Management Plane Research Articles

Automatic rule installation in case of policy change in software defined networks

Software Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged recently as a new network architecture. It implements both control and management planes at centralized controller and data plane at forwarding devices. Therefore, SDN helps to simplify network management and improves network programmability. Changes in network policies occur frequently by making modifications at controller. However, in existing approaches, the rules installed at switches before policy change at controller are not modified. This can cause violation of network policy by packets. To address this problem, this paper presents a new approach that stores the rules generated at controller. After detecting the change in policy, the proposed approach finds the rules that will be affected by policy change by examining stored rules at controller. Then the affected rules are removed from the forwarding devices. Simulation results reveal that our proposed approach provides less packets violation ratio and normalized traffic overhead as compared to existing approach. Therefore, the proposed approach increases network performance and efficiency.

Hybrid 5G optical‐wireless SDN‐based networks, challenges and open issues

The fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks are expected to bring higher capacity, higher density of mobile devices, lower battery consumption and improved coverage. 5G entails the convergence of wireless and wired communications in a unified and efficient architecture. Mobile nodes, as defined in fourth-generation era, are transformed in heterogeneous networks to make the front-haul wireless domains flexible and intelligent. This work highlights a set of critical challenges in advancing 5G networks, fuelled by the utilisation of the network function virtualisation, the software defined radio and the software defined networks techniques. Furthermore, a novel conceptual model is presented in terms of control and management planes, where the inner architectural components are introduced in detail.

SERvICE: A Software Defined Framework for Integrated Space-Terrestrial Satellite Communication

The existing satellite communication systems suffer from traditional design, such as slow configuration, inflexible traffic engineering, and coarse-grained Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. To address these issues, in this paper, we propose SERvICE, a Software dEfined fRamework for Integrated spaCe-tErrestrial satellite Communication, based on Software Defined Network (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV). We first introduce the three planes of SERvICE, Management Plane, Control Plane, and Forwarding Plane. The framework is designed to achieve flexible satellite network traffic engineering and fine-grained QoS guarantee. We analyze the agility of the space component of SERvICE. Then, we give a description of the implementation of the prototype with the help of the Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) and OpenFlow. We conduct two experiments to validate the feasibility of SERvICE and the functionality of the prototype. In addition, we propose two heuristic algorithms, namely the QoS-oriented Satellite Routing (QSR) algorithm and the QoS-oriented Bandwidth Allocation (QBA) algorithm, to guarantee the QoS requirement of multiple users. The algorithms are also evaluated in the prototype. The experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithms in terms of file transmission delay and transmission rate.

Growth performance of yearling F1 progeny of different crossbred beef cattle

Bangladesh has a great demand of beef but it has been facing demand and supply mismatches due to insufficient production and supply of beef, low carcass yield of native cattle and recent no-cattle export policy of a long bordered neighboring country. Thus, the present work was undertaken with an objective to develop market beef cattle of average >150 Kg carcass weight by 24 months with an average FCR of <6.50 under on farm feeding and management condition. Aiming at developing breeding bulls the native dams of BCB-1 (BLRI Cattle Breed 1) were inseminated with the imported frozen semen of Brahman, Simmental, Charolais and Limousin. The crossbred progeny of different assorted F1 genotypes were being selected and their production and breeding performance were evaluated and compared with BCB-1. All pregnant (> 6 months of gestation period) cows were in pre-natal care, and all calves were raised in a single plane of nutrition and management. All crossbred progeny performed better than BCB-1 in terms of live weights and average daily gains. Among the crossbreds, Charolais×BCB-1 had the highest (p<0.001) birth weight (27.5±1.52 kg) followed by Brahman×BCB-1 (24.1±1.23), Simmental×BCB-1 (21.9±1.78), Limousin×BCB-1 (19.8±1.39) and BCB-1×BCB-1 (18.4±1.09), and the genotypes differences were highly significant (p<0.001). In average growth curve, Simmental cross grew faster followed by Charolais, Limousin, Brahman crosses and purebred BCB-1. The genotype×environment interaction was only observed in birth weight. Purebred BCB-1 had the lowest daily DM intake and showed the lowest FCR in all ages compare to other crosses. Calf scour and alopecia occurred in all genotypes. In this breeding program, calf mortality was found as 5.26%. Simmental×BCB-1 is performing as the best among the five genotypes in terms of growth up to 12 month of age.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (2): 82-87

