Successful Management Research Articles

Islamic Leadership Management in Pesantren

Many concepts of management and leadership have changed. In the Islamic concept, leadership is a concept of interaction, relationship, authority process, influencing, directing and coordinating activities both horizontally and vertically. Then, in management theories, the leader's function is as a planner and decision maker (planning and decision maker), organization (organization). Leadership and motivation (leading and motivation), supervision (controlling) and others. In any view, everything must be done neatly, correctly, orderly, and regularly. The processes must be followed properly. This research aims to examine more deeply the practices of Islamic leadership management in Islamic boarding schools. This study has at least two objectives: (1) mapping studies related to Islamic leadership management in general; (2) elaborating on the Islamic leadership concept at Pesantren. The results showed that the leadership style adopted by the Kiai greatly influences the educational environment, both in terms of academics and morals of the students. Therefore, the relationship between Islamic leadership and the success of Islamic boarding school management is very important, because it directly influences educational outcomes, organizational culture, and the overall effectiveness of these institutions.

Management Measures and Trends of Biological Invasions in Europe: A Survey-Based Assessment of Local Managers.

Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and nature's contributions to people worldwide. However, the effectiveness of invasive alien species (IAS) management measures and the progress toward achieving biodiversity targets remain uncertain due to limited and nonuniform data availability. Management success is usually assessed at a local level and documented in technical reports, often written in languages other than English, which makes such data notoriously difficult to collect at large geographic scales. Here we present the first European assessment of how managers perceive trends in IAS and the effectiveness of management measures to mitigate biological invasions. We developed a structured questionnaire translated into 18 languages and disseminated it to local and regional managers of IAS in Europe. We received responses from 1928 participants from 41 European countries, including 24 European Union (EU) Member States. Our results reveal substantial efforts in IAS monitoring and control, with invasive plants being the primary focus. Yet, there is a general perception of an increase in the numbers, occupied areas, and impacts of IAS across environment and taxonomic groups, particularly plants, over time. This perceived increase is consistent across both EU and non-EU countries, with respondents from EU countries demonstrating more certainty in their responses. Our results also indicate a lack of data on alien vertebrates and invertebrates, reflecting a need for more targeted monitoring and knowledge sharing between managers and policymakers and between countries. Overall, our study suggests that Europe's current strategies are insufficient to substantially reduce IAS by 2030 and hence to meet the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework target.

Beyond greenwashing: Green supply chain management, environmental performance, and economic success in Ethiopia's bottled water industr

Ethiopia's bottled water industry faces mounting pressure to balance economic growth with environmental responsibility. This study investigates the effect of green supply chain management (GSCM) on Ethiopian bottled water companies' economic performance, with environmental performance as a potential mediator. We employ structural equation modelling (SEM) on survey data from managers of 99 bottled water firms in Ethiopia. The findings revealed that while some GSCM practices indirectly enhance the bottom line through improved environmental impacts, others, like investment recovery initiatives, directly enhance economic performance. Notably, the study demonstrates that GSCM fosters an environmentally sustainable future for Ethiopia's bottled water industry, where environmental responsibility ultimately leads to long-term economic performance. This research offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to promote balanced environmental and economic growth within the Ethiopian bottled water industry, moving beyond mere “greenwashing” towards genuine sustainability.

Epidemiological Patterns, Treatment Response, and Metabolic Correlatations of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A US-Based Study From 1994 to 2024

Introduction: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) presents an increasing health burden with changing demographic patterns. We studied nationwide trends in IIH epidemiology, treatment patterns, and associated outcomes using a large-scale database analysis within the United States (US). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis using the TriNetX US Collaborative Network database (1990-2024). We investigated demographic characteristics, time-based trends, geographic distribution, treatment pathways patterns, comorbidity profiles and associated risks with IIH. We used multivariate regression, Cox proportional hazards modeling, and standardized morbidity ratios to assess various outcomes and associations. Results: Among 51,526 patients, we found a significant increase in adult IIH incidence from 16.0 to 127.0 per 100,000 (adjusted RR: 6.94, 95% CI: 6.71-7.17). Female predominance increased over time (female-to-male ratio: 3.29, 95% CI: 3.18-3.40). Southern regions showed the highest prevalence (43.0%, n=21,417). Initial medical management success rates varied between acetazolamide (42.3%) and topiramate (28.7%). Advanced interventional procedures showed 82.5% success rates in refractory cases. Cox modeling revealed significant associations between IIH and metabolic syndrome (HR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.89-2.39) and cardiovascular complications (HR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.58-1.94), independent of BMI. Conclusions: Our findings highlight IIH as a systemic disorder with significant metabolic implications beyond its neurological manifestations. The marked regional disparities and rising incidence rates, especially among adults, suggest the need for targeted healthcare strategies. Early intervention success strongly predicts favorable outcomes, supporting prompt diagnosis and treatment initiation. These results advocate for an integrated approach combining traditional IIH management with broad metabolic screening care.

Audit of a Novel Nurse-Led Program for Non-Antibiotic Management of Acute Uncomplicated Diverticulitis.

Non-antibiotic outpatient treatment of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis is safe; however, uptake remains low. To assess the success of non-antibiotic management of uncomplicated diverticulitis through a nurse clinician-led outpatient program. Retrospective audit from June 2022-March 2024. Nurse clinician-led outpatient program for non-antibiotic management of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis at a university-affiliated hospital. Immunocompetent adults with CT-proven acute uncomplicated diverticulitis and C-reactive protein <150 mg/L. Eligible patients not referred to the program but treated in the Emergency Department during the same time period were also reviewed. This program included education, diet modification, analgesia, clinic visit, and telephone follow-ups by a nurse-clinician. Primary outcome was success of the program, defined as the proportion not requiring an Emergency Department visit, admissions within 60 days of diagnosis or need for antibiotics. Of 236 patients referred to the program, 84 met inclusion criteria, of which 43 (51.2%) were started on antibiotics before referral but were treated by the program. Forty-one (48.8%) completed the non-antibiotic protocol (48.8%, n = 41), with 97.6% success. Concurrently, 219 eligible patients were treated in the Emergency Department but not referred to the program. There was no difference in the number of Emergency Department visits between the 2 groups [program: n = 7 (8.3%) vs Emergency Department: n = 27 (12.3%)] within 60 days of diagnosis. Two patients (2.3%) treated in the program required admission, while 7 (3.2%) patients in the Emergency Department group were admitted. Overall, antibiotics were started before referral in 51.2% of patients in the program compared to 92.2% in the Emergency Department (p < 0.005). Modest sample size, single institutional data and retrospective design. Implementation of non-antibiotic treatment for mild acute uncomplicated diverticulitis can be successful using an outpatient nurse-clinician led program with referrals from the Emergency Department and community. See Video Abstract.

Spatial Pattern Evolution and Influencing Factors of Foreign Star-Rated Hotels in Chinese Cities

Spatial distribution is a critical factor influencing the success or failure of hotel management. This study examines the spatial distribution patterns of foreign star-rated hotels in China from 2000 to 2015 based on 27 typical city cases, using global and local spatial autocorrelation methods within GIS spatial analysis. The research explores the evolution of these patterns, analyzes key characteristics, and combines these insights with a stepwise regression method. Pearson correlation analysis is used to identify factors that influence the evolution of the spatial pattern. This study reveals that, first, the Z-value of global spatial autocorrelation of foreign star-rated hotels in China decreases from 2.38 to 1.63, indicating that the spatial distribution of foreign star-rated hotels in China has shifted from imbalanced to balanced, transitioning from economically developed regions such as areas with overseas Chinese populations, provincial capitals, and municipalities directly under central government control, toward tourist cities. Second, star-rated hotels hold a critical position within the spatial pattern, highlighting their central role in shaping the hospitality landscape. Third, the spatial distribution of foreign star-rated hotels is primarily influenced by the number of inbound tourists, followed by the presence of scenic spots rated 4A and above. The influence of other factors is found to be less significant. Fourth, the correlation coefficient between tourism demand and foreign star-rated hotels increased by 0.004, whereas the correlation coefficient between tourism supply and foreign star-rated hotels decreased by 0.036, indicating that market factors are playing an increasingly important role in shaping the evolution of foreign star-rated hotels in China, reflecting broader market dynamics. This study provides practical guidance for local Chinese hotels facing competition from foreign-funded establishments and offers theoretical insight into the strategic implementation of transnational operations. It points out the expansion direction of local Chinese hotels across different developmental stages.

Clinical Impact of Sarcopenia in the Decision-Making Process for Patients with Acute Diverticulitis.

Background: Acute diverticulitis (AD), an inflammatory complication of diverticulosis, affects around 4% of individuals with diverticulosis, with increased incidence in older populations. This study aims to assess the impact of sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass, on the clinical decision-making and outcomes of patients with AD. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 237 patients admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) between January 2014 and February 2022. Patients diagnosed with AD Hinchey ≥ 2 via contrasted tomography (CT) were included. Sarcopenia was assessed using CT scans at the third lumbar vertebra (L3), with skeletal muscle area (SMA) normalized by height to calculate the skeletal muscle index (SMI). Patients were divided into two groups based on sarcopenia status and analysed for surgical outcomes, non-operative management (NOM) success, and complications. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 46%. Sarcopenic patients were significantly older and had lower BMI and higher frailty scores. A higher proportion of sarcopenic patients underwent Hartmann, while non-sarcopenic patients more often had anastomosis. Sarcopenia did not significantly affect overall morbidity, mortality, or the failure rate of NOM. However, sarcopenic patients with a BMI > 25 had a higher likelihood of requiring redo surgeries. Conclusions: Sarcopenia plays a critical role in the surgical management of AD but does not predict worse clinical outcomes. The decision to perform surgery, particularly Hartmann's procedure, is influenced by sarcopenia, yet morbidity and mortality rates are comparable between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients. These findings highlight the need for sarcopenia to be considered in preoperative assessments.

Impact of Cash Holding on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The study investigates the impact of cash holdings on firm performance, in the presences of firm size, debt ratio, and asset turnover. Using data from 91 firms over a six-year period (2017-2022), the study demonstrates the importance of cash reserves for boosting firm value and operating efficiency. The finding show a positive correlation between liquidity and business performance, emphasizing the strategic importance of cash management in corporate finance. This study, which examines key firm characteristics as well as cash holdings, gives insights into the intricate elements driving corporate success and valuable information for managers and policymakers trying to improve financial strategies for long-term growth.

Navigating Hemorrhagic Shock: Biomarkers, Therapies, and Challenges in Clinical Care.

Hemorrhagic shock remains a leading cause of preventable death worldwide, with mortality patterns varying significantly based on injury mechanisms and severity. This comprehensive review examines the complex pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock, focusing on the temporal evolution of inflammatory responses, biomarker utility, and evidence-based therapeutic interventions. The inflammatory cascade progresses through distinct phases, beginning with tissue injury and endothelial activation, followed by a systemic inflammatory response that can transition to devastating immunosuppression. Recent advances have revealed pattern-specific responses between penetrating and blunt trauma, necessitating tailored therapeutic approaches. While damage control resuscitation principles and balanced blood product administration have improved outcomes, many molecular targeted therapies remain investigational. Current evidence supports early hemorrhage control, appropriate blood product ratios, and time-sensitive interventions like tranexamic acid administration. However, challenges persist in biomarker validation, therapeutic timing, and implementation of personalized treatment strategies. Future directions include developing precision medicine approaches, real-time monitoring systems, and novel therapeutic modalities while addressing practical implementation barriers across different healthcare settings. Success in hemorrhagic shock management increasingly depends on integrating multiple interventions across different time points while maintaining focus on patient-centered outcomes.

A Review of Grouper Fisheries Management in the Southeastern and Caribbean U.S.: Challenges, Successes, and Future Directions

Groupers (Epinephelidae) are ecologically important mesopredators that support valuable fisheries across the globe. Many groupers display slow growth and maturity, high longevity, ontogenetic habitat shifts, spawning-related migrations and aggregations, and protogynous hermaphroditism, which make them susceptible to overexploitation. In this review, I synthesize available information related to the management of grouper fisheries across the southeastern and Caribbean U.S. I highlight current management challenges, such as managing multispecies reef fish fisheries with growing recreational fishing effort. I discuss management interventions with limited success, such as establishing marine protected areas to improve the populations of groupers that display protogynous hermaphroditism. I also highlight management successes, such as recovering historically depleted grouper stocks, and ecosystem-based considerations in grouper stock assessments. I discuss how climate change and anthropogenic effects are expected to affect groupers. Lastly, I provide examples of stakeholder involvement in monitoring and management efforts directed at grouper stocks. The purposes of this review are to demonstrate the complexities of managing grouper fisheries and provide a road map for future research and conservation efforts into these economically and ecologically relevant fishes within and beyond the region.

Successful Perinatal Management and Resection of Large Sacrococcygeal Teratoma in an Extremely Premature Neonate

Objectives Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most frequently diagnosed fetal neoplasms, with premature birth remaining one of the greatest risk factors for poor prognosis. We report an exceptional case of survival to discharge of an extremely premature infant with a large sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT). Case Presentation An extremely premature infant with a large SCT was delivered via Cesarean section at 27 weeks gestational age (GA) due to preterm labor. At birth, the SCT measured 14.2 × 11.6 × 8.4 cm, and was ruptured with mild hemorrhage that was controlled with topical hemostatic agent and compression. The infant required positive pressure ventilation and intubation at birth due to apnea. She was transferred from the birth hospital to a level IV neonatal intensive care unit for surgical management. She underwent urgent surgery early on second day of life because of worsening heart failure and ongoing hemorrhage from the capsular rupture. The infant survived to discharge on room air without any major complications. Conclusions Despite multiple negative prognostic factors, we report the success and feasibility of SCT management and repair at 27 weeks GA.

Predictors of failure of conservative management of cholecystitis: a systematic review of the literature.

While emergency cholecystectomy is the preferred treatment for acute cholecystitis, conservative management can be used as a bridge to definitive surgical management in situations where emergency surgical services are limited. The objective of this systematic review is to identify factors associated with conservative management failure as defined as either failed resolution of symptoms on initial presentation, or the recurrence of symptoms whilst awaiting an elective cholecystectomy. This study aims to allow clinicians to make evidence-based recommendations for conservative versus operative management. A systematic review of the Medline database was conducted in May 2022 to identify studies analysing the success of non-operative management of acute cholecystitis. Two independent reviewers selected studies based on predefined criteria, and the risk of bias was evaluated. Out of the initial 1344 studies retrieved, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Factors significantly associated with persistence of symptoms in at least one study on multivariable analysis included diabetes mellitus, age >70, tachycardia, elevated temperature, elevated white cell count >15 000/uL and a distended gallbladder >5 cm. Factors significantly associated with recurrence of symptoms included Age <40 or >80, male sex, acute cholecystitis grade 2 or 3, elevated creatinine, serum albumin <4 g/dL, thickened gallbladder wall >5 mm. Several factors have been identified which may facilitate future evidence-based recommendations for tailored management strategies for patients with acute cholecystitis.

The Strategic of School Principal Leadership in Dealing with School Management Problems at The Menara Fitrah Integrated Islamic High School

School management plays a very important position in the implementation of education. However, in implementing school management, it cannot be separated from challenges and challenges. As the highest peak in the school's organizational structure, the principal has a significant role in determining direction and policy in the running of management at the school.This research aims to analyze the principal's leadership strategy in dealing with various school management problems at SMA IT Menara Fitrah and identify supporting and inhibiting factors in implementing the principal's leadership strategy. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. carried out at SMA IT Menara Fitrah, Ogan Ilir Regency. The key informant of this research is the school principal and the supporting informants are teachers and students. Research data was collected by interviews, observations and documentation studies. To obtain credible findings and data validity, triangulation techniques were used. The research results show that the principal of SMA IT Menara Fitrah applies transformational leadership strategies in dealing with school management problems. This strategy includes: building a clear and measurable school vision, mission and goals, maintaining a positive and supportive school culture, encouraging participation and empowering all school officials and stakeholders to achieve school goals, and developing an effective evaluation and accountability system. The factors that support the implementation of the principal's leadership strategy include the principal's commitment to realizing the school's vision, mission and goals. Meanwhile, factors that hinder the implementation of the principal's leadership strategy include the lack of communication and commitment of some school officials in supporting the success of school management.

Vesicovaginal fistula post-vaginal delivery late revelation: A case report

Introduction: This study presents a compelling clinical case involving a 43-year-old woman who encountered a vesicovaginal fistula subsequent to vaginal delivery. The narrative encompasses the occurrence, diagnosis, and subsequent management of this rare postpartum complication. Case Report: A 43-year-old woman with an unscarred uterus experienced the conventional signs of postpartum recovery but developed hematuria and vaginal urinary leakage on the seventh postpartum day. Clinical assessment confirmed a vesicovaginal fistula due to partial uterine dehiscence. Diagnostic procedures and the subsequent successful surgical intervention are detailed, followed by the postoperative surveillance strategy and a one-month post-surgery evaluation. Conclusion: This case study demonstrates the successful management of a postpartum vesicovaginal fistula through surgical intervention, resulting in complete closure of the fistula and significant improvement in urinary symptoms. It highlights the importance of timely diagnosis and appropriate surgical intervention in managing such rare complications following vaginal delivery.

Critical Analysis of Public Health Preparedness and Multisector Collaboration in Crisis Management

It has become clear that preparedness and management of crises have also become important issues regarding natural disasters, epidemics, and other related calamities. This review systematically examines the existing approaches and models to prepare public health collaboratively, with special attention to intersectoral integration. Intense cooperation between representatives of the governmental and non-governmental levels, healthcare institutions, and the private sector is the key to success in crisis management. The present review enlists examples regarding recent outbreaks, such as cases, assets, liabilities, and opportunities for reflection. The purpose will be to reveal the best practices that would help improve public health systems’ abilities to address future challenges through the lens of multisector collaboration and preparedness framework development.

Epidemiological Patterns, Treatment Response, and Metabolic Correlations of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A US-Based Study From 1990 to 2024.

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) presents an increasing health burden with changing demographic patterns. We studied nationwide trends in IIH epidemiology, treatment patterns, and associated outcomes using a large-scale database analysis within the United States (US). We performed a retrospective analysis using the TriNetX US Collaborative Network database (1990-2024). We investigated demographic characteristics, time-based trends, geographic distribution, treatment pathways patterns, comorbidity profiles and associated risks with IIH. We used multivariate regression, Cox proportional hazards modeling, and standardized morbidity ratios to assess various outcomes and associations. Among 51,526 patients, we found a significant increase in adult IIH incidence from 16.0 to 127.0 per 100,000 (adjusted RR: 6.94, 95% CI: 6.71-7.17). Female predominance increased over time (female-to-male ratio: 3.29, 95% CI: 3.18-3.40). Southern regions showed the highest prevalence (43.0%, n=21,417). Initial medical management success rates varied between acetazolamide (42.3%) and topiramate (28.7%). Advanced interventional procedures showed 82.5% success rates in refractory cases. Cox modeling revealed significant associations between IIH and metabolic syndrome (HR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.89-2.39) and cardiovascular complications (HR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.58-1.94), independent of BMI. Our findings highlight IIH as a systemic disorder with significant metabolic implications beyond its neurological manifestations. The marked regional disparities and rising incidence rates, especially among adults, suggest the need for targeted healthcare strategies.Early intervention success strongly predicts favorable outcomes, supporting prompt diagnosis and treatment initiation. These results advocate for an integrated approach combining traditional IIH management with broad metabolic screening care.

The influence of corporate governance on succession planning and organizational performance in Chinese family firms

PurposeThis study examines the impact of corporate governance on succession planning and organizational performance. Drawing on agency theory, the main purpose of this study is to identify the effect of corporate governance on succession planning by measuring the different characteristics of the board of directors.Design/methodology/approachThis multi-quantitative research used primary and archival data. A total of 281 valid questionnaires were collected from Chinese listed family firms to gauge succession planning. Relevant archival data were obtained to measure board characteristics and organizational performance. All hypotheses were examined through structural equation modeling.FindingsThe outcomes indicate that corporate governance positively influences succession planning and, in turn, boosts superior organizational performance, which uncovers the mediating effect of succession planning on the relationship between corporate governance and organizational performance. Our findings reveal that board independence and education facilitate the development of succession planning, which is crucial in the family business’s life cycle.Originality/valueThe results of this study contribute to management succession, strategic management and leadership research by demonstrating how corporate governance fosters organizational performance through succession planning, thereby expanding the application scenarios of agency theory in family firms. Additionally, the article also enriches our understanding of how family businesses apply sound governance structures to promote organizational strategic decision-making during the succession process.

Project Management Using Critical Path Method (CPM) and Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

Project delivery within the established time line and project cost is one of the persistent issues in current project management practices. This work therefore aimed at assessing the appropriateness of Project Evaluation Review Technique and Critical Path Method in project management with a case study of a UNN lecture hall construction. Consequently, the research establishes the impact of these quantitative operations research tools on the efficient project management. Both of these project management techniques were explained and used in relation to the data that was obtained from the lecture hall construction project manager, concerning the project activities and the time taken for each of these activities. As indicated by the findings of this study, both the methods were posited to achieve success in project management where by relationship and connectivity of the activities that define a project life cycle persist as the key issues. As such, it was suggested that in view of the project critical activities determined by the CPM and/or PERT analyses, more resources and attention should be directed towards effective management of such activities to avoid the occasion of project delay as well as ensure the successful completion of projects.

Leader emergence as mediator of the relationship between individual career management and career success: a perspective of implicit leadership theory

Purpose This study aims to investigate how individual career management (ICM) affects career success in Chinese organizations. Leader emergence was examined through the theoretical lens of implicit leadership theory as a mediating mechanism of this relationship. In addition, leadership self-efficacy and organizational warmth were analyzed jointly as boundary conditions strengthening the relationship between ICM and leader emergence. Design/methodology/approach To avoid common method bias, the authors adopted a three-wave data collection with a one-month lagged design. A total of 765 questionnaires were distributed and 424 usable questionnaires were collected. Mplus version 8.3 was used to test the hypothesized relationships. Findings Findings indicated that ICM is positively related to subjective career success and objective career success via leader emergence. Moreover, leadership self-efficacy and organizational warmth jointly moderate the relationship between ICM and leader emergence. Originality/value Based on implicit leadership theory, this study identifies leader emergence as a critical mechanism explaining the positive impact of ICM on career success in the Chinese context. Lastly, results stress the simultaneous need for leadership self-efficacy and organization warmth, which can promote high-ICM employees to emerge as leaders.

Critical edge: shaping the future of skills management for organizational success

Purpose Organizations face increasing pressure to optimize their human capital management strategies in today’s competitive business environment. As the nature of work evolves, the ability to identify, develop and leverage critical thinking skills has become paramount for organizational success. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Critical Edge Skills Framework (CESF), a novel approach to skills management that focuses on the cognitive demands of various roles within an organization. Design/methodology/approach The CESF provides a structured method for categorizing skills based on the level of critical thinking required and the nature of the work involved. By adopting this framework, organizations can better align their talent acquisition, development and succession planning strategies with the cognitive demands of different roles, ultimately driving strategy execution, innovation and competitive advantage. Findings The CESF represents a significant advancement in how organizations approach talent acquisition, development and succession planning. By adopting this framework, organizations can better understand the cognitive demands of various roles, align talent with the appropriate level of critical thinking and ensure that employees are well-suited to the nature of their work, whether it involves designing or executing tasks. Originality/value This paper’s skills taxonomy: provides a clear progression of cognitive abilities, from foundational skills to leadership and transformational thinking, allowing organizations to better understand critical thinking development; helps organizations identify the cognitive abilities required for different job roles, enabling more targeted and cost-effective talent acquisition, training and development; emphasizes the importance of higher-order thinking skills, which are crucial for driving innovation and organizational success; aligns with common educational frameworks, ensuring that graduates possess the critical thinking skills required by the modern workforce; and clarifies skill requirements, making it more manageable to determine the most suitable production resource for specific tasks. This optimizes the use of organizational resources and enhances productivity.