Mandatory Service Research Articles

From civilian service to military service: what led policy-makers to remove nursing care from field units of the Israeli defense force (IDF) and return it later?

BackgroundFrom the very onset, Israeli military nurses served in supporting positions on the front lines, shoulder to shoulder with men. When the IDF was established in 1948, nurses were sent to serve near areas of conflict and were not included in compulsory military service in field units. Once the military hospitals were closed in 1949, nursing in the Medical Corps lost a clear military purpose, and its main contribution was in the civilian arena. From 1949 until 2000, most recruited military nurses operated their mandatory service mainly in a civilian framework according to the integration agreement between the ministry of defense to the ministry of health. Between 2000 to 2018, military nurses served at home front military clinics and in headquarters jobs at the Medicine Corps. In2018, the Medical Corps decided to integrate military nurses into the Israeli military service in order to cope with the shortage of military physicians, among other things, and ensure appropriate availability of medical and health services for military units.. This study examines, for the first time, the considerations that led to the closure of military hospitals and the transfer of the military service of nurses in the IDF to the Ministry of Health in 1949 and the decision in 2018 to return the military nurses to the field’s military battalions.MethodsThe study was based on an analysis of documents from the IDF archives, the Israeli parliament archive, the David Ben-Gurion archive, articles from periodical newspapers, and interviews with nurses and partners in the Israeli Medical Corps.ResultsDuring almost 70 years, Israeli military nursing’s main contribution was to the civilian hospitals. The return of nursing care to the IDF field units in recent years intended to supplement the medicine corps demands in field units by placing qualified academic nurses.ConclusionsThe removal of nursing care from the IDF field units was provided as a response to the needs of the health demands of the emerging state. Until 2018 there was no significant need for military nurses except in emergency time. This is in contrast to other military nursing units.

The political economy of voluntary public service

We characterize the voluntary public service policy that minimizes the expected cost of delivering a public service (e.g., jury or military service). We then examine whether a majority rule voting procedure will implement the voluntary public service policy (VPS) whenever it entails lower expected cost than mandatory public service (MPS). We find that majority rule often favors MPS in the sense that majority rule implements MPS when VPS would secure the requisite public service at lower expected cost.

A National Reckoning: Israeli Soldiers’ Depictions of Wartime Trauma in Autobiographical Graphic Novels

The following paper analyses Ari Folman’s 2009 graphic novel Waltz with Bashir and Galit and Gilad Seliktar’s short graphic narrative ‘Houses’. Each presents a visualization of an Israeli soldier forced to bear witness to a morally compromising event during their mandatory national service. The texts, while written within the last decade, depict wars from the 1980s and 1990s. Their narratives differ from the state-sanctioned versions of Israel’s military as an army that always behaves morally. The works present an alternate narrative in which, at times, Israeli soldiers are expected to participate in immoral actions and that there is a lasting on their mental health. Additionally, when considered together, the two paint a portrait of an Israeli society that has not adequately responded to the strained emotions of segments of its population or found ways to bring these soldiers’ feelings of self-doubt and self-recrimination into the national narrative of wartime experiences.

Yah’s Exemplary Soldiers: African Hebrew Israelites in the Israel Defense Forces

This article considers the process of identity formation among soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) who were born into the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem (AHIJ), more commonly known as the Black Hebrews. The AHIJ are a sect of African Americans who began settling in Israel in 1969 and who identify as direct descendants of the Biblical Israelites. Due to the group’s insular nature, the IDF is the primary state institution in which they fully participate, and their mandatory service is a source of both pride and consternation for community members and leaders. Considering the personal experiences of 14 African Hebrew soldiers who enlisted between 2009 and 2010, the article argues that while the soldiers by and large maintain their distinctive identity during the course of their service, they also internalize some of the language, attitudes, and cultural touchstones of the majority Israeli Jewish population. As a result, they experience a kind of “double consciousness”, the feeling of dislocation first described by the African American scholar W. E. B. Du Bois at the turn of the twentieth century.

Public Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities for Strategic Sustainable Domestic Water Management. A Case of Iringa Region In Tanzania

Water supply is a mandatory service for the majority from respective legal public water utilities, and its sustainability reflects implementations of best management strategies at a local level. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess current approaches used in water quality and quantity management and (ii) propose a sustainable domestic water management strategy. This was achieved through secondary water data trends, on-site water quality assessments, visits of water supply and sanitation authorities, and assessment of their performances. It was observed that water supplied in rural-based authorities was quite different from that supplied in an urban setting as far as quality and quantity are concerned; urban-based supplies are more affordable to users than rural ones. A new strategy on water management is presented for sustainable water supply; it is based on controlling groundwater abstractions and preference of surface water in public water supplies. Rural water supply management must learn several practices realized in urban supplies for the betterment of services for the majority of the users.

Decentralized Time-Window Based Real-Time Anomaly Detection Mechanism (DTRAD) in Iot

Detecting intrusions has become a mandatory service in IoT environments. This is due to the power and resource con-strained nature of the networks. This paper presents a Decentralized Time-Window based Anomaly Detection (DTRAD) model for cost and time effective intrusion detection in IoT environments. The proposed model is composed of time win-dow based training data selection module, which enables better detection and reduced bias. Training data are selected based on their temporal significance and the bag creation process is also temporally performed such that data with similar temporal signatures are grouped into same bags. The ensemble model is created and weighted voting is performed to ena-ble better results. The data reinforcement module enables new data to be appended to the training data, hence maintaining the recency of the data. Further, the entire process is decentralized, hence enabling data processing at appropriate nodes. This keeps the size of the training data low, hence reducing the computational complexity of the model to a large extent. Experiments were performed with benchmark data and comparisons were performed with recent models. Results indicate high performance of the proposed models.

Components of compulsory service program for health professionals in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review.

The global health landscape has been characterized by shortfalls and imbalances in human resources for health (HRH), with more health workers concentrated in urban than rural areas. To address this maldistribution, some countries resorted to the implementation of a compulsory service policy for HRH. However, there is no comprehensive documentation describing the different components of such policies. This scoping review aims to determine the components for compulsory service for selected health professionals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A search was conducted in MEDLINE, PLoS, Scopus, and ProQuest Central, using keywords for 'compulsory service', 'return service', 'mandatory service', 'physician', 'dentist', 'nurse', 'midwife', 'physical therapist', 'occupational therapist', and identified LMICs. A total of 6757 records were retrieved and assessed, from which 41 relevant records were included in the study. Common elements of a compulsory service program are the following: a comprehensive master plan, clearly articulated program goals, appropriate education and training, transparent recruitment and placement, strong institutional and system support, competitive benefits and incentives, and active management of exit from the program. Results presented in this article can serve to inform LMICs on policy, guide program development and management, and direct future research in the area of HRH to address challenges in maldistribution.

Time and cost optimization of business process RMA using PERT and goal programming

As a company engaged in the distribution of wireless devices, Return Material Authorization (RMA) is a mandatory service that must be owned by the company. RMA is a part of the process of returning a product to receive a refund, replacement, or repair during the product’s warranty period. The business process of RMA used functionally design, which is not considered to be effective in terms of time and cost for the company of 2880 minutes for IDR 348242. In this research, Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) was used to select the optimal traces; to optimize time and cost, the researcher used goal programming. This technique allows the creation of a controlled and orderly activity because the schedule and budget of a job are predetermined prior to the implementation. The optimization results show that the process time is reduced by 50% and the cost is reduced by almost 55% which show improvement on the performance of the business processes.

Service to the Nation: Prospective Participants’ Engagement With National Service in Ghana

The engagement of participants in mandatory national youth service programs is a potentially important, but often neglected factor in understanding why these programs do or do not achieve their intended outcomes. This study examines the engagement of prospective participants in national service by testing competing theoretical frameworks on motivations for volunteering. Specifically, we examine motivational, institutional, and group identity theories and apply them to a mandatory national service program in a non-Western context: Ghana’s National Service Scheme (NSS). We analyze data from an online survey among almost 3,000 university students who are prospective NSS participants. Results indicate that the motivational perspective is very useful to understand engagement in mandatory community service in developing countries. In addition, the institutional and group identity perspectives are found to be complementary to this motivational perspective.

Veteran Homelessness: Examining the Values of Social Justice Guiding Policy

Utilizing a social justice framework, a comparative analysis determined which social justice values and philosophies most effectively guide policies that address the social problem of veteran homelessness. First, we explore the United States’ policy approach addressing veterans who are homelessness across various historical eras. This is followed by an international comparison examining the current policies of Australia, the United Kingdom, and Italy in addressing homelessness among veterans. We found that policies among these countries are still anchored in a reality that no longer exists for them—that of mandatory service for all adult males. United States’ current policy is alone (among those studied) anchored in the existing reality of an all-volunteer force, enabling the country to adopt policies strongly guided by notions of a right to housing. It is such policies, primarily guided by the notion of rights, which effectively address the social problem of veteran homeless.

Subjective well-being, parent–adolescent relationship, and perceived parenting style among Israeli adolescents involved in a gap-year volunteering service

ABSTRACTIntroduction: In the past few decades, many older Israeli adolescents have postponed mandatory service in the Israeli Defense Forces to volunteer for a year of civil service during the gap year after high school. They meet, for the first time, the complexity of Israeli society, ethnic diversity, social disparity, and other painful aspects of human life. To date there is no research on the subjective well-being (SWB) of these adolescents, and specifically with regard to the parenting characteristics that contribute to their SWB.Objective: The present study aims to explore the contribution of parenting style and parent–adolescent relationship to the well-being of these adolescents.Participants: One hundred ninety-eight Jewish Israeli adolescents participating in 1-year gap-year programs, recruited via email through their program coordinators.Methods: We collected demographic information and information on parenting style (Parental Authority Questionnaire [PAQ]; Buri, J. R. 1991. “Parental Authority Questionnaire.” Journal of Personality Assessment 57 (1): 110–119), adolescent SWB (Personal Wellbeing Index [PWI-A]: International Wellbeing Group. 2006. Personal Wellbeing Index. 5th ed. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University), and perceived parent–adolescent relationship (Parental Attachment Scale [PAS]; Chapple, C. L. 2006. “Parental Attachment Scale (PAS).” In Measures for Clinical Practice and Research: A Sourcebook: Vol. 1. Couples, Families, and Children, edited by K. Corcoran, and J. Fischer, 388–389. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press).Results: Adolescent SWB was positively correlated with parent–adolescent relationship and authoritative parenting style. Moreover, parent–adolescent relationship partially mediated the relationship between authoritative parenting style and SWB and between authoritarian parenting style and SWB.Conclusion: Results demonstrate the crucial role of the parent–child relationship in linking parenting style and adolescent SWB during the gap-year period.

Student Perceptions of Engagement in a Mandatory Programatic Service Learning

Service learning opportunities in the hospitality industry are particularly important for students seeking to work in the meeting and event planning industry. The study examined whether the service learning assignment: (1) personally benefitted the student; (2) benefitted the sponsoring organization; (3) student’s participation enhanced the visibility of the hospitality program; (3) where beneficial to the student’s career goals; and (5) increased the student’s awareness of community issue or events. The results indicated compulsory service learning assignments have benefitted the students personally and career wise. In addition, it benefitted the sponsoring organization as well as enhanced the visibility of the hospitality program.

Introducing enhanced navigation and supportive care into the curative treatment of cancer (SCOOP pathway).

142 Background: We hypothesized that introducing supportive care management and enhanced electronic aids to nurse navigation in selective curative cases could result in cost savings and enhanced patient experience of the sort demonstrated in patients with advanced disease. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we introduced a clinical pathway in November 2016 called the Supportive Care of Oncology Patients (SCOOP) program. We limited the scope to patients receiving radiation and chemotherapy concurrently at the Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and diagnosed with potentially curable thoracic, colorectal or head and neck malignancies and seen in our mulitdisciplinary clinics (MDCs). 1. A nurse navigation check list was developed for nurse navigators in the Aerial information system to support standardization of care. The navigator has to opt out of ancillary service consults such as nutrition, behavioral health and social work. The check list includes other mandatory tasks that must be completed at various time points before, during and after the patient’s concurrent treatment. Examples include: Prescribed communication dates with the patient; capturing of scheduled consults; assessing additional/unmet needs before, during and after treatment phase. 2. A mandatory supportive and palliative care service screening during the MDC visit, and, if indicated, urgent or timely consultation. 3. Flags in the inpatient information system that alert in real time the supportive care service, the navigators and the oncologists whenever a patient is seen in the emergency room, admitted or discharged. Results: During the first year nurse navigation compliance increased from 94% to 99%.ED visits declined from 54% to 32% of SCOOP patients , admissions from 34% to 25% and readmissions from 32% to 20% . Opportunity cost savings were $1500.00 per patient. Conclusions: Much like the results observed in advanced disease, the early introduction of enhanced nurse navigation and palliative/supportive care in high acuity patients treated curatively improves the patient experience and reduces societal costs.

Mandatory Community Service Program: A Case Study of Young Nepalese Canadians Experiences

Canadian schools introduced community service program in 1999 to engage youth in diverse communities of Canada. Many studies have identified the gap in understanding immigrant youths’ experience on mandatory community service but has yet to study immigrant youth’s experience. Therefore, this paper explores the experiences of young Nepalese Canadians aged 18- 24 who participated in mandatory community involvement for graduating from high schools in Ontario, Canada. The findings are based on qualitative data gathered from ten interviews with young Nepalese Canadians who went to Canadian high schools, and are currently living in the Greater Toronto area (GTA). The study provides a nuanced understanding of visible minority immigrant youth’s experiences of mandatory community service in high school. The findings suggest that participants experience the program as merely an obligatory requirement to graduate from high school rather than a platform for learning civic skills and engaging in diverse Canadian communities. In addition, this case study of Nepalese Canadian youth depicts how young Nepalese Canadians depend on informal sources, mainly peer-to-peer sharing, for engaging in community, and illustrates how they conceptualize what community involvement means to them. Finally, based on this study, we argue that amendment to this mandatory program is an urgent call for engaging visible minority immigrant youth civically and meaningfully in Canadian communities.

건강가정ㆍ다문화가족지원센터의 아버지참여 프로그램 현황 및 만족도 분석

The demand and supply of programs of parenthood programs for fathers are increasing with changes in the image of male parents. Under this backdrop, a necessary requirement is to analyze the current status of father programs that are spearheaded by governments and the satisfaction with them to determine if they actually meet the needs of fathers. This study conducted such an examination for the fatherhood programs that were provided as a mandatory public service by the Healthy Family & Multicultural Family Support Center in 2017. To this end, the research analyzed performance and satisfaction data on 776 projects, including 1293 programs that were required for provision in 101 integrated centers nationwide. The results showed that satisfaction with fatherhood programs differed according to the project area, the location of a center, the period of implementation, the methods of proceeding, the participation unit (whether an entire family or an individual family member), the number of participants, and the number of sessions. Overall, the level of satisfaction was higher in ʻʻfathers meetingsʼʼ (under the community domain) than ʻʻsupport for the father roleʼʼ (under the family relationship domain). In relation to implementation period, satisfaction with the programs was high in the 4th quarter of implementation. Satisfaction with the programs was also higher for culturally based initiatives than education-oriented programs. Satisfaction was higher when the participation unit was the family than when such unit was the individual. The smaller the number of participants, the higher the satisfaction level. Finally, the number of sessions was deemed satisfactory when it was completed in more than four sessions. This study is meaningful in that it provides the basis of effective use of the government budget by analyzing the status and satisfaction of the fatherhood programs, which have been implemented since the integration of the Healthy Families & Multicultural Family Support Center.

The Second Amendment Rights of Young Adults

This Article examines the Second Amendment rights of young adults, ages 18 to 20. Part I examines what the Supreme Court has said, explicitly and implicitly, about the Second Amendment rights of such persons. Parts II and III survey colonial and founding-era sources. Part II begins with a glossary of various terms that were used in militia statutes. These show some of the arms and accoutrements that Americans were required to possess. The various items illustrate that the right to arms does not include only firearms and ammunition. The right also includes, for example, edged weapons and gun-cleaning equipment. Part II also describes the arms culture of early America, where it was a point of national pride that people were trained to arms “from their infancy.” Part III then surveys all the militia statutes from the earliest colonial days through 1800. The survey pays particular attention to two issues. First is the age for militia service or for other forms of mandatory arms possession. The statutes demonstrate that arms possession was mandatory not only for militiamen, but for many other categories of people. In some colonies, for example, every head of a house, regardless of gender, had to possess arms. So did men who were too old for militia service. The most common ages for mandatory militia service were from 16 to 60. But by the end of the eighteenth century, the militia mandate had been narrowed in most states to 18 until 45 or 50. The second issue in Part III is the types of arms that militiamen—and the many other people required to possess arms—were supposed to possess. Part III tracks the evolution of these laws, as they become more specific about requiring various accoutrements, such as gun cleaning equipment, holsters, and ammunition storage devices, and the laws’ attempt to ensure that the public possesses modern arms. Part IV describes federal laws regarding the ages for arms possession. These include the 1792 statute making 18-year-olds into members of the federal militia (a rule that remains federal law at present), the 1968 Gun Control Act setting age limits on purchases in gun stores, and the 1994 federal law restricting handgun possession by persons under 18. Part V covers the five leading post-Heller federal circuit court cases on age limits for exercising Second Amendment rights. Two of these cases relied heavily on cases and statutes from the nineteenth century; so in the course of discussing the cases, we survey the nineteenth century developments. By the end of the century, there were a substantial minority of states that placed some restrictions on handgun acquisition by persons under 21. Finally, Part VI describes some of the present-day state laws that limit firearms acquisition or possession by young adults (18 to 20). Part VI also considers the various past and present age limits in American law for various activities, such as voting, vices (e.g., alcohol, gambling), marriage, and the right to keep and bear arms. In conclusion, the article finds that there is some historical precedent for extra regulation for handgun acquisition by young adults, and very little for extra restrictions on long gun acquisition. Pursuant to Heller, extra regulations for young adults may be permissible, but prohibitions or quasi-prohibitions are not. The Second Amendment rights of young adults certainly include the core right affirmed in Heller: acquiring and keeping a handgun in the home for lawful self-defense.

An Examination on Queuing System of General Service Distribution with an Establishment Time and Second Discretionary Administration

We consider a non Markovian Queuing framework with two phases of heterogeneous service gave by a solitary server with various (discretionary) general time circulations. Each clients experiences two phases of service. When the primary mandatory phase service gets over, the client has the alternative of picking the second phase of administration which is discretionary. After service fruition of either first stage or second phase, if there are no clients in the framework, the server may take a Bernoulli vacation. The vacation time are thought to be general. Moreover, we expect a set up time criteria before the initiation of the administration. The time dependent probability producing capacities have been gotten as far as their Laplace changes and the relating enduring state comes about have been acquired expressly. Additionally the mean number of clients in the queue and the framework are likewise inferred. Some specific cases are talked about.

The capability approach and national development in Nigeria: towards a youth transition model

ABSTRACTThis paper adapts a qualitative-dominant mixed method approach by utilizing policy documents, semi-structured interviews, a focus group discussion, and structured questionnaires (SQs) to explore the different bottlenecks that impedes the education–National Youth Service Corps (NYSC)–work transition, with a specific focus on the NYSC route. This paper reveals that youth’s (aged 18–30) ability to navigate the formal education phase partly depends on multi-stakeholder contributions that provide support structures to ensure youths obtain a tertiary degree before age 30. Successful completion of the formal education phase makes them eligible to be mobilized for 1-year mandatory service. While in the NYSC route, youth capability development programmes ensure that youths are further developed and deployed to opportunity structures needed to address national development needs. The challenge however is that both state mobilization processes and deployment practice create restrictive opportunity concerns that impede the effective functioning and freedoms for youth capabilities to thrive. This paper broadly contributes to human resource development practice by utilizing a youth capability analytic framework to better understand how well youth capabilities can be further developed and strategically aligned in addressing complex national development challenges as youth navigate the education–NYSC–work transition pathway.

Genetic Counseling in Indonesia as a Mandatory Service

Genetic Counseling in Indonesia as a Mandatory Service

Perceptions of Emirati Youths on National Service at Initial Implementation Stage

In 2014, mandatory national service for male Emiratis was first introduced in United Arab Emirates (UAE). Youths’ perceptions of national service influence their expectations of and subsequent adjustment to service life. This study examined perceptions of male Emirati youths on enlistment propensity and motivation, interest in a military career, and information sources on national service. Eighty male Emiratis from two age groups (high school students, employed youths) were surveyed 4 months post-implementation of the law. It found that younger participants were more negatively propensed toward the service than older participants. Regardless of propensity, benefits, dignity, family, and fidelity were main factors in youth enlistment decision. Most participants were ambivalent toward a military career post-national service. Younger participants’ main information sources were limited to immediate family relations. These findings would contribute to national capability development and could be used by the UAE Armed Forces to adapt its recruitment and advertising strategies.