Mandatory Practice Research Articles

Conducting classroom research:

The study posits that mid-sized groups of phonologically trained non-native speakers of English can collect prosodic data that are equivalent to English native-speakers’ annotations. The hypothesis is supported by the results of a classroom experimentinvolving an experimental group of English-proficient Czech (L1) learners annotating prominence and boundaries in English monological texts before and after additional phonological training aided by Rapid Prosody Transcription (RPT). The annotationresults received before the experimental group had the training demonstrate deficiencies of their prosodic annotation occurring under the probable influence of the learners’ mother tongue (Czech). The analysis of disagreements between the experimental group’s and the control group’s (native speakers) annotations demonstrates that non-native listeners rely on slightly different cues when identifying the prosodic structure of an English utterance. Thus, it is concluded that Czech (L1) speakers of English require mandatory annotation practice focused on the differences between their mother tongue and English to perform annotation tasks successfully. The experimental group’s RPT annotations, conducted after a learning intervention, produced much better results and were recognized as statistically equivalent to native speakers’ RPT annotations. The high alignment of the readings obtained by the experimental and control groups on key prosodic parameters demonstrates that crowdsourcing prosodic information from phonologically trained non-native speakers with the help of the RPT method can be employed as an alternative means of validating intonation research when attracting native speakers to research participation is problematic.

Nursing students’ perceptions and satisfaction with a self-learning methodology in simulated environments: A mixed-methods study

AimThe aim of this study was to explore the perceptions and satisfaction of last-year nursing students with the Self-Learning Methodology in Simulated Environments (MAES©). BackgroundAs a learning method, clinical simulation uses elements that replicate real clinical practice scenarios and facilitates the acquisition of competencies and learning objectives. Simulations promote critical thinking, knowledge, techniques and teamwork in nursing students. The Self-Learning Methodology in Simulated Environments (MAES©) is a method that integrates problem-based learning with realistic clinical simulation. DesignA cross-sectional mixed-method study implemented a simulation learning method as part of the mandatory nursing training practice; that was registered in Open Science Framework (Registration DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/R89PZ). MethodsStudents were invited to complete a cross-sectional questionnaire about satisfaction with the simulation and were asked to participate in an interview about their perceptions on the simulation. All data were collected in December 2023 in a mid-sized southern Spanish university. A total of 69 last-year nursing students were enrolled in the simulation course and were selected using eligibility criteria. ResultsSatisfaction measures showed no significant differences across gender, university access, or age (p>0.05 each). However, strong correlations were found between students' preference for the simulation method and perceived effort value (p<0.001 each). Qualitative analysis identified key themes in different stages of simulation (prebriefing, scenario, briefing, debriefing), simulation benefits (learning, usefulness, positive emotions) and challenges (difficulty, realism, time constraints). Despite some realism concerns, overall, students viewed the methodology positively. ConclusionsThe findings of this study underscore the vital role of simulation-based learning in nursing education. As the field of nursing continues to evolve, so too must the educational methods we employ, with simulation-based learning standing at the forefront of this transformative journey.

Hijab Fantasy on Instagram: Community Fantasy Theme for Vanilla Hijab Brand

In the contemporary era, the hijab is no longer exclusively associated with a specific demographic. Its meaning has evolved and is now widely accepted within the community. While the hijab is a mandatory practice for Muslim women, it has also become a fashion statement. The growing acceptance of hijab has led to the emergence of local hijab brands. This article examines the use of social media, particularly Instagram, to examine communication between groups of hijab users, focusing on customers of a particular brand of hijab, namely Vanilla Hijab. Observing this group behavior used fantasy, emphasizing how individuals achieve a shared reality through communication. Individuals in the group conducted shared reality-seeing behavior among individuals guided by stories that reflect how reality is confirmed. The reinforcement of shared reality is repeated through personal, group, or community achievements and takes the form of stories or tales. In examining the theme of hijab customer group fantasy, the researcher employed a qualitative case study research method by conducting interviews with female Vanila Hijab customers. Producers use Instagram social media not only to inform the public about Vanilla Hijab's activities and introduce its products but also to build community involvement and receive input from a segmented audience. The findings indicate that group members added numerous fantasy themes to maintain group communication and foster group culture.

Valuing Modern Technologies to Boost the Circular Economy in the Fashion Industry

Abstract In the context of solving pollution problems, the circular economy appears to be a mandatory practice because it emphasises the principle of reuse - repair - reconditioning - recycle. In this context, the paper aims to analyse how modern technologies facilitate the implementation of circular economy principles through better traceability of goods produced and used in the fashion industry. In this way, our research is exploratory and the information on which it is based was gathered using the Google search tool, which identified brands who use Big Data, RFID and QR code tools, as well as online tools (cloud-based platforms) that offer integrated garment tracking services. Following detailed analysis of EU data, it was found that major companies have integrated QR Code technology into their products and cloud-based platforms are increasingly used.

Role of Dinacharya in Eye Care - A Preventive Approach

Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine indeed emphasizes a holistic approach to health that includes both prevention and cure. In ophthalmology, the preventive measures play a crucial role in maintaining eye health and reducing the risk of developing various eye diseases that can lead to vision impairment. The ability to see clearly and perceive the world around us is crucial for various activities, from navigating our environment to appreciating the beauty of the world. The term Swasthavritta refers to a lifestyle or regimen followed to maintain health and prevent the occurrence of diseases. It encompasses a set of practices and principles that are aimed at promoting overall well-being and preventing imbalances in the body and mind. All the Acharyas have mentioned the mandatory practice of Dinacharya for health maintenance. Hence here an attempt has been made to compile the procedures to improve the health of the eye through which the various diseases of eye can be prevented. The daily regimens like Anjana, Nasya, Dhumapana, Kavala, Gandusha, Abyanga, Padatra dharana, Snana etc are included for maintaining eye health. The eyes should be always protected from the external factors like dust, heat, radiations, excessive screen time, over straining the eyes like in dim light reading , gadget use in dim light etc. Most of the Netraroga in the current scenario can be prevented by healthy Dinacharya and by avoiding negligence.

A mandatory practice in type 2 diabetes mellitus to maintain quality of life

Nepalese owing to modern lifestyle and processed food are racially at an elevated risk of acquiring central obesity-related insulin resistance (IR) and thus Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD). Low birth weight in utero and later becoming obese risks the development of T2DM. In a total of eighty-four newly diagnosed treatment-naive Nepalese T2DMs, incidence of IR, percentage beta-cell function (%BCF) and percentage insulin sensitivity (%IS) were determined using Homeostatic Model Assessment 2 (HOMA2-IR). Association of HOMA2-IR with albuminuria, kidney function, hs-CRP, fatty liver, fatty pancreas, several anthropometric and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Among the eighty-four T2DMs, fifty-four agreeing regular follow-ups were prescribed a low-carbohydrate diet (&amp;#60;130gm/day). At 6 months, their glycemic controls were monitored. From 84 newly diagnosed T2DMs, 56 (66.7%) were insulin resistant and 28(33.3%) insulin-sensitive on HOMA2-IR. There was a significant association of HOMA2-IR with albuminuria and declining kidney function (p=0.006 and 0.034 respectively) and most of them were at reversible stages. Waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), lipid profile ratios, fatty liver and fatty pancreas were elucidated as potential markers for IR. The IS group (ISG) had significantly inadequate %BCF (p=0.001) but high %IS (p&amp;#60;0.001) has healthier WHR (p=0.001) and lipid profile ratios which are opposite to IR group (IRG). 13 ISG had raised hs-CRP and 15 normal and 21 IRG had normal hs-CRP and 35 raised. At 6 months, the IRG achieved significantly better postprandial glycemic goals (p=0.04) and significant improvement in WC and WHR (p=0.008 and 0.03 respectively) with a low-carbohydrate diet as compared to ISG. Severe insulin resistance and IR-associated DKD, fatty liver and fatty pancreas are highly prevalent from the time of diagnosis of T2DM in the Nepalese population. Thus inspecting for IR and its consequences mandatorily at diagnosis and applying precision therapies like adjustments in the quality and quantity of staple food carbohydrates significantly improves IR-related parameters and glycemia.

The ritualisation of the surgical safety checklist and its decoupling from patient safety goals.

Patient harm, patient safety and their governance have been ongoing concerns for policymakers, care providers and the public. In response to high rates of adverse events/medical errors, the World Health Organisation (WHO) advocated the use of surgical safety checklists (SSC) to improve safety in surgical care. Canadian health authorities subsequently made SSC use a mandatory organisational practice, with public reporting of safety indicators for compliance tied to pre-existing legislation and to reimbursements for surgical procedures. Perceived as the antidote for socio-technical issues in operating rooms (ORs), much of the SSC-related research has focused on assessing clinical and economic effectiveness, worker perceptions, attitudes and barriers to implementation. Suboptimal outcomes are attributed to implementations that ignored contexts. Using ethnographic data from a study of SSC at an urban teaching hospital (C&C), a critical lens and the concepts of ritual and ceremony, we examine how it is used, and theorise the nature and implications of that use. Two rituals, one improvised and one scripted, comprised C&C's SSC ceremony. Improvised performances produced dislocations that were ameliorated by scripted verification practices. This ceremony produced causally opaque links to patient safety goals and reproduced OR/medical culture. We discuss the theoretical contributions of the study and the implications for patient safety.

DRIS standards for identifying yield-limiting nutrients in Khasi Mandarin and their relationship with fruit yield on acidic soil of the eastern Himalayas, India

Mandarin fruits are the most widely grown citrus fruits in the world, particularly in the eastern Himalayas of India, which is the primary center of citrus diversity. Diagnosing potential nutritional imbalances using leaf tissue analysis is a mandatory practice for a higher yield. Regarding the nutritional diagnosis of Khasi mandarin plants, particularly in the acidic soil of the hilly ecology of the Eastern Himalayas, India, there is currently no information available. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify nutrient constraints, establish leaf-based diagnostic recommended and integrated system (DRIS) norms, and determine nutrients’ relationship with fruit yields in 144 orchards. The result showed that the DRIS indices predicted a nutritional optimum value for Khasi mandarin: 2.26–2.83% N, 0.11–0.16% P, 1.86–2.07% K, 1.85–2.12% Ca, 0.33–0.48% Mg, 170.10–225.10 mg kg−1 Fe, 74.03–83.43 mg kg−1 Mn, 1.24–2.45 mg kg−1 Cu, and 19.84–21.28 mg kg−1 Zn. The DRIS norms identified the nutrients Zn, P, Ca, K, N, and Mg as deficient to low levels (14.15→2.14), while Fe, Mn, and Cu were at high to excessive levels (5.50→18.25). The nutritional balance index had a significantly negative relationship with the fruit yield. Leaf nutrient concentrations of N (0.909**), P (0.827**), K (0.867**), Zn (0.833**), Ca (0.827**), and Mg (0.592**) had a significant positive correlation with fruit yield. The finding will facilitate the correct interpretation of leaf nutrient analysis, and the norms developed will enable a precise intervention through nutrient management for higher yields in mandarin citrus.

Best practice: quality assessment outcomes of the Practice Enhancement Program among family physicians in Saskatchewan, Canada.

Increased family physician workloads have strained primary care. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency and types of quality concerns identified among Saskatchewan's family physicians, changes in these concerns over time, associated physician characteristics, and recommendations made for improvement. In this repeated cross-sectional study (1997-2020), we examined family physician assessment reports from the Saskatchewan Practice Enhancement Program, a mandatory practice review strategy, for quality concerns on three outcomes: care, medical record, and facility. We recorded demographic and practice characteristics, the presence or absence of quality concerns, and the type of recommendations made. Concern incidence was calculated both overall and across subperiods, and three outcome-specific multiple logistic regression models were developed. Recommendations made were quantified, and their nature was evaluated using thematic analysis. Among 824 assessments, 20.8% identified concerns, with a statistically significant increase in 2015-20 over earlier years (14.2% versus 43.4%, P < .001). Corresponding proportions also significantly increased within each quality outcome (6.0%-37.1%, P < .001 for care concerns; 12.7%-19.6%, P = .03 for medical record concerns; 3.9%-21.0%, P < .001 for facility concerns). We found statistically significant adjusted associations between care concerns and both urban location [odds ratio (OR): 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30, 3.8] and international medical training (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.34, 4.2); facility concerns and solo practice (OR: 2.5 95% CI: 1.10, 5.7); and medical record concerns and male gender (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.3), solo practice (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.7), and increased age. Reflecting a statistically significant interaction found between age as a continuous covariate and time period, older physicians were more likely to have a medical record concern in later years (OR: 1.072; 95% CI: 1.026, 1.120) compared to earlier ones (OR: 1.021; 95% CI: 1.001, 1.043). Among physicians where a concern was identified, recommendations most frequently pertained to documentation (91.2%), chronic disease management (78.2%), cumulative patient profiles (62.9%), laboratory investigations (53.5%), medications (51.8%), and emergency preparedness (51.2%). A concerning and increasing proportion of family physicians have quality gaps, with identifiable factors and recurring recommendations. These findings provide direction for strategic support development.

The Comparison between Anthropometry and Quality of Life among Middle-Aged Population in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Ramadan fasting refers to 29 or 30 days of mandatory fasting practice among Muslims. Muslims fast from sunrise to dusk and abstain from various activities, including eating, drinking, sexual activity, smoking, and taking medication. Growing evidence showed the potential effect of Ramadhan fasting as one of strategies to reduce weight. However, limited studies investigated its effects on variables such as anthropometry and quality of life among middle-aged population. The aim of this study is to compare the anthropometry and quality of life before and during Ramadan among community-dwelling middle-aged population in the age range of 35 to 65 years old in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. This prospective observational study was carried out from March 2023 to April 2023 involving 110 participants in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. Anthropometry measurement such as weight (kg), height (cm), body mass index (kg/m²), waist circumference (cm), body fat percentage (%), total muscle mass (kg), and total body water (%) was measured using a weighing scale, stadiometer, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and measuring tape respectively. Short Form 36 questionnaire (SF-36) was used to measure the level of quality of life among the participants. Findings showed significant reductions in weight (kg) (67.1±13.0 vs 69.8±13.3, p&lt;0.001), body mass index (kg/m2) (26.1±4.4 vs27.6±4.5, p&lt;0.001), waist circumference (cm) (91.2±15.1 vs 94.9±15.32, p&lt;0.001), body fat percentage (%) (28.2±8.9 vs 30.1±8.78, p&lt;0.001), and muscle mass (kg) (45.3±9.1 vs 45.9±9.4, p=0.016) during Ramadhan as compared to before Ramadhan. There were also significant improvements in various aspects of quality of life observed during Ramadan compared to before, including physical functioning (86.1±12.3 vs 79.1±15.1, p&lt;0.001), physical health (80.8±20.9 vs 66.6±34.1, p&lt;0.001), emotional problems (89.0±17.3 vs 75.4±31.7, p&lt;0.001), social functioning (84.5±13.9 vs 73.9±15.5, p&lt;0.001), pain (83.3±14.8 vs 70.2±18.7, p&lt;0.001), general health (84.3±13.0 vs 70.4±17.8, p&lt;0.001) and (79.7±8.4 vs 76.4±10.9, p=0.044). Correlational analysis found that higher total body water during Ramadan fasting was positive correlated with higher energy levels (p=0.015). This study’s limitation is that these findings confine to local population. Future studies should involve a larger population to understand better on the health benefits of Ramadan fasting.

Lower 6-minutes walk test result and presence of cardiovascular risk factors linked to healthcare facility visits of pilgrims: the importance of fitness in hajj pilgrimage

Abstract Background Hajj pilgrimage, a mandatory religious practice for the Muslims, is a physical rite attributed heavily on the fitness of the participants due to increased workload in performing its activities. The 6-minutes walk test is a simple assessment to predict candidates’ fitness level. Objective We sought to determine the association between pilgrim candidate fitness level, determined by 6-minutes walk test result during predeparture preparation, as well as pre-existing potential risk factors of hajj pilgrim participants. Method In this retrospective cohort, we obtained the data of 2022 pilgrimage participants from Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs, consisting of demographic characteristics, anthropometric indexes, medical history, physical examination, and functional exercise capacity predicted by 6-minute walk test conducted during pre-departure preparation. Baseline demographic, bivariate tests for each variable, and multivariate test were analyzed by IBM SPSS 26. Result There was significant correlation between age of ≥60 (p &amp;lt; 0.001), hypertension (p &amp;lt; 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p &amp;lt; 0.001), 6-minutes walk test (p &amp;lt; 0.001), smoker status (p = 0.008), high LDL-C (p = 0.026), obesity (p =0.033), female sex (p = 0.043) and healthcare visit episode of pilgrims. The risk ratio value for low result group of 6-minutes walk test (&amp;lt; 500 meters) against outpatient incidence during hajj period was 1.08 (95% CI; 1.04 -1.12). It indicated that the inability of reaching &amp;gt;500 meters in 6-minutes walk test is related to outpatient incidence by 1.08 times. Conclusion There is a slight increase in healthcare visit incidence in pilgrims with low result of 6-minutes walk test. The 6-minutes walk test, a simple and reproducible assessment of fitness level, may provide useful information to improve preparation of pilgrimage.

Administrative practices for improved environmental compliance of manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises in South Africa

The main constraints on SME growth in developing countries are regulations and legislation. Poor administration of environmental regulatory compliance is shown by the high number of SMEs in the manufacturing sector closing down annually in developing economies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of administrative practices on environmental compliance by manufacturing SMEs in a developing country. This study adopted a quantitative research approach. A sample size of 215 administrative personnel and managers from manufacturing SMEs operating within Msunduzi Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, was selected. Managers and administrative personnel were selected to eliminate biased answers that favor organizations and because both may have had an opportunity to enforce administrative practices that adhere to environmental regulations. The sample size was selected using a probability sampling method. The study shows that respondents agree that environmental compliance is a mandatory practice for SMEs in the manufacturing sector. Although results show that SMEs are complying with environmental regulations, they still face challenges. The study further demonstrates a disregard for the organization and storage of assessment reports by administrative personnel working in manufacturing SMEs.

Towards Sustainable Residential Developments: Al-Ghadir Village and Al-Amirat in Najaf in Iraq

The idea of sustainability has emerged as a solution to many problems faced by cities and has become a mandatory practice in various fields and sectors, especially in the housing sector, given its significant economic and social importance. Therefore, it is essential to understand the concept of sustainability and how to achieve it in the planning of residential complexes. This research examines the problem of the varying levels of environmental sustainability in residential complexes, which has negatively affected the provision of suitable living conditions in many communities. It hypothesizes that indicators play a role in creating residential projects that are suitable from all social, economic, and environmental aspects. The aim of this study is to assess the level of urban sustainability in two residential complexes by measuring residents' satisfaction through self-determined indicators. The study relied on a descriptive approach and statistical methods, utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test to identify significant differences between the two complexes. The study found that most indicators showed significant differences. Among the notable findings were that most urban criteria related to the residential environments in the study area complied with national standards, except for the criteria related to the adequacy of educational, healthcare, and commercial services concerning the population size. Residents were dissatisfied with social indicators related to privacy, the scarcity of green and open spaces, play areas for children, and the lack of public transportation within the residential complex

AN OVERVIEW OF DISTANCE EDUCATION PROGRAMS: TÜRKİYE EXAMPLE

The idea of «using digital opportunities effectively» began to be considered as a need in the field of education and training long ago, and has turned into a mandatory practice in the COVID-19 Pandemic. In this process, the advantages of distance education methods that can be integrated into formal or face-to-face education have been seen once again. Distance education is a multidimensional process involving education conducted over long distances and mediated by instructional technology. Distance learning, one of the virtual environments, has eliminated the time and place dependence for the individuals and appealed learning style of each individual. Web-based distance education has been made possible in recent times because of the convergence of the growing interest in life long learning and unprecedented rapid developments in information and communication technology. These developments have had great impact on teaching and learning in general and distance education in particular. When the distance education is planning, it should be taken decisions that affect all aspects of the education system. In this study is to explain destance education programs.

Legitimising CSR through the institutional backup – gauging compliance of the Indian corporate sector in the mandatory regime

PurposeThis study aims to calculate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure made by companies as per the provisions of Section 135 of Companies Act 2013 and check the status of compliance/non-compliance of these provisions in the mandatory regime of CSR.Design/methodology/approachBased on a sample of top 500 Indian companies listed on Bombay Stock Exchange, the study compares the CSR expenditure required to be incurred by companies with the actual CSR expenditure made by them over a time span of seven years and calculates the extent of surplus or deficit attained by them starting from the year of inception of CSR provisions, 2014–2015, till the most recent year, 2020–2021.FindingsThe findings indicate that the average CSR expenditure made by Indian corporate sector is less than the mandatory requirement. More than half of the companies do not comply with the CSR regulations of the country. Even the “Most Profitable” companies fail to contribute the minimum required amount towards social activities akin to their counterparts in the “Less” and “Least” profitable categories.Practical implicationsThe disobedience towards the statutory provisions implies that Indian companies are non-compliant towards CSR guidelines despite the regulative institutional pressure that makes CSR a mandatory practice to legitimise it.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the CSR literature in the light of the transformed regulative institutional environment in India. It includes a comprehensive analysis of compliance of companies with the revised statutes over all the years since the inception of new mandatory guidelines on CSR till the most recent time period on a representative sample, thus, making the findings robust and generic with respect to India.

Restraints Practices on Patients of the Psychiatric Wards in a Selected Hospital, Mangalore

Abstract Background Restraints are one of the common procedures performed in various medical settings, especially intensive care units, and psychiatric wards. There are various forms of restraints, including chemical, physical, and mixed restraints. The primary reasons for using restraints are to prevent injury to the patient and others, and to reduce violent behavior in psychotic patients. Objectives The aim of this article was to identify the types of restraints used for psychiatric patients and current restraint practices for patients in psychiatric wards of selected mental health facilities. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 100 psychiatric patients selected using purposive sampling techniques. An observational checklist was used to assess restraint practice in patients who met study criteria. Results The majority of patients (44%) received chemical restraints, some (28%) received physical restraints, but a minority (28%) used mixed restraints. In terms of practice, most patients (91%) received reasonably safe restraint care. An association was found between practice of restraints and restraints type with a p-value (0.001) less than 0.05 at a significance level of 0.05. Conclusions The development of mandatory practice protocols is critical for better nursing care.

A Rare Case of Perforated Meckel’s Diverticulum Coexisting with Acute Appendicitis

Meckel’s Diverticulum is a common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract due to persistence of vitellointestinal duct. It is usually found as an incidental finding in approximately 2 to 4 % of population in patients undergoing appendicectomy or any other gastrointestinal pathology. Obstruction, gastrointestinal bleeding, diverticulitis and perforation are the various presentations of complicated Meckel’s diverticulum. Incidence of perforated Meckel’s diverticulum is only about 0.5%. Coexistence of appendicitis with perforated Meckel’s diverticulum is a rare presentation thus, making routine search for meckel’s diverticulum intraoperatively in all cases of appendicitis a mandatory practice. Here we report such a rare case of coexistence of perforated meckel’s diverticulum with acute appendicitis in a 12 year female patient.

The scope of accountants activities in the Islamic Caliphate (6321418)

Purpose: The article aims to establish the scope of accounting tasks in the Islamic Caliphate in the Middle Ages based on the literature on the subject based on primary sources. Methodology/approach: Expert literature review, interpretative and inductive method. Findings: The duties and responsibilities of accountants in the medieval Muslim community were very broad (using information from the accounting system to ensure that the interests of the umma were respected in the context of religious law). In addition to operating seven accounting systems in the Caliphate and having knowledge of the complicated recording and control procedures associated with it, accountants had to demonstrate the ability to prepare periodic financial statements and budgets, used as an internal control tool and for the analysis and interpretation of reports. They also acted as auditors a mandatory practice in the Islamic Caliphate. They also offered their services to individual entrepreneurs (for the purpose of fulfilling zakat payments). Practical implications: The article provides a better understanding of the historical evolution of the accounting profession. Originality/value: The article presents little-known issues, such as the premises for the evolution of the accounting profession in the Islamic Caliphate, determining the scope of account-ants tasks and thus filling the cognitive gap.

History of vaccine and immunization: Vaccine-hesitancy discussion in Germany in XIX century.

Vaccination is the most celebrated and denigrated achievement of medicine and public health - not only today, but since Edward Jenner's time (1798). In fact, the idea of injecting a mild form of "disease" into a healthy person was attacked even earlier than the discovery of vaccines. The forerunner of Jenner's vaccination with bovine lymph was the inoculation of smallpox material from person to person, which, known in Europe since the beginning of the eighteenth century, was a target of harsh criticism. The reasons for criticizing the Jennerian vaccination and its mandatory practice were medical, anthropological, biological (vaccination is not safe), religious and ethical (it is wrong to inoculate a healthy person with disease), and political (vaccination is a threat to individual freedom). As such, anti-vaccination groups emerged in England, where inoculation was adopted early, as well as overall in Europe and in the United States. This paper focuses on the lesser known debate that arose in Germany in the years 1852-53 about the medical practice of vaccination. This is an a important topic of public health that has aroused a wide debate and comparison especially in recent years and now with pandemic on Sars-Cov-2 (Covid-19) and will probably be the subject of further reflection and consideration in the coming years.

Formation of praxeological competence of future masters of dentistry in the extreme conditions of martial law and epidemic threats: problems and ways to solve them

The study examines the problems and ways to solve them in the professional training of future masters of dentistry in extreme conditions, in particular, the formation of praxeological competence. Based on its structure, the authors prove the effectiveness of the formation of the dominant majority of the components of praxeological competence in the format of distance learning technology, which is used in conditions of geopolitical crises and extreme situations, but the manual and technological-simulation components require mandatory practice in the real conditions of a medical institution. To solve this problem in today’s extreme conditions, it is important to use the potential of academic mobility of students, both domestic and international. On the basis of a survey of foreign students, it was determined that students consider the use of distance learning technology appropriate on a short-term basis, do not demonstrate activity in self work on the search and analysis of information materials from scientific sources. They prefer video materials and discussions with the teacher.