Managing resources continuity from the edge to the cloud: Architecture and performance

The wide spread deployment of smart edge devices and applications that require real-time data processing, have with no doubt created the need to extend the reach of cloud computing to the edge, recently also referred to as Fog or Edge Computing. Fog computing implements the idea of extending the cloud where the ”things” are, or in other words, improving application performance and resource efficiency by removing the need to processing all the information in the cloud, thus also reducing bandwidth consumption in the network. Fog computing is designed to complement cloud computing, paving the way for a novel, enriched architecture that can benefit from and include both edge(fog) and cloud resources. From a resources perspective, this combined scenario requires resource continuity when executing a service, whereby the assumption is that the selection of resources for service execution remains independent of their physical location. This new resources model, i.e., resource continuity, has gained recently significant attention, as it carries potential to seamlessly providing a computing infrastructure from the edge to the cloud, with an improved performance and resource efficiency. In this paper, we study the main architectural features of the managed resource continuity, proposing the foundation of a coordinated management plane responsible for resource continuity provisioning. We study an illustrative example on the performance benefits in relationship to the size of databases with regard to the proposed architectural model.

Outcome of Early versus Delayed Evacuation of Spontaneous Lobar Hematomas in Unconscious Adults.

Objective:To explore the difference in outcomes of medium-sized lobar hematomas evacuated in early versus delayed fashion among unconscious noncomatose individuals.Methods:A retrospective analysis of demographic, clinical, and radiological data of unconscious patients admitted with lobar hematomas during 18 years was performed. Time to surgery was compared in various patient variables and characteristics. Outcome groups (favorable and poor) were also compared to find out any association with surgery timing, as well as potential indicators of outcome and mortality.Results:The mean follow-up period in this study was 7.5 months after discharge. Two-thirds of the patients carried favorable prognosis at final follow-up with mortality (7.3%) included among poor cases. Time to surgery was not associated to any of the patient characteristics, except for international normalized ratio and associated chest problems which represented the main indicators of delayed surgery. Rebleeding after evacuation was associated with shorter time to surgery in clots ≤35 cc but not in the whole group. Poor outcome was significantly associated with higher basal glucose levels, bigger hematomas, rebleeding after surgery, and delayed evacuation of clots >35 cc. The presence of mild intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) per se was not associated with increased mortality or poor outcome; however, its volume was.Conclusion:Smaller lobar hematomas (≤35 cc) in unconscious adults (Glasgow Coma Scale 8–13) may be managed with initial conservative treatment, while larger hematomas (>35 cc) are better evacuated as early as possible. Basal glucose levels and volume of mild IVH should be considered in the future management planes.

Evaluation of signaling loads in NO stack 5G mobile network

Present mobile communication system suffers from the exponentially increased mobile traffic and research on the fifth generation (5G) mobile network architectures is ongoing to solve this problem. We investigate the feasibility of the proposals used for the network architecture evolution from 4G to 5G and first propose a compatible network architecture, which decouples the management plane, the control plane and the user plane based on NO Stack framework proposed in our previous study. We mainly design detail procedures including UE attachment, service request and dedicated bearer activation/deactivation for our proposal network architecture. Finally, we establish a clear analytical mode of the application and system states to evaluate the signaling loads of new architecture. Simulation results show that our proposal network architecture with elaborated signaling procedures has much impact on the total signaling loads of system and could obviously decrease the signaling overhead compared with LTE.

LDDWRR: Least Delay Dynamic Weighted Round-Robin Load Balancing in Software Defined Networking

In traditional network devices, tight coupling of data plane with the control plane so large amount of traffic on the web is not correctly handled by the Traditional network devices. The emerging strategy that decoupled the data plane from control plane is called Software Defined Networking (SDN). Control plane of these devices act like a brain or master. It is also called Software Defined networking controller or Openflow controller. Data plane is called slave that behave according to the instructions given by the master or control plane. To convert a data plane into powerful network devices we have to create Firewall, Load balancer, Intrusion Detection system applications and then run that applications at management plane that is on top of control plane. In such a manner we can convert data plane into powerful network devices according to the application. The application that we have created on the top of control plane is load balancer application that convert the dumb data plane into load balancer. Load balancer architecture consists of number of servers and clients which distributed the client traffic among number of servers based on particular strategy. There are number of strategies are available such as Round Robin, random policy. Each load balancing policy has some advantages and disadvantages. We created “least delay dynamic weighted round robin (LDDWRR)” strategy in this paper and run on the top of SDN controller. Then we evaluate the result of our load balancing strategy by comparing with the round robin strategy. Mininet is used for the experiment and controller that is used as control plane is called POX controller.

An Integrated Framework for Software Defined Networking, Caching, and Computing

Although some excellent works have been done on networking, caching and computing, these three important areas have traditionally been addressed separately in the literature. In this article, we propose a novel framework that jointly considers networking, caching and computing techniques in order to improve end-to-end system performance. This integrated framework can enable dynamic orchestration of networking, caching and computing resources to meet the requirements of different applications. We define and develop the key components of this framework: the data plane, the control plane, and the management plane. The data plane consists of the devices that are responsible for networking, caching and computing operations. The control plane has a logically centralized controller to guide these operations. The management plane enables not only traditional applications, such as traffic engineering, but also new applications, such as content distribution and big data analytics. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed framework. In addition, we discuss a number of challenges of implementing the proposed framework of software defined networking, caching and computing.

Control and Management of Transponders With NETCONF and YANG

The continuous evolution of elastic optical networks (EONs) toward more efficient and flexible backbone networks has been enabled by the innovation of data and control plane technologies. Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) is emerging as a software-defined networking (SDN) protocol for the control of optical networks. Its relevance is due to the fact that, besides providing control functionalities (e.g., data plane device configuration), NETCONF also provides management functionalities (e.g., access to monitoring information). NETCONF may exploit the Yet Another Next Generation (YANG) data model to describe network elements to be controlled/managed. YANG and NETCONF are of interest for operators since they provide a standard way to control and manage network elements independently from the vendor. This paper presents and demonstrates a control and management plane for EONs, based on the NETCONF protocol and YANG. In particular, a YANG model describing optical transponders supporting sliceability, variable rate, and monitoring functionalities is proposed. NETCONF experimental demonstrations are carried out to validate the proposed model and to prove the control and management capabilities of these technologies when applied to EONs.

A Modular Traffic Sampling Architecture: Bringing Versatility and Efficiency to Massive Traffic Analysis

The massive traffic volumes and heterogeneity of services in today's networks urge for flexible, yet simple measurement solutions to assist network management tasks, without impairing network performance. To turn treatable tasks requiring traffic analysis, sampling the traffic has become mandatory, triggering substantial research in the area. Despite that, there is still a lack of an encompassing solution able to support the flexible deployment of sampling techniques in production networks, adequate to diverse traffic scenarios and measurement activities. In this context, this article proposes a modular traffic sampling architecture able to foster the flexible design and deployment of efficient measurement strategies. The architecture is composed of three layers--management plane, control plane and data plane--covering key components to achieve versatile and lightweight measurements in diverse traffic scenarios and measurement activities. Each component of the architecture is described considering the different strategies, technologies and protocols that compose the several stages of a measurement process. Following the proposed architecture, a sampling framework prototype has been developed, providing a fair environment to assess and compare sampling techniques under distinct measurement scenarios, evaluating their performance in balancing computational burden and accuracy. The results have demonstrated the relevance and applicability of the proposed architecture, revealing that a modular and configurable approach to sampling is a step forward for improving sampling scope and efficiency.

Guidelines for Physical Therapy Program with Schrot’s Exercises for Adolescent with Scoliosis or Other Spinal Deformities

Introduction: Scoliosis is a complex structural deformity of the spine, in which there is an abnormal curvature of the vertebral column on all 3 spatial axes and chest as well as a disturbance of the sagittal profile. The primary aim of medical management of scoliosis is to stop curvature progression. The aim of our research was to evaluate the effect of Schrot`s exercises by adolescents on reduction of scoliosis curve and testing the possibility of our management plane in health system. Materials and methods: There were treating 40 children in average 13 years old, and average of curve before treatment 24° with Schrot`s exercises one year. Treatment was following clinically and with X-ray picture, and its effect done with score. Results: The reduction of curve was from 24° to 15°, the total score of positive effect was significant. Discussion: We always have problem to organize exercises for patient with same spine deformity. The second problem of this treatment is, that every scoliosis patients have own natural history of curve, and effects of treatments are not same by each child. Conclusion: Conservative treatment with exercises could be effective for scoliosis and it depends of natural history of curve. Schroth exercises treated spine tri dimensional and did not need special equipment, only specific education for diagnosis and evaluation of deformity and course for specific method of treatment.

The Diagnostic Utility of Immunohistochemistry in Undifferentiated Ovarian Carcinoma

Background: The impact of diagnostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the surgical pathology is legendary especially when it provides true identity of undifferentiated tumors. It is very important for the plane of management and prognostication, and it also provides further insights into the pathogenesis of these tumors. So, this study was undertaken to determine the role and significance of IHC for accurate diagnosis and subtyping of undifferentiated ovarian carcinoma as it is essential in guiding therapy and prognosis. Material and methods: IHC staining performed on 20 cases of undifferentiated ovarian carcinomas. A panel of antibodies was chosen to confirm the epithelial origin of these tumors and to exclude the possibility of ovarian metastasis from other sites. Results: IHC staining results showed that: 2 cases were malignant mesothelioma (calretinin+, panCKA1/A3+, CK7+, EMA+, vimentin+). Two other cases were granulosa cell tumor (inhibin+, calertinin+, vimentin+). Sixteen cases were undifferentiated ovarian carcinoma (PAX8+, vimentin+, panCKA1/A3+, CK7+, EMA+). Conclusion: The designed combinations of immunostaining profiles are helpful in the diagnosis of tumor origin and could offer a fast and correct prediction of the primary tumor site. PanCKA1/A3, CK7, CK20, vimentin, EMA, calertinin, inhibin, PAX8, GCDFP15 antibodies were sufficient for classification in most cases, whereas CA125 and CEA may help in supporting the diagnosis.

Exploiting SDN for Integrating Green TWDM-PONs and Metro Networks Preserving End-to-End Delay

In time and wavelength division multiplexed (TWDM) passive optical networks (PONs), energy efficiency can be traded with increased average frame delay. However, because some IP services have strict end-to-end delay requirements, such increased delay must be compensated in other network segments. To achieve such compensation, an interaction between control and management planes of different network segments is required. So far, such interaction could be achieved only by custom interfaces at the border of each network segment. Recently, software defined networking (SDN) has emerged as a de facto standard to provide a versatile control and management plane for any network segment. This paper proposes and successfully demonstrates an aggregation node based on a lightweight SDN solution scaled to operate as an intranode controller. The node connects a TWDM-PON, which implements an optical line terminal energy efficient scheme based on dynamic bandwidth and wavelength allocation, and a metro/aggregation network based on OpenFlow switches. Results show that sleep mode in TWDM-PON could increase the traffic delay by hundreds of microseconds, but, by prioritizing such traffic in the metro network, the delay experienced by it in the metro segment is reduced by at least the same amