Management Activities Research Articles

Drug Interactions between Androgen Receptor Axis-Targeted Therapies and Antithrombotic Therapies in Prostate Cancer: Delphi Consensus.

Background/Objectives: Abiraterone acetate, apalutamide, darolutamide, and enzalutamide, which make up the androgen receptor axis-targeted therapies (ARATs) drug class, are commonly used in the management of prostate cancer. Many patients on ARATs also receive oral antithrombotic therapy (i.e., anticoagulants or antiplatelets). The concomitant use of ARATs and antithrombotic therapies creates the potential for clinically relevant drug-drug interactions, but the literature regarding the actual consequences of these interactions, and guidance for co-prescribing, is limited. We assembled a multidisciplinary panel of experts and provided them with clinical information derived from a comprehensive literature review regarding the drug-drug interactions between ARATs and antithrombotic therapies. Methods: A three-stage modified electronic Delphi process was used to gather and consolidate opinions from the panel. Each stage consisted of up to three rounds of voting to achieve consensus on which ARAT/antithrombotic therapy drug pairs warrant attention, the possible clinical consequences of drug-drug interactions, and suggested actions for management. Results: The panel achieved consensus to avoid 11 ARAT/antithrombotic therapy drug pairs and modify therapy for eight pairs. Assessments relied heavily on pharmacokinetic data and extrapolation from drug-drug interaction studies of similarly metabolized drugs. Conclusions: This e-Delphi process highlights the need for further research into the clinical impact of ARAT/antithrombotic drug interactions. Nonetheless, the suggested actions aim to provide clinicians with a practical framework for therapeutic decision making.

ETHICS OF BUSINESS RELATIONS AS THE BASIS OF CORPORATE CULTURE

The article is devoted to the study of modern trends in management changes in business, due to the rapid development of market relations, new technologies and globalization. Special attention is paid to the role of the ethics of business relations in corporate culture, management processes and interaction between participants in business activities. The causes and nature of conflicts in the business environment are determined, offering effective methods of their resolution, including negotiations, mediation and analysis of the causes of conflicts. The barriers preventing effective communication in business, such as communication, psychological and organizational barriers, as well as trust barriers, are substantiated. The role of ethics in the processes of management and responsible decision-making, which contributes to increasing the efficiency of enterprises in modern conditions, is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop ethical literacy of managerial staff through education, training, corporate codes and self-improvement. The development of such skills allows specialists not only to increase personal responsibility and efficiency, but also to strengthen the ethical basis of the entire enterprise. An important role in this is played by methods of increasing knowledge in the field of business ethics and compliance with ethical standards in business. Ethical standards are an integral part of successful management activities and contribute to the formation of a sustainable corporate culture. The development of moral consciousness and the introduction of ethical principles into daily activities help to minimize conflicts, strengthen trust between participants in business processes and enhance the company's reputation in the market

Comparative Study Between Carbetocin Over Oxytocin In Primigravida In The Active Management Of 3rd Stage Of Labour

Comparative Study Between Carbetocin Over Oxytocin In Primigravida In The Active Management Of 3rd Stage Of Labour

Harmony of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles towards Positive Change in Teachers’ Motivation, Attitude, and Performance

This study aimed to establish correlations using a correlational research design. It was guided by the Full Range Model which emphasizes the effectiveness of combining transformational and transactional leadership. A sample of 134 public elementary and secondary school teachers from 21 schools in Calauan Sub-Office, Laguna Province, was surveyed to examine these relationships. The instrument used was a researcher-made survey-questionnaire which underwent multiple validation stages. Based on the results, there was a very high level of transactional and transformational leadership styles among school heads, positively correlating with teachers' motivation, attitude, and performance. Specifically, transactional leadership behaviors such as contingent rewards and active management significantly influenced these factors, along with transformational leadership dimensions of idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. These findings emphasize the critical role of leadership in fostering positive teacher outcomes. Recommendations include the investment in leadership development programs focusing on expanding beyond transactional approaches towards transformational leadership. Initiatives should sustain and deepen transformational practices, capitalize on teacher motivation and positive attitudes, and reinforce effective performance through targeted interventions and continuous professional development.

Using national hydrologic models to obtain regional climate change impacts on streamflow basins with unrepresented processes

Climate change is increasingly impacting water availability. National-scale hydrologic models simulate streamflow resulting from many important processes, but often without processes such as human water use and management activities. This work explores and tests methods to account for such omitted processes using one national-scale hydrologic model. Two bias correction methods, Flow Duration Curve (FDC) and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), are tested on streamflow simulated by the US Geological Survey National Hydrologic Model (NHM-PRMS), which omits irrigation pumping. A semi-arid agricultural case study is used. FDC and ARIMA perform better for correcting low and high flows, respectively. A hybrid method performs well at both low and high flows; typical Nash-Sutcliffe values increased from <-1.00 to about 0.75. Results suggest methods with which national-scale hydrologic models can be bias-corrected for omitted processes to improve regional streamflow estimates. Utility of these correction methods in simulation of future projections is discussed.

METHODS OF MANAGEMENT IN PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF MASTERS OF PHARMACY

The article outlines the importance and role of scientific management methods as a factor in improving the mechanisms of managerial influence on pharmaceutical employees and a component of technologies for training masters of pharmacy in educational institutions to ensure the effective performance of their general and specific functions in the industry. The purpose of the study is to characterize the economic methods of pharmaceutical management, which are related to the activities of a pharmacy manager by the nature of influence and the specifics of their mastering in the process of professional training. The survey of a group of 121 students majoring in the specialty 226 «Pharmacy» has allowed us to identify the demand of future masters of pharmacy for the use of methods of studying and building economic plans in the organization (strategic, tactical, operational), developing a budget for a separate structure (its functions, production and economic processes, areas of cost savings and increased revenues, targeted use of funds, development of internal monitoring, delegation of authority, etc. Aspects of the training content are proposed to fill the gaps in the knowledge of applicants identified during the survey. At the same time, a survey of 49 teachers of pharmaceutical faculties and higher education institutions has revealed the need to apply and study administrative management methods as a set of organizational, administrative, and disciplinary methods of influence on masters of pharmacy. It has been concluded that future masters of pharmacy need to study and master the set of methods of pharmaceutical management in the process of training and practical training at the enterprise.

Neuropathic pain in spondyloarthritis: Decoding its prevalence, risk factors, and impact on disease activity

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of neuropathic pain in patients with various subtypes of spondyloarthritis (SpA), including axial SpA (axSpA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and undifferentiated peripheral SpA (p-SpA). Additionally, the study sought to identify potential risk factors associated with the presence or severity of neuropathic pain and to investigate its impact on clinical disease activity assessment. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study at two tertiary rheumatology centers, enrolling patients diagnosed with SpA. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and current therapies were collected. Neuropathic pain was assessed using the PainDETECT Questionnaire (PD-Q) and the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, t-tests, and Pearson's correlations to evaluate the relationships between neuropathic pain scores and clinical disease activity indices. ResultsThe study included 177 patients. Of these, 22.2% had a PD-Q score ≥19, showing a high likelihood of neuropathic pain, while 64.9% scored ≤12, suggesting the absence of significant neuropathic components. The mean PD-Q score was 11.5 ± 10.1. Subgroup analyses showed that females had significantly higher scores for paroxysmal and evoked pain (p < 0.05), and obese patients had significantly higher scores across all NPSI subscores (p < 0.05). Moderate positive correlations were found between neuropathic pain scores and clinical disease activity indices, such as DAPSA (r = 0.46, p < 0.0001) and ASDAS-CRP (r = 0.42, p < 0.01). ConclusionsNeuropathic pain is prevalent among patients with SpA and is significantly associated with disease activity assessments and management. This study highlights the importance of integrating neuropathic pain evaluation into the clinical assessment of SpA to tailor treatment approaches effectively and improve patient outcomes.

Transdisciplinary Research Supports the Sustainability of Barrier Island Systems Threatened by Climate Change

AbstractThe management of developed barrier islands is often piece‐meal and reactionary despite the complex, dynamic nature of these systems, and sustainable practices will become increasingly difficult due to heightened pressures of climate change. Adaptation actions, including nature‐based solutions, need to be thoroughly evaluated prior to implementation to understand system‐wide impacts and avoid maladaptation. Anarde et al. (2024a), (https://doi.org/10.1029/2023ef003672), Anarde et al. (2024b), (https://doi.org/10.1029/2023ef004200) is the latest important contribution in a growing body of transdisciplinary research that more robustly evaluates the complex physical process‐and‐response relationship of barrier systems via sophisticated numerical modeling approaches that also interface with socioeconomic models to inform coastal management actions in response to mitigating coastal risk. This new research indicates the importance of coordinated system‐scale barrier island management, as strategies to reduce coastal hazard risk in one location will directly affect adjacent communities. Further, this work demonstrates that reducing barrier management interventions may actually promote barrier recovery and sustainability in the face of sea level rise. In addition, recent advances in the analysis and application of remotely sensed data from satellites and oblique aerial photography provide scientists an unprecedented opportunity to track coastal evolution over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales at minimal cost. As sea level rise and changing storm patterns challenge the sustainable management of barrier island systems, integrating these advanced, transdisciplinary tools will enable scientists and coastal practitioners to more thoroughly evaluate coastal adaptation options, efficiently invest limited resources to mitigate coastal hazard risk for communities, support healthy ecosystems, and reduce system‐wide impacts.

Contribution of Professor Oleg N. Trofimov to the Concept of Physical Education Development in the Pharmaceutical Education System

The biographical sketch is dedicated to Professor Oleg Nikolaevich Trofimov (1927-2013), PhD in Pedagogic Sciences, who headed the Department of Physical Education at the Leningrad Institute Chemical Pharmaceuticals from 1973 to 1995. The main stages of O.N. Trofimov's professional activity corresponded to the general context of the development of priority areas of physical education in the system of secondary and higher education. O.N. Trofimov skillfully combined managerial activities with research and educational-methodological work. He made a significant contribution to the development of the health-improving direction of physical education at the university, to the organization and conduct of research aimed at solving the problems of improving health and increasing the physical fitness of students. The scientific activity of O.N. Trofimov was devoted to the theory and methods of physical education, issues of physical development, dynamics of physical fitness of students, the development of comprehensive training programs in vocational-applied physical training and additional public specialty within the framework of the Faculty of Public Professions. The results of the research carried out at the department were widely introduced into the educational process of physical education and served as the basis for the development of innovative technologies for constructing the educational process in «Elective Physical Culture: Health-Improving Physical Education», as well as the program for the development of physical culture and sports, the formation of a healthy lifestyle at the Saint Petersburg Chemical and Pharmaceutical University. O.N. Trofimov was a war veteran, awarded government awards, including the medal «For the Defense of Leningrad». The essay uses archival data, bibliographic publications, specialized journals and collections of materials from scientific and methodological conferences, materials from the department and the personal archives of O.N. Trofimov.

CoMPers: A configurable conflict management framework for personalized collaborative modeling

Context:Modeling is an activity in the software development life cycle where experts and stakeholders collaborate as a team. In collaborative modeling, adhering to the optimistic versioning paradigm allows users to make concurrent changes to the same model, but conflicts may arise. To achieve an integrated and consistent merged model, conflicts must be resolved. Objective:The primary objective of this study was to provide a customizable and extensible framework for conflict management in personalized change propagation during collaborative modeling. Methods:We propose CoMPers, a customizable and extensible conflict management framework designed to address various conflicts encountered in collaborative modeling. We present the duel algorithm for automatically detecting and resolving conflicts according to user preferences. The framework utilizes personalized change propagation to customize collaboration and supports the conflict management process by executing the duel algorithm based on user preferences. As a proof-of-concept, we have implemented the CoMPers framework and extended the EMF.cloud modeling framework to demonstrate its applicability. Results:We have constructed a proof-of-concept implementation and conducted a real-world case study, a benchmark experiment, and a user experience evaluation. Our findings demonstrate that: (1) CoMPers enables collaborators to configure propagation strategies according to their habits; (2) CoMPers successfully identifies all anticipated conflicts and achieves a 100% accuracy in conflict handling; (3) The majority of participants agreed that CoMPers is user-friendly for collaborative modeling. Conclusion:This paper presents the CoMPers framework, which is based on personalized change propagation, and helps collaborators customize conflict management activities. The results confirm the feasibility and advantages of consistent and concurrent modeling within the collaborative CoMPers platform, with an acceptable functionality for approximately ten collaborators.

Aktivitas Pengelolaan Wisata Petualangan Canyoning Berbasis Resiko

Canyoning adventure tourism is a form of nature tourism activity that provides extreme and challenging experiences for tourists. However, the high level of risk in this activity requires a comprehensive risk management approach to ensure the safety and comfort of participants. This study aims to analyze risk-based canyoning tourism management activities in the Canyoning &amp; Caving area, Bogor, Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative method with data collection techniques in the form of in-depth interviews with tour managers, canyoning guides, and tourists who have participated in the activity. In addition, direct observations were made of field conditions and facilities provided. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of effective risk management is very important to minimize the potential for accidents and negative impacts on the environment. Some of the main risks identified include unpredictable weather conditions, terrain difficulty, and lack of participant experience. The risk mitigation strategies implemented include intensive training for guides, the use of international standard safety equipment, and the preparation of clear emergency procedures. This study is expected to be a reference for other canyoning tourism managers in developing safe and sustainable adventure tourism in Indonesia.

Spatial modelling and estimation of mammals' mortalities by Pantanal 2020 megafires

Abstract Extreme wildfire events, such as the Pantanal 2020 megafires, are expected to become more common. Assessing the impacts of such extreme events on wildlife is imperative for conservation planning. Direct observation of carcasses can provide valuable information on how these impacts relate to spatial heterogeneity. Here, we use double‐observer carcass surveys to assess the numbers and spatial patterns of direct mortalities of medium‐ to large‐sized mammals resulting from the Pantanal 2020 megafires in a large reserve (1080 km2) in the northern Pantanal wetland. Accounting for imperfect detection, we model the spatial variation in mortality occurrence and abundance, testing the effects of habitat‐related variables and wildfire severity using multi‐species N‐mixture models. We found that 26 out of 27 species of medium and large‐sized mammals died from the fires with a mean estimate of around 49 thousand individuals. The most affected species included capuchin monkeys, agoutis, peccaries, tapirs, brocket deer, tamanduas, coatis and capybaras. Direct mortality of mammals by wildfires was affected by landscape factors related to species habitats, species traits (probably related to escape or refuge strategies), and the intensity of the wildfires. Mortalities presented a general positive relationship with non‐flooded forests (a fire‐sensitive habitat in Pantanal) and with the severity of wildfires. Artificial water bodies, a common landscape structure in Pantanal, had 7.5 times more deaths than other areas. Synthesis and applications: With the approach used, we were able to: (i) identify mortality hotspots associated with landscape features; (ii) simultaneously identify the most affected species and assess the average relationships for all the assemblage of medium‐ and large‐sized mammals. We discuss conservation and management actions in two contexts: species prioritization for rescuing and monitoring; and territory prioritization for fire prevention and fighting.

Innovations of Express Companies: Adoption of Protective Wearable Artificial Intelligence Devices by Couriers

Providing couriers with wearable artificial intelligence devices to prevent accidents is not only beneficial to the courier’s safety but will also save money in terms of insurance premiums for express companies; therefore, it is worth investigating what factors can influence the acceptance of wearable artificial intelligence devices by couriers. Push–pull–mooring (PPM) theory and affective event theory (AET) are integrated, to test couriers’ adoption of wearable safety detection devices. Social influence, perceived security, personal innovativeness, and affective event reaction are applied to the research model. Questionnaires are distributed among several listed express companies and 263 valid questionnaires are used for empirical testing. Empirical results indicated that social influence, perceived safety, personal innovativeness and affective event reaction are positively related to usage with coefficients 0.218, 0.301, 0.698 and 0.309. Personal innovativeness has positive moderating effects on relationships between affective event reaction, perceived security and usage, with coefficients 0.145 and 0.106; however, it has no significant moderating effect on the relationship between social influence and usage. The research aims to help support the proliferation and adoption of wearable artificial intelligence devices to optimize the current state of the express industry and improve the interaction between couriers and managers, creating an active management strategy that will allow express companies to thrive. The study not only provides insights to help express companies reduce insurance costs, but also provides recommendations for accelerating the company’s environmental, social and governance goals, leading sustainable development and building new corporate value.

The Principle of Corrective Justice in Managerial Activities

The Principle of Corrective Justice in Managerial Activities

Система публічного адміністрування nоргівлі валютними цінностями

The article is devoted to the definition of the system of public administration of trade in currency values, the problem of theoretical substantiation of its elements, the main types of manifestations of the administration of this sphere, the study of the subjects of the implementation of administration functions, the study of the current legislation regulating this sphere of public-legal relations. Particular attention is paid to the definition of the content of the category “trade in currency values”, the disclosure of the legal nature and features of the category “public administration”, the outline of the approaches to the definition of its content and constituent elements available in domestic science. The definition of the system of public administration of trade in currency values and its constituent elements was carried out within the framework of the instrumental theory in law. It was established that, taking into account the initial provisions of the instrumental theory, the instruments of public administration of currency trading in Ukraine should be considered the norms of the current legislation, which determine the procedure for carrying out, in particular, the licensing of this activity, its control, taxation, the application of other management measures, prohibitions in this sphere, activity and law-enforcement acts of public administration bodies that carry out such management activities are empowered to impose administrative and financial sanctions. A proper definition of the category “administration of trade in currency values in Ukraine” is proposed. It was determined that the administration of trade in foreign exchange values takes place on the basis of complexity, reasonableness, flexibility of implementation and adaptability to the conditions of application of control and other measures, the expediency of their application, and orientation towards the consistent solution of current and long-termtasks of the state’s currency policy. The peculiarities of the functioning of subjects of the administration of currency trade in Ukraine, including the National Bank of Ukraine, the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine, the National Commission for Securities and the Stock Market, the State Tax Service of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in general, have been determined. It was found that the main subject of the administration of the outlined spheres of public legal relations is the National Bank of Ukraine. It is he who implements administrative, regulatory, control and other instruments in the field of currency relations. At the same time, other areas of implementation of the administration are disclosed, in particular, the activity of public administration bodies within the framework of taxation procedures of the researched activity is outlined.

Asthma and pregnancy: Understanding the dynamic relationship - A comprehensive review

The health of pregnant women and their developing fetuses can be greatly impacted by asthma, a prevalent chronic respiratory disease. Pregnancy-related asthma is a serious health risk. A potentially fatal condition that makes many pregnancies more difficult is asthma. The prevalence of asthma has increased within the past few decades. This comprehensive review explored the complex connection between asthma and pregnancy. Analyzing physiological alterations during pregnancy revealed dynamic interactions between immunological responses and respiratory function. These Important discoveries highlight the susceptibility to exacerbations of asthma. This discussion focuses on the links between poorly managed asthma and unfavourable - perinatal outcomes, with particular attention given to maternal and fetal outcomes, tracking and tailored treatment to provide the best possible management of asthma. This review emphasizes how important it is to manage asthma throughout pregnancy because it can have a positive impact on both the mothers and fetuses long-term health. Consequences for clinical practice emphasize the value of preconception care, ongoing surveillance, and joint obstetrician-pulmonologist efforts. This review also sheds light on how common asthma is in expectant mothers, and this field's future directions require further investigation. Low birth weights and small for gestational age are associated with a greater risk, especially in women who have moderate-to-severe asthma and have episodes of the condition during pregnancy. Additionally, there was a slight but statistically significant increase in the chance of congenital deformities. By preventing exacerbations, active management may lessen these risks. Ensuring optimal management of asthma during pregnancy is crucial for the welfare of the expectant mother and the unborn child. While poorly managed and undertreated asthma is linked to a number of dangers for both mothers and fetuses, well-controlled asthma reduces the risk of complications for both mothers and fetuses.

Can human lean practices affect business performance? Evidence from Zimbabwe service industries

PurposeThis research seeks to explore the interrelationships between human lean practices (HLP) and their impact on the business performance of service industries.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was used to collect data from the service industries in Zimbabwe, and 260 valid responses were obtained. The questionnaire was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) in SmartPLS.FindingsBoth the managerial human lean practices (MHLP) and employee human lean practices (EHLP) were found to positively impact business performance. Also, the MHLP had a positive relationship with EHLP.Research limitations/implicationsThe research focused on Zimbabwe’s service industry; hence, the results may not be readily adopted by other industries and countries without further investigations.Practical implicationsThe improvement in business performance is centered on the activities of humans, both the employees and managers. Therefore, organizations should invest more in human resources to enhance their performance.Originality/valueLean manufacturing (LM) is well known for its adoption in the manufacturing industry; thus, extending it to other sectors requires further research. Although a few studies have investigated the effect of adopting Lean in the service sector, they did not explore the relationship between MHLP and EHLP and the importance of such a relationship toward improved business performance.

Marketing Activities as a Factor of Health Facility Stability

Background. Marketing is one of the most difficult tasks in the healthcare business, because it requires a deep understanding of both the specifics of medical services and consumer expectations. Marketing strat-egies should be carefully planned and adapted to the unique characteristics of the industry, as consumers expect to receive a wide range of high-quality medical services. The specifics of the healthcare sector and the ethical, legal, and operational issues hinder the use of marketing tools. At the same time, successful medical marketing depends on the use of advanced tools and the constant monitoring of their effectiveness. Purpose. To consider the main factors of marketing strategy and plan development in healthcare and to offer practical recommendations for successfully promoting medical services.Materials and methods. The authors used general scientific research methods. The data from scientific peer-reviewed journals and analytical reports were synthesized and analyzed. The research materials on the management and development of marketing activities in healthcare organizations and the impact of market-ing activities on the effectiveness, stability, and sustainability of the subjects of the medical services market were analyzed.Results. The marketing of medical services includes a wide range of advanced tools and practices that con-stantly require attention and performance monitoring. Healthcare is an extremely complicated industry with features directly related to the development of effective marketing strategy and plan.

A decade of PISA: student perceived instructional quality and mathematics achievement across European countries

This study examines the relationship between instructional quality and mathematics achievement, taking into account socioeconomic status. Data from ten European countries participating in PISA 2012 and 2022 were analysed using the framework of the Dynamic Modelling of Educational Effectiveness. In PISA 2012, instructional quality was defined by student-oriented instruction, classroom management, teacher support, disciplinary climate, and cognitive activation. The finding indicated that teacher support, disciplinary climate, and cognitive activation positively predict student achievement, but dimensions of student-oriented instruction and classroom management were negatively related in several countries. Instructional quality was captured by four dimensions in PISA 2022, namely, teacher support, disciplinary climate, cognitive activation in mathematics of encouraging mathematical thinking and of fostering reasoning. Teacher support and disciplinary climate had a positive effect on achievement, but two aspects of cognitive activation had opposite effects on achievement. SES also had significant indirect effects on achievement through various instructional quality dimensions. Across two PISA cycles, teacher support, disciplinary climate, and cognitive activation consistently benefited low-SES students, while classroom management and student-oriented instruction tended to harm their performance. These results underscore the role of instructional quality in promoting equity for disadvantaged students. Trend data from these two cycles of PISA, give an indication of specific instructional strategies that do consistently contribute to student achievement. Implications and findings are discussed in relation to the policy and practice context in different education systems.

The Effects of Servant Leadership, Occupational Commitment, and Work Engagement on Creativity of Teacher

This study identifies the influence of servant leadership on teacher creativity. We considered occupational commitment and work engagement as sequential mediators in the relationship between servant leadership and teacher creativity. This current study uses surveys by distributing questionnaires to teachers at the "X" education foundation in one of the cities in East Java. Hypothesis testing uses partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Our study shows that servant leadership does not directly enhance teacher creativity but rather through occupational commitment and work engagement. This finding contributed to the understanding that servant leadership influences teacher creativity through the sequential mediation of occupational commitment and work engagement. As an implication, the "X" educational foundation needs to choose principals who are able to act as servant leaders. In order to effectively increase teacher creativity, servant leaders must provide support and opportunities for teachers that will boost their commitment to their work. Teachers with high occupational commitment will be more engaged with their work, allowing them to become more creative. In addition, various employee management activities, such as training, recognition, and selecting effective school principals, are needed to increase teachers' commitment, engagement, and creativity.