies, or caries. Maximum MD widths of all teeth and arch parameters (intercanine width, interpremolar width, and intermolar width) were measured and incisor index, canine index, premolar index, and molar index were calculated. Sexual dimorphism was calculated using Garn and Lewis equation.Statistical Analysis:The recorded data were subjected to statistical analysis using independent unpaired t-test.Results and Conclusion:Mandibular canines followed by maxillary canines showed greater sexual dimorphism among all teeth. Maxillary right canine index, mandibular left canine index, maxillary right incisor index, inter premolar and intermolar widths showed statistically significant difference between males and females (P < 0.05). The results of this study revealed significant sexual dimorphism with the use of odontometric dimensions, canine index, incisor index, and arch parameters. These parameters could be used as adjunctive aids by the forensic expertise in human identification.

Role of mandibular canine in sex determination

Objective: To establish the effectiveness of mandibular canine index in predicting sex in rajasthan population. Materials and Methods: 100 subjects belonging to rajesthan population (50 males; 50 females) in the age group of 17-25 yrs were included. Impressions were made with alginate and study models prepared with dental stone and living subjects Maximum mesiodistal diameter of mandibular canines and the linear distance between tips of mandibular canines were measured using a Vernier caliper. Observed mandibular canine index (MCIo) and standerd MCI was calculated as the ratio between the maximum mesiodistal width of mandibular canine and canine arc width. Results: Left canine exhibited greater sexual dimorphism i.e. 9.05% as compared with right canine i.e. 8.782%. Sex could be predicted correctly in approximately 80% of subjects examined. Conclusion: With the standard MCI it was possible to detect sex in the population of rajesthan to an extent of about 72%. Hence it is considered as a quick, easy and reproducible method for determining the sex of an individual.

Gender determination: Role of lip prints, finger prints and mandibular canine index

Personal identification has a pivotal role in forensic investigations. Gender determination is an essential step in personal identification. Despite the advent of advanced techniques such as DNA fingerprinting, methods such as lip print and fingerprint analysis and mandibular canine index calculations are routinely used in gender determination, as they are simple and cost-effective. The present study investigated the hypothesis that lip print analysis is an effective tool in gender determination compared with fingerprint analysis and the mandibular canine index. The predominant patterns of lip prints and fingerprints were analyzed in males and females, and the efficacy of the mandibular canine index in gender determination was evaluated. The study group comprised 50 students, 25 males and 25 females who were 18-25 years of age. Lip prints and fingerprints were obtained and classified according to Tsuchihashi's classification and Kücken and Newell's classification, respectively. Mandibular impressions were made and the mandibular canine index was calculated. Type I and Type I' lip prints were predominant in females, and Type IV lip prints were predominant in males. The analysis of fingerprints revealed that the loop fingerprint pattern was predominant in both males and females. The mandibular canine index was not found to be significant in gender identification. The predominant patterns of lip prints were distinct for males and females; conversely, fingerprints were demonstrated to be similar in both genders. Therefore, lip prints hold an increased potential for gender determination, as compared with fingerprints, and the mandibular canine index is not a reliable indicator of gender.

Mandibular canine index, palatine rugae pattern and cheiloscopy as a predictor in sex determination: A Comparative Study

Introduction: Role of forensic odontologists is very important in identification of individuals in medico-legal cases and mass disaster calamities. Mandibular canine index, rugoscopy and cheiloscopy can play an important part in individual identification. This study was carried out to evaluate the significance of mandibular canine index, Rugoscopy and Cheiloscopy in sex determination. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on 300 subjects, out of which 150 males and 150 females were selected from patients reporting the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Impressions of maxillary and mandibular arches were taken. The width of the canine and the intercanine distance were measured with digital vernier calipers, patterns of rugae were noted and impressions of lip prints were taken using lip color from every person. Results: Mandibular canine index, Rugoscopy and different lip print patterns showed statistical significance in evaluating sex of a particular person. Conclusion: This study showed that all three methods are reliable for sex determination. However, according to our study cheiloscopy was the better predictor of sex than the mandibular canine indices and palatal rugoscopy. It can be considered as a fairly predictable tool for sex determination in forensic odontology. Keywords: Rugoscopy, Cheiloscopy, Mandibular canine index, Gender determination, Forensic odontology

Mandibular canine dimensions as an aid in gender estimation.

Background:All humans have an identity in life; compassionate societies require this identity to be recognized even after death.Objectives:To measure the dimensions of the mandibular canine and assess the usefulness of the mandibular canine as an aid in gender estimation.Materials and Methods:The study population comprised 200 subjects inclusive of 100 males and 100 females with an age range of 18–25 years. Measurements made in mm at the contact point were of mesiodistal width of the right and left canines and intercanine distance both intraorally and on casts, and the mandibular canine index (MCI) was calculated. The obtained data were subjected to t-test/Mann-Whitney test and discriminant function analysis.Results:All parameters of mandibular canines, namely, intercanine distance, canine width, and canine index were greater in males compared to females suggesting significant sexual dimorphism of mandibular canines. On subjecting the data to discriminant function analysis, it classified sex correctly in 73% of the samples.Conclusion:The result of our study establishes the existence of significant sexual dimorphism in mandibular canines. We can therefore, recommend the use of mandibular canine dimensions as an applicable and additional method for gender determination in human identification.

Crown size and arch width dimension as an indicator in gender determination for a Puducherry population.

Introduction:Tooth morphometry is resistant to postmortem destruction and can be used as an adjunct in skeletal sex and age determination. Therefore, an attempt was made to compare mandibular canine index (MCI) and Pont's index for their level of accuracy in gender determination for a Puducherry population.Aims and Objectives:To evaluate crown size and arch width dimension for the Puducherry population using MCI and Pont's index. To compare the MCI and Pont's index, for the level of accuracy in gender determination and to validate its use as a forensic tool.Materials and Methods:One hundred and six participants (53 males and 53 females) in the age group of 18–25 years of the Puducherry population were included in the study. Their MCI and Pont's index were recorded.Results:The data obtained were subjected to paired t-test analysis. It was observed that right MCI was most accurate and molar index was least accurate in sex determination.Conclusion:MCI and Pont's index showed significant sexual dimorphism. They can be used as an adjunct to other tools for sex determination and identification of the person for the Puducherry population.

Use of mandibular canine index as a tool in gender dimorphism: A phenotypic study

Introduction: The role of human dentition in gender dimorphism can be investigated owing to its resistance against peri and postmortem insults. Hence, it forms an excellent tool for forensic, genetic, odontological and anthropological investigations. Among all the teeth, the mandibular canines are found to exhibit the greatest gender dimorphism. Aim: To determine a method of diagnosing gender from the dentition in a population of Ghailla village, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: Intercanine distance and widths of both right and left mandibular canine were measured intraorally and on the dental casts of the same individuals followed by mandibular canine index calculation. Results: In the female group, the mesiodistal (MD) width was less than 7 mm in the majority of individuals. It was also interpreted that the left canine was found to exhibit greater gender dimorphism. The reliability with regards to gender was 76.6% for males and 73.3% for females. The standard value of mandibular canine index was (0.35); hence, numerical quantities above this value belonged to the masculine sex and below this value belonged to the feminine sex. Conclusion: The left canine was found to exhibit greater gender dimorphism. Whenever the width of either canine was greater than 7 mm, the probability of gender being male was 100% in the present study.

Sexual Dimorphism of Mandibular Canine in South Indian population

Sexual dimorphism refers to the differences in size, stature and appearance between male and female, since no two mouths are alike. Teeth are the hardest and chemically the most stable tissues found in the body, are known to resist postmortem, mechanical, chemical, physical and thermal types of destruction. To determine sexual dimorphism of mandibular canine in south Indian population, the present study was conducted on 60 subjects. (male–30, female-30). The mean mesiodistal width of right and left mandibular canines are significantly different in males and females. The t value for mesiodistal width of right mandibular canine is more than the left mandibular canine. Mandibular canine index for right and left canines were also found to be significantly different in male and female. Sexual dimorphism was calculated and left mandibular canine was found to be more dimorphic than right mandibular canine. This study conclusively establishes that there is definite statistically significant sexual dimorphism in mandibular canines in South Indian population