Mandarin Citrus Research Articles

Technical and Field Evaluation of Tractor Operated Frontal Pre-pruner for Kinnow Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and Guava (Myrtaceae) Orchard

Fruit tree pruning is the cutting and removing of selected parts of a fruit tree. It spans through quite a number of horticultural techniques. Pruning includes cutting branches back, sometimes removing smaller limbs entirely and more so the removal of young shoots, buds and leaves. Established orchard practice of both organic and nonorganic types typically includes pruning. Pruning can control growth, remove dead or diseased wood, and stimulate the formation of flowers and fruit buds. Pruning and training young trees improves their later productivity and longevity and can also prevent later injury from weak crotches or forks (where a tree trunk splits into two or more branches) that break from the weight of fruit, snow, or ice on the branches. However, the efficiency of pruning methods is also important. Manual pruning has constraints like lower field Capacity and incomplete pruning in case of tall trees. Therefore, a tractor operated 1-row frontal pre-pruner with electro hydraulic control was tested for Kinnow Mandarin and Guava orchards. The time involved for top and side pruning was 23.30 and 46.80 min/acre, respectively and there was 99.32-99.38% saving in time as compared to manual pruning.

Physicochemical and macromolecule properties of RG-I enriched pectin from citrus wastes by manosonication extraction

The properties of pectin extracted from mandarin citrus peels by manosonication extraction (MSp) were systematically studied and compared with pectin obtained by the conventional maceration method (CMp). The yield of MSp (25.5%) was significantly higher than that of CMp (18.3%), while MSp exhibited two Mw fraction distributions. Monosaccharide analysis demonstrated that MSp had more branched RG-I regions (78.3 mol%) than CMp (36.6 mol%) with a high content of arabinose and galactose. The branched-chain morphological characteristics of samples were directly imaged by atomic force microscopy. MSp exhibited a significantly lower degree of methoxylation than CMp by FT-IR and NMR analysis, but X-ray diffraction analysis showed little difference in the level of crystallinity. Moreover, MSp and CMp showed non-Newtonian behaviour, and the increasing order of apparent viscosities was 1.0 w/v% MSp < 1.0 w/v% CMp < 2.0 w/v% CMp < 2.0 w/v% MSp. Thermal analysis and weight loss measurements indicated MSp exhibited greater thermal stability. The results also indicated that both MSp and CMp significantly enhanced the emulsion activity at high concentrations; the emulsions containing 1.5 w/v% pectin showed no phase separation over 21 days, suggesting that MSp could be a potential effective stabiliser in the food and beverage industry.

Compatibility of Rimau Gerga Lebong (RGL) mandarin grafted onto three genotypes of citrus rootstock

Introduction of Citrumelo and Kanci, an alternative citrus rootstock, into citrus cultivation system in Indonesia as complement of Japansche citroen (JC) is very appreciated. Compatibility of Citrumelo and Fortunella to commercial citrus in Indonesia have not been evaluated. The aim of the study is to assess the compatibility of Rimau Gerga Lebong (RGL) mandarin citrus grafted onto JC, Citrumelo, and Kanci based on anatomical, morphological and physiological parameters. The results showed that 100% of RGL mandarin shoot bud grew on Citrumelo and JC rootstocks, but only 88.75% on Kanci rootstock. Anatomically, RGL mandarin at 60 days after budding (DAB) had perfectly adhered on Citrumelo rootstock and not yet fully adhered on JC and Kanci rootstock. Morphologically, RGL-Citrumelo and RGL-JC combinations at three years old plant resulted in the same plant growth parameters, better than RGL-Kanci combination. Physiologically, RGL-Citrumelo and RGL-JC combinations had the same chlorophyll index, better than RGL-Kanci combination. RGL-Citrumelo and RGL-JC combinations showed graft compatible and RGL-Kanci combination showed late incompatibility.

Ensiling and Utilization of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) Waste and Empty Pea (Pisum sativum) Pods as Feed for Buffalo Calves

Ensiling and Utilization of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) Waste and Empty Pea (Pisum sativum) Pods as Feed for Buffalo Calves

Post-harvest Application of Methyl Jasmonate, 1-Methylcyclopropene and Salicylic Acid Elevates Health-promoting Compounds in Cold-stored ‘Kinnow’ Mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x C. deliciosa Tenora) Fruit

ABSTRACT An investigation was carried out to evaluate the influence of the post-harvest application of different ethylene inhibitors viz., 1-methylcylcopropene (1-MCP; 500, 1000 and 1500 ppb), methyl jasmonates (MeJA; 1, 2 and 3 mM) and salicylic acid (SA; 1, 2 and 3 mM) on health-promoting compounds such as total phenols, total antioxidants, flavonoids, protein, total free amino acids and sugars in cold-stored ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit. The fruit were stored at 6 ± 1°C and 90 ± 5% RH for 75 days. Fruit treated with MeJA (1 mM), 1-MCP (1500 ppb) and SA (2 mM) maintained significantly highest levels of total phenols, total antioxidants activity, flavonoids, protein, total free amino acids and sugars as compared with the control. In conclusion the post-harvest application of MeJA (1 mM), 1-MCP (1500 ppb) and SA (2 mM) can be used to maintain the highest levels of these bioactive compounds in cold-stored ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit for up to 60 days.

Anatomical Characteristics of Roots and Stems of Citrus Rootstock as Parameter for Estimating of Rimau Gerga Lebong (RGL) Mandarin Citrus Vigor

Vigor tanaman jeruk dipengaruhi oleh batang bawah yang digunakan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan korelasi antara karakter anatomi akar dan batang terhadap tinggi tanaman jeruk batang bawah dan mendapatkan variabel prediksi vigor tanaman jeruk keprok RGL. Penelitian dilaksanakan di KP-Tlekung, Balitjestro mulai bulan Juni 2019 – Maret 2020. Penelitian menggunakan batang bawah JC, Citrumelo dan Kanci dengan batang atas jeruk keprok RGL. Percobaan dilaksanakan dengan rancangan acak kelompok, lima kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan JC dan Citrumelo sama dan lebih tinggi dibandingkan Kanci. Ketiga jenis batang bawah memiliki karakter anatomi yang berbeda. Hasil analisis korelasi menunjukkan bahwa karakter persentase dan luas pembuluh xylem baik pada akar maupun batang berkorelasi positif terhadap tinggi tanaman batang bawah. Batang bawah kanci memiliki persentase dan luas pembuluh paling kecil. Batang bawah JC memiliki persentase xylem dan rata-rata luas pembuluh xylem tertinggi baik pada irisan melintang akar maupun batang. Batang bawah Citrumelo memiliki densitas pembuluh xylem/mm2 tertinggi. Hasil evaluasi pada tanaman jeruk keprok RGL umur tiga tahun menunjukkan bahwa batang bawah JC dan Citrumelo menyebabkan tinggi tanaman dan volume kanopi lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada batang bawah Kanci. Karakter persentase dan luas pembuluh xylem dapat digunakan sebagai parameter penduga vigor tanaman jeruk RGL.&#x0D; Kata kunci: Jeruk batang bawah, jeruk keprok RGL, karakter anatomi, xylem, vigor

EFFECTS DRYING ON THE INDONESIAN CITRUS PEEL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

The high production and market demand of citrus fruits for household and industrial consumption make it peels one of the most abundant wastes found in the environment. On the other hand, citrus peel is well known for bioactive compounds that beneficial to human health, including phenolic, flavonoids, and antioxidants. Recently, citrus peel waste is starting to be used for food ingredients. The drying technique is one of the solutions that can be used for preserving citrus peel waste which has high water content. This study was objected to identifying the effect of the drying type (tray dryer and freeze dryer) on the antioxidant activity alteration of three citrus varieties that commonly cultivated in Indonesia, i.e. pummelo/jeruk Bali (C. maxima Herr.), mandarine citrus/jeruk keprok (Citrus reticulate) and sweet orange/tangerine/jeruk Medan (C. microcarpa L. and C. sinensis L.). The antioxidant activity was measured by calculating the IC50 value. The results showed ethanol extract of fresh mandarin citrus peels showed the lowest IC50 (14.46 ± 3.63 mg/mL) compared to fresh pummelo peels (26.48 ± 5.17 mg/mL) and fresh tangerine peels (16.94 ± 1.51 mg/mL). Tray dryer technique reduced the IC50 value of the peel extracts of pummelo, mandarine citrus and tangerine were 78.92%, 72.34%, and 79.69%, respectively. Whereas Freeze dryer drying reduced the IC50 value of pummelo, mandarine citrus and tangerine peel extracts were 59.21%, 69.43%, and 80.46%, respectively.

Estimation of mandarin peel oil–induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human normal fibroblast and cancerous prostate cell lines

The low price and high contents of bioactive compounds in citrus peel increase interest in using it in various applications. Mandarin (Citrus reticluata) peel belongs to Rutaceae family and is rich with antioxidants. However, limited studies are available on toxicity of Mandarin peel oil (MPO) on human Prostate Cancer (PC3) cells. Therefore, the present study was conducted to study the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of MPO on Human normal Fibroblast (HFB4) and PC3 cell lines. The half maximal inhibitory (IC50) and safe concentration of MPO was detected using MTT assay. Comet and DNA fragmentation assays were performed to assess apoptotic DNA damage. Also, the ROS level was evaluated and the mRNA expression level of apoptotic and antiapoptotic genes were measured using RT-PCR. Results of the cytotoxic test showed that MPO induced preferential inhibition of PC3 cells proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 10.97 µg/ml. The time-dependent induction of DNA breaks demonstrated in PC3 cells treated with MPO safe concentration-stimulated ROS generation and apoptotic DNA damage through increased expression of tumor suppressor p53 and Bax genes and decreased expression of Bcl2 and MDM2 genes. In contrast, non-significant changes were observed in the DNA integrity, ROS levels and expressions of the tested genes in the normal HFB4 cells treated with MPO. Thus, we concluded that MPO induced preferential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects toward cancerous PC3 with no noticeable toxic effects in normal HFB4 cells and therefore further in vivo studies are recommended to test its possible use as anticancer drugs.

Evaluation of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) treatment as degreening method on ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to study the effect of postharvest light treatment as a potential degreening method on ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Furthermore, a possible synergistic effect of light and ethephon treatment was also evaluated. For this, mature green fruit were harvested and treated. The treatments were: 1) exposing the fruit to increasing periods of time of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); 2) the combination of a traditional ethephon degreening method with the most effective PAR treatment. The results show that 12 h and 24 h of PAR treatments were the most favourable to obtain the better effects of degreening, not affecting the rest of quality parameters. The combination of the 24 h of PAR and ethephon treatments was not effective to degreen the fruit. The present work is the first step in the approach to the study of PAR treatment as a degreening method on citrus and, according to the results, we consider it could be a promising degreening treatment on ‘Okitsu’ mandarin.

Production and characterization of liquid biofuels from locally available nonedible feedstocks

AbstractMandarin (Citrus reticulata) seeds were exploited as possible nonedible feedstock for the synthesis of liquid biofuels, namely, biodiesel and bio‐oil via alkali–alcoholysis and pyrolysis routes, respectively. The alkali–alcoholysis reaction of mandarin seed oil with an equivalent mixture of methanol–ethanol alcohols was examined and optimized by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The best experimental yield of biodiesel (95.55 ± 1.55 wt.%) was comparable with the predicted yield (95.0 wt.%). Also, analysis by one‐way ANOVA showed that the selected variables were statistically significant. The 1H NMR spectroscopy asserted the transformation of the oil to biodiesel. Also, the evaluated properties of the biodiesel were in the range given by ASTM D6751 standards. The mandarin citrus seeds have also subjected to the thermal pyrolysis process in a fixed‐bed reactor to obtain bio‐oil and bio‐char. The influence of the pyrolysis temperature, time, feed particle size, and heating rate on the bio‐oil yield was optimized. The highest yield of bio‐oil (52.34 ± 1.25 wt.%) was attained at 475°C for 60 min using 70 mesh particle size of the feed with a heating rate of 20°C/min. The bio‐oil was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H NMR spectroscopy, and ultimate analysis. The bio‐oil derived from MCS has an empirical formula of CH1.88 O0.16 N0.012 S0.0005 with 37.96 MJ/kg of heating value. The elevated carbon level, low oxygen content, and high calorific value (25.45 MJ/kg) of the attained bio‐char suggest its suitability as a solid fuel. Also, the obtained bio‐char can be utilized for preparing carbon adsorbent as a result of its good surface area.

Effect of microwave treatment on the nutritional profile of the citrus mandarin cultivars peels

In this work, peels of citrus mandarin cultivars, that is, Kinnow and Feutrell's Early were studied and compared for their nutritional composition. The impact of microwave treatment was investigated on selected minerals, vitamins, sugars, and amino acids of the citrus peels. The results showed a great variation in the nutrients of both citrus mandarin cultivar peels. With few exceptions, the mineral content of citrus peels was increased after microwave heating. Calcium was increased by 5.9% and 24.2% of its original content in the peels of Kinnow and Feutrell's Early, respectively. Sodium was increased in Kinnow peels, but it decreased by about 25.4% in Feutrell's Early peels after microwave treatment. With few exemptions, in general, the vitamin, sugar, and amino acid contents were decreased in microwave-treated samples. The exploration of the exact mechanism of nutrient changes in citrus peels on microwave heating can serve the basis for further research. Practical applications Citrus peels are a good source of minerals, vitamins, sugars, and amino acids. The quantity of these nutritional components varies among different citrus cultivars. Citrus peels are being used as medicinal agents for various ailments. The microwave heating is a commonly used method to heat the food materials. This study explains the effect of microwave heating on the nutrient variation in the peels of citrus cultivars.

Leaf morpho-anatomical diversity analysis in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) genotypes using scanning electron microscopy

The leaf morpho-anatomical studies were performed to assess the genetic divergence in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) germplasm and for obtaining a strong descriptor (s) to help in easy identification among closely related genotypes during the year 2017–18. Morphological traits of mature leaves of mandarin accessions were observed on basis of citrus descriptors. Leaf chlorophyll content was determined with a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter under field conditions. Morpho-anatomical attributes were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopes.In our study, mandarin genotypes exhibited variation with respect to leaf anatomy and photosynthetic traits despite having same pedigree. PAU Kinnow-1, a mutant of Kinnow was clustered away from its parent probably due to multiple variations arising in the parent as PAU Kinnow-1 was developed through gamma irradiation treatment. Therefore, it is suggested from our findings that leaf characters may vary among apparently close genotype such as Kinnow and PAU Kinnow-1. Likewise, genotypes Kara and King exhibited disparate leaf morpho-anatomy characters though King is a parent of Kara. Similarly, the genotypes like Kara, King, Wilking, and Willow Leaf could be differentiated based on their leaf traits. Genotypes namely Fair Child and Sunburst formed clear distinct clusters on basis of the diverse morpho-anatomical attributes. The dendrogram clearly differentiated the genotypes irrespective of their pedigree and geographical area of origin. In FCA plot, mandarin genotypic differentiation was the main structural component defining the first axis (57.11% of total diversity) whereas the inertia for the second axis was 17.54 per cent. The higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations were associated with higher heritability for petiole wing width, the number of open stomata and palisade parenchyma tissue length traits that may be more effective during selection.

Citrus Leafminer Management: Jasmonic Acid versus Efficient Pesticides

The citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) is a significant pest for Citrus spp. worldwide. Hence, the effectiveness of jasmonic acid (JA) was compared to three pesticides, abamectin, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid, against P. citrella infesting mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.) and lime (C. aurantifolia L.) seedlings. Mortality rate was significantly different due to JA and other pesticides treatments. Moreover, on the 3rd day after treatment, JA demonstrated the highest reduction percentage of leafminer (77.08 and 33.33%) on mandarin and lime, respectively. By the 10th day after treatment, JA and abamectin displayed 100% reduction in both plant species. Furthermore, the foliar application of JA enhanced the most vegetative characteristics in the treated seedlings, including growth rate (shoot length/root length), fresh and dry weights of shoot and root as well as the number of leaves/seedling. Moreover, soluble protein content was increased significantly under JA treatment in the two Citrus spp. Jasmonic acid showed a good biological activity, which gives a practical reason to recommend it to be integrated in pest management programs as an alternative product for controlling P. citrella.

Microwave heating as a tool to enhance antioxidant activity and release soluble conjugates from Feutrell’s Early (citrus mandarin cultivar) peels

The phenolic constituents usually exist in free and covalently bound forms in the plant materials. This study reports the impact of microwave heating on certain phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential assessed by free radical-scavenging and reducing power of citrus peels. Different levels of microwave power (125, 250, 500 W) and heating times (5, 10, 15 min) were applied. The phenolic acids were fractionated into three forms namely; free, glycoside-bound, and ester-bound. Microwave power and heating time significantly increased the content of free phenolic fraction while the content of bound fractions decreased. Increasing microwave power significantly increased the antioxidant activity of heated samples. The microwave heating up to 10 min at 250 W increased the antioxidant activity of the samples but further heating to 15 min exerted an adverse effect. A moderate microwave power and heating time was helpful for improving the antioxidant potential of citrus peels. Practical applications A very simple method is used in this study to release the bound phenolics and to improve the antioxidant potential of citrus peels, thereby, maximizing the use of fruit byproducts in general and citrus peels in particular. By this way, it can be helpful to decrease the environmental pollution caused by citrus fruit waste products. The use of microwave heating might be helpful for the citrus processing industry to minimize the loss in terms of effluent management. It might be an economical processing technique for the pharmaceutical and functional food sector.

Use of new nanoporous carbon produced from Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) industrial processing waste to remove anionic and cationic dyes

ABSTRACT The present study is concerned with the use of a novel nanoporous carbon material (MNC) produced from mandarin (Citrus reticulata) industrial processing waste (MW) for the removal of textile dyes as cationic dye, methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye, metanil yellow (MY), from the aqueous solution. The adsorption mechanisms were examined by SEM and FT-IR analysis. For two dyes, the kinetics was well described by the pseudo-second-order model, whereas the isotherms were all best-fitted by the Langmuir model, and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for MB and MY dyes were 313 and 455 mg g−1, respectively.

New data on the fauna of mealybugs (Hemiptera; Pseudococcidae) inhabiting subtropical plants in the Lankaran-Astara Region of Azerbaijan

Invasive insect species enter new environment mainly with their host plants and spread rapidly in new conditions due to the absence of natural entomophages that can effectively limit their numbers. Comprehensive studies of the invaders, including crop pest, are of great importance for agricultural practice. In this regard, we investigated mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) in the orchards of five subtropical species, viz. lemon (Citrus limon) mandarin (Citrus reticulate), orange (Citrus sinensis), persimmon (Diospyros kaki), and pomegranate (Punica granatum) in the Lankaran-Astara Region of Azerbaijan. The research was conducted in 2016‒2019 in various seasons. Three mealybug species were recorded from the area in question: Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana 1902, Pseudococcus viburni Signoret 1875, Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell, 1879). An annotated list of species provides collecting localities, their geographical coordinates, dates of collection, and the number of individuals found. We obtained data on species distribution, biology, host plants and signs of infestation. Ps. viburni was registered in the fauna of Azerbaijan for the first time; a developement period of its larvae and imagoes is provided. The highest infestation of the vegetative organs was observed on the citrus plants: on average, 30 % of trees were damaged by Ps. comstocki, 27 % by Ps. viburni, and 21 % by Ps. calceolariae. Two mealybug species (Ps. comstocki, Ps. viburni) were found on the persimmon and only one species (Ps. comstocki) on the pomegranate. Ps. comstocki population density was the highest in the study area (3–5 larvae per 10 cm of branches, and 4–5 colonies per 100 leaves during flowering). All three species were found together on the stems and leaves of citrus crops; Ps. comstocki was observed on the fruits of mandarin and persimmon, and Ps. viburni was only on the persimmon. Based on the data obtained, the degree of harmfulness of the above species was determined: for Ps. comstocki – 3–5 larvae per 10 cm of branches, and 4–5 colonies per 100 leaves during flowering; for Ps. viburni – 2–3 larvae per 10 cm of branches, and 3–4 colonies per 100 leaves during flowering; and for Ps. calceolariae – 2–3 larvae per 10 cm of branches, and 2–3 colonies per 100 leaves during flowering.

Chemical Control of Alternaria Brown Spot on Mandarins Cultivars in Tunisia

Three field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of seven active ingredients (Tryfloxystrobin, Iprodione, Procymidone, Mancozebe, Propinebe, Tebuconazole and Coppersulfate), against Alternaria brown spot (ABS) caused by Alternaria alternata on Minneola, Fortune, Nova and Tangerine mandarins citrus cultivars in Tunisia. Over the three trials, citrus trees received 6, 10 and 16 fungicides sprays. The results of the present investigation demonstrated the prevention ability of Mancozebe, Iprodione and Copper sulfate according to disease incidence, fruit infection and losses caused by ABS. Furthermore, the applications of those three fungicides used in mixture reduce the ABS development. In fact, disease incidence was reduced better after an application of a mixture of Mancozebe and Iprodione compared to application of Mancozebe or Iprodione alone and after an application of an alternation of Mancozebe and Iprodione with copper sulfate. From this study, it revealed that the incidence of ABS, an emerging fungi disease on Citrus in Tunisia, could be reduced by using chemical products.

Efficacy of Arcopilus cupreus as biological agent to control Phytophthora spp. causing root rot of mandarin citrus

Efficacy of Arcopilus cupreus as biological agent to control Phytophthora spp. causing root rot of mandarin citrus

진피가루 첨가 마들렌의 품질 특성 및 항산화성

This study was to investigate the antioxidant and quality characteristics of madeleine prepared by various the amount of (0%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%) Citrus mandarin peel powder added. Moisture was higher in the supplemented groups added with Citrus peel powder than the control groups. The pH was significantly decreased with addition of the peel powder. The L value of the chromaticity decreased significantly as the powder addition increased, and the a and b values tended to increase. The hardness was significantly difference with the increase in the amount of Citrus mandarin peel powder added. In addition, the elasticity, cohesion, chewiness, and testability were significantly decreased with the increase in the amount of peel powder. DPPH radical scavenging activity and total flavonoid content, the addition of Citrus mandarin peel powder increased significantly. The addition of Citrus mandarin peel powder in madeleine had a lower increase in acid values for three weeks. In sensory evaluation, madeleine with the peel powder showed high aroma, texture, softness and taste and the 3% added group had the highest preference score in overall.

Synergistic activity of cinnamaldehyde and citronellal against green mold in citrus fruit

Abstract The citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum is responsible for the green mold decay in citrus fruit, causing tremendous economic losses. In this study, we observed that the combination of cinnamaldehyde and citronellal (CO, 5: 16, v/v) exhibited synergistic action compared to the individual compounds on the mycelial growth of P. digitatum, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) both being 0.40 mL L−1. And this synergistic action also verified by the spores’ germination results of cinnamaldehyde, citronellal and CO against P. digitatum. Significantly, the postharvest wax + CO (WCO, 1 × MFC) treatment on Satsuma mandarin citrus fruit incubated with P. digitatum could effectively reduce the decay of green mold. After 5 d of storage, the rotting rate of WCO treatment was only 38 %, which was clearly lower than the control fruit (100 %). Simultaneously, WCO treatment maintained the quality of citrus fruit. Additionally, the effects of cinnamaldehyde, citronellal and CO on the cell wall and cell membrane integrity of P. digitatum showed that the combined use of citronellal or cinnamaldehyde accelerated the damage of cell wall and cell membrane. Therefore, the combination of cinnamaldehyde and citronellal (5: 16, v/v) is a promising natural preservative in controlling green mold and prolonging the shelf life of citrus fruit.