Manchester Code Research Articles

A Design Pattern for a Single Reliable Addressing Wake-up Receiver Based on Low-Frequency Pattern Matcher

Wake-up receivers (WuRxs) allow wireless sensor nodes to run on battery power while maintaining asynchronous, low-latency communication. This paper focuses on WuRxs based on low-frequency pattern matchers (LFPMs). Many recent studies either investigate physical WuRx implementations or simulate WuRx-based protocols. Our goal is to address the challenges that arise when realizing WuRx-based protocols in hardware. These challenges are, that a packet activates unwanted WuRxs, an unreliable address space, and missing cluster broadcast capabilities. The proposed separation sequences and run-length limited patterns ensure a reliable address space. WuRxs based on LFPMs use a fixed pattern matching. Cluster broadcasts are enabled by the proposed variable Manchester coding. Typically, LFPMs use Manchester coding with an efficiency of only 0.5 bit/symbol. We introduce two non-Manchester coding techniques with higher efficiency: lookup table-based coding with an efficiency of 0.71 and 3S2B coding with an efficiency of 0.67.

Design and performance analysis of manchester coder-based body channel communication using FPGA

In general, the Body Channel Communication (BCC) is used to transmit human physiological signals over vast distances. Also, the Error-correcting codes can detect and rectify faults in long-range data transmission. Data is encoded in a predetermined manner for secure transmission. In this paper, a Manchester encoding-based high throughput architecture is proposed for a body channel communication system with a low-power operation mode. Further, the Manchester encoder is designed for high throughput performance with a low complexity architecture, and an analog front-end processing circuit which includes two stage pre-amplifiers. Also, the transmission rate on the BCC transceiver side is boosted by the maximum Consecutive Identical Digit (CID), which is limited by Manchester codes. The Manchester code format is generated by encoding the sensed data. Additionally, a full gain buffer is used to reduce data loss and hardware overhead. Results demonstrate that the suggested Manchester encoder is implemented in 90 nano meter (nm) technology, and the 10 Megabits per second (Mbps) data rate is obtained with a configurable operating frequency ranging from 1 to 100 Megahertz (MHz).

A novel code shift keying for label superimposing in optical label switching

Optical label switching (OLS) is an attractive solution for the packet-based optical switching. A novel modulation method, i. e., code shift keying (CSK) is proposed for label modulation in this paper. The payload signal applies differential phase shift keying (DPSK) in Manchester code or NRZ format when the label data is “1” or “0”, respectively. The payload signal is detected by a Mach-Zehnder delay interferometer (MZDI) with two-bit delay difference between the two arms. The label signal is detected by another MZDI with a-half-bit delay difference between the two arms. The proposed CSK based OLS significantly increases the code efficiency of the payload signal without sacrificing the extinction ratio (ER). The feasibility of the CSK based OLS is verified by the simulation.

Image Enhancement Technique Using Manchester Coding and RF Tripler for 1-bit Bandpass Delta Sigma Direct Digital RF Transmitter

Image Enhancement Technique Using Manchester Coding and RF Tripler for 1-bit Bandpass Delta Sigma Direct Digital RF Transmitter

A high-speed multi input multi output Ro-IsOWC system incorporating Manchester coding and E-LP, O-LP modes

Abstract Aiming at the link length enhancement in intersatellite optical wireless communication (IsOWC) system, considering the hybrid radiofrequency (RF)-enabled multi input multi output (MIMO) system, we accentuate the realization of medium earth orbit (MEO)-based IsOWC system by incorporating different modulation formats such as return to zero (RZ), non-RZ (NRZ), and Manchester coding. A 40 Gbps and 16 × 8 MIMO system enabling 40 GHz RF signal is proposed by using even linear polarized (E-LP) mode, and odd linear polarized (O-LP) mode over a 22,000 km IsOWC channel. Further, a performance comparison of NRZ, RZ, and Manchester coding is performed at different IsOWC distances in terms of the Q factor. Results revealed that the proposed system with Manchester coding and O-LP mode can successfully cover the 22,000 km IsOWC link length by exhibiting a 6.35 Q factor value.

A smooth PON evolution based on PAM4 complement code

We propose a smooth evolution of passive optical network (PON) based on PAM4 complement code (PCC). In PCC, a PAM4 symbol is added after every-three binary bits to complement them so the code efficiency of PCC is 75%. The PCC based PON evolution is demonstrated and tested by simulation. The tested results verify the feasibility of the proposed PCC based PON evolution. The reception for PCC is traditional binary reception (not PAM4 reception). Compared with widely applied Manchester code, PCC shows almost the same performance while the code efficiency is increased to 75%. Compared with 6b8b code whose code efficiency is also 75%, PCC shows much better performance.

Scalable Visible Light Indoor Positioning System Using RSS

This paper proposes a visible light positioning system that utilizes commercial Light-Emitting Diode (LED) lamps as transmitters and Silicon PIN photodiodes as receivers. The light signals are transmitted and received using Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection (IMDD). The lamps are modulated using On–Off Keying (OOK) with the Manchester code, and the medium access control is achieved by Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM). The position is estimated using trilateration based on the Received Signal Strength (RSS). The system’s scalability is accomplished by replicating primary localization cells composed of seven lamps and drawing on the neighborhood synchrony, exploiting the spatial multiplexing property of the light. A basic unit in the cell comprises three lamps forming a localization triangle; then, one primary localization cell shall consist of six triangles sharing lights among basic neighbor units. The cell prototype was implemented to prove the working principle of the system. Three estimation methods were used to compute the position: a deterministic approach based on least-squares regression, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) per lamp, and an ANN for the complete system. The best per lamp estimator was the ANN, computing positions that reached an experimental accuracy of 2.5 cm under indoor conditions.

Research on the RFID Anticollision Strategy Based on Decision Tree

RFID can automatically read the information stored on the tag. When multiple tags send data to the reader and writer at the same time, multiple tag collision will occur, resulting in the reader and writer being unable to successfully identify the tag. To solve this problem, an RFID multitag identification method based on decision tree is proposed. The Manchester code is used to represent different level states of voltage. The reader extracts the collision bits in the tag ID by using the Manchester code, and these collision bits form the new tag ID. In the process of decision tree search, the “XOR” command operation is added, and the query prefix is selectively sent to the tag to mark all collision bits. The process will continue until one tag is identified; then, reset the remaining unrecognized tags and continue to participate in a new round of identification. The simulation results show that the RFID multitag identification method based on decision tree can reduce the time complexity and communication overhead and improve the throughput, so it has high search efficiency.

Реалізація кодека Манчестер для систем передавання інформації на основі мікроконтролерів AVR- та ARM-архітектури

ATmega series AVR microcontrollers (e.g., ATmega8A or ATmega16A) and ARM microcontrollers with a Cortex M3 core (e.g., STM32F103С8T6) are among the most popular controllers used in solving engineering problems related to servicing various fire and security alarm sensors and devices for metering household and industrial power consumption. At the same time, to transfer the data via a twisted pair or AC voltage network, it needs to be encoded using Manchester 1 or Manchester 2 code, and said AVR and ARM microcontroller units (MCU) contain no hardware encoder and decoder for the Manchester code. The study aimed at solving the engineering problem of implementing the codec (encoder-decoder) of the Manchester code based on the hardware interfaces of low-performance microcontrollers. The direct implementation of the encoding algorithm with the Manchester code using a purely software-driven approach significantly decreases the information transfer rate. At the same time, among the hardware interfaces of the MCU, there is always a serial universal asynchronous data transceiver (UART). However, the UART data transfer protocol is not generally suitable for Manchester encoding and, therefore, needs to be software adapted. In order to adapt the UART protocol to the conditions of Manchester encoding, the 8N1 mode is selected at the hardware level, which means 8 data bits, 1 stop and 1 start bit. The software implementation of the encoder consists in the fact that out of the total possible volume of 256 code combinations, 16 are selected that satisfy the Manchester 2 code, while the start and stop conditions for data bytes transmitted in a row also satisfy the structure of the Manchester code. To maximize the efficiency of the program code, all code words are stored in the memory of the MCU in such a way that their serial number corresponds to the decimal interpretation of 4 bits of the input data. The decoding of the received data is also performed as efficiently as possible using the decoding table. The implementation of the software and hardware codec of the Manchester code significantly expands the scope of popular AVR and ARM microcontrollers and reduces the cost of the finished product by excluding any additional units that perform the function of encoding and decoding the Manchester code.

Improved DC-Free Run-Length Limited 4B6B Codes for Concatenated Schemes

In this letter, we introduce a class of improved DC-free 4B6B codes in terms of error correction capabilities for a serially concatenated architecture. There are billions of different codebooks that can be derived from the 16 codewords contained in the traditional 4B6B code as per the IEEE 802.15.7 standard for visible light communication (VLC). These codebooks can be classified based on distances properties which determine their error correction performances. The traditional 4B6B code is suitable for hard-decision decoding, however, when a soft decoder is used like in a serially concatenated architecture, that code becomes obsolete. Simulations show that the proposed 4B6B code concatenated with forward error correction (FEC) codes, has better performance compared to state-of-the-art schemes such as the original 4B6B code, the enhanced Miller code, the Manchester code, the 5B10B code and the (0,4) 2/3 RLL code.

A smooth PON evolution on one single wavelength based on Manchester code + NRZ modulation

Manchester code + NRZ modulation is proposed for smooth PON evolution. The evolution allows a newly added PON to reuse the existing infrastructure and coexist with the current PON on a same wavelength, reducing the cost and saving the wavelength resource. The low-speed current PON signal and the high-speed new PON signal are in NRZ format and Manchester code, respectively. They are added in electrical domain and modulated on one optical carrier. At the reception, the NRZ signal is directly received by a low-speed receiver and the Manchester coded signal is recovered by half-bit-delayed subtraction. After the evolution, the new PON signal can be switched back to NRZ format to obtain 100% code efficiency. The evolution is repeatable. The proposed smooth evolution based on Manchester code + NRZ modulation is simulated demonstrated and the tested results verify the feasibility.

Dimming Control for Visible Light in a Wireless Identification System Using Manchester Code

A wireless identification system was developed in which visible light was simultaneously used for illumination and for transmitting an interrogating signal from a reader to a transponder. We used the Manchester code to modulate the visible light to ensure flicker-free lighting, and the duty factor of the Manchester code was utilized for dimming control. The average optical power of the light emitting diode (LED) array in the reader, and the solar cell current in the transponder, increased when the duty factor of the Manchester code was increased. In experiments, the capture range of the identification system was about 2.3 m when the duty factor was 90%. This configuration can be useful in an automatic vehicle identification system for security checks or fare calculation, using an LED lamp installed at toll gates or parking places.

Novel multi-user MC-CSK modulation technique in visible light communication

A novel multi-user modulation technique is proposed by using Manchester Coded Code Shift Keying (MC-CSK) system along with Double Padded-Modified Prime Code Sequence (DP-MPCS) in the visible light communication (VLC). In the VLC link, MC-CSK employed to enhance the bit rates and reduce BER includes effective fluctuation. In this work, the direct current in modulated signal, which includes a series of 0’s or 1’s are decreased by using Manchester coding. The proposed MC-CSK technique, however, uses M signaling waveforms which are mostly derived from a single pseudo random noise circular shift code. The proposed MC-CSK, system performance is compared with conventional modulation technique. Eventually, the results indicate that the MC-CSK coding focus on DP-MPCS outperforms the system BER performance, mitigate the interference, and, improve the system throughput over the conventional modulation techniques.

A novel wireless underground transceiver for landslide internal parameter monitoring based on magnetic induction

SummaryThis article introduces a magnetic induction communication transceiver MI‐S125‐III, which can be buried in a landslide body and can be used to transmit the internal characteristic parameters of landslide mass (such as inclination angle). The device is based on the Manchester code, and the working frequency is 125 kHz. Its data transmission distance can reach 5.28 m in the soil. We built a physical landslide model, in which three MI‐S125‐III nodes with a tilting sensor were embedded, and the angle monitoring curve was obtained by human triggering. The angle monitoring curve can reflect the sliding process, indicating that MI‐S125‐III can be used for landslide monitoring and early warning in the future.

A Compression Resistant Steganography Based on Differential Manchester Code

In the field of image steganography research, more and more attention is paid to the importance of stego image robustness. In order to make steganography accessible from laboratory to practical applications, it becomes critical that the stego images can resist JPEG compression from transmission channel. In this paper, an image steganography algorithm with strong robustness to resist JPEG compression is proposed. First, the robust cover elements are selected using the sign of DCT coefficients which are kept constant before and after JPEG compression. Additionally, a distortion function and a weighted cost adjustment method are designed to assign an appropriate cost to each candidate DCT coefficient. Finally, the message is embedded in the cover image which has minimal embedding distortion by flipping the signs of DCT coefficients, while differential Manchester code is applied to the element positions to obtain the location feature. Compared with the prior art, our algorithm has better undetectability and stronger robustness, and it can resist the attacks from the social network platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and WeChat.

Optical label switching based on Manchester code + NRZ modulation

Optical label switching (OLS) is regarded as one promising solution for the packet-based optical switching. In this paper, a novel modulation, i.e., Manchester code + NRZ modulation is proposed for OLS. The Manchester coded payload signal the NRZ label signal are combined and then modulated onto an optical carrier by only one ASK modulator. The Manchester coded payload signal and the NRZ label signal are recovered by half-bit-delayed differential and a low-speed ASK receiver, respectively. Better than traditional orthogonal modulation, the proposed Manchester code + NRZ modulation requires no non-amplitude modulation and only one ASK modulator, reducing the equipment cost, modulation loss and operation complexity. The coding is simple and decoding is not required. According to theoretical analysis and simulation test, the induced crosstalk decreases with the bit rate ratio. The tested results verify the feasibility of the OLS based on the proposed Manchester code + NRZ modulation.

Multilevel Manchester (2 bits/symbol) coding with optical equaliser for increasing the transmission distance of high‐speed fibre optic links

This study accessed the performance of the four-level Manchester coding (4-MC) and four-level modified Manchester (4-MM) technique at the bit rates of 20 and 40 Gb/s for the first-order and second-order optical equalisers. The performances were evaluated with respect to bit error rate (BER), power penalty, eye diagrams, and dispersion tolerance. Based on the results by utilising the second-order optical equaliser, at 20 Gb/s, the transmission distance of 4-MC and 4-MM was extended by 25 and 27 km of standard single-mode fibre (SSMF), respectively, while at the bit rate of 40 Gb/s, the 4-MC and 4-MM transmission distance was extended by 6.5 and 7.5 km of SSMF, respectively. Hence, the second-order optical equaliser can adequately compensate for the fibre dispersion and consequently the overall BER performance. Therefore, the proposed system could serve as an alternative to the next-generation high-speed optical transmission links.

SVM-Assisted Realization and Demonstration of Indoor 4 Mb/s Non-Line-of-Sight Visible Light Communication With Second-Order Reflection

Non-line of sight (NLOS) visible light communication (VLC) from reflections can expand the application beyond the line-of-sight (LOS) link. We demonstrate the experimental results on such indoor NLOS VLC, up to the second-order reflection. We employ an avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver due to the strong ambient light background. Manchester coding is adopted at the transmitter, and digital filtering is adopted at the receiver. We propose an Support Vector Machine (SVM) detection method to solve the significant distortion issue due to weak signal of the NLOS link. Experimental results on the second-order reflection-based VLC demonstrate that the detection error probability of the proposed SVM detection can be reduced up to at least two orders of magnitude compared with the Gaussian approximation-based detection, and can reach $10^{-4}$ at bit rate 4Mbps. Thus, low-data rate applications can be achieved by VLC with only the second-order reflection, which implies the potential in speech/image/control message transmission and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, for example the mobile robots that may operate in the shadow or even under a table. Experimental results on the second-order reflection at different transmission rates, different sampling rates, different AC signal amplitudes, and different DC voltages of bias-tee are also demonstrated.

Ultrasonic Power and Data Transfer through Multiple Curved Layers Applied to Pipe Instrumentation.

Ultrasonic power and data transfer through multilayered curved walls was investigated using numerical and experimental analysis. The acoustic channel used in this paper was formed by two concentric pipes filled with water, aiming for applications that involve powering and monitoring sensors installed behind the pipe walls. The analysis was carried out in the frequency and time domains using numerical and experimental models. Power and data were effectively simultaneously transferred through the channel. A remote temperature and pressure sensor was powered and interrogated throughout all the layers, and the power insertion loss was 10.72 dB with a data transmission rate of 1200 bps using an amplitude modulated scheme with Manchester coding. The efficiency of the channel was evaluated through an experimental analysis of the bit error rate (BER) with different values of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), showing a decrease in the number of errors compared with detection without Manchester coding.

All-optical TOAD-based Manchester and Gold code generators

Spread spectrum is a modulation technique where the signal occupies a bandwidth much larger than the minimum necessary to send the information. An all-optical Manchester and Gold code generators are implemented using terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer-based D flip-flop and exclusive-OR logic gates in a configuration exactly like the standard electronic setup. The all-optical nonreturnable zero-to-Manchester conversion is implemented in our simulation system, and bit error rate performance (10 Gbit/s) of the format conversion is explained. Transmission performances of the converted Manchester-coded signal are addressed with the transmission length and received optical power. The proposed Manchester and Gold code generators scheme has been theoretically demonstrated in this paper. We are assigned distinguishable unique codes with low cross-correlation values among each other in multiuser environment. The Gold sequences are an important class of sequences which allow construction of long sequences with three-valued cross-correlation function. The Gold sequences are created from pairs of preferred m-sequences of the same length by modulo-2 addition. The performances of those proposed optical designs are evaluated by numerical simulation that confirms its feasibility in terms of the choice of the critical parameters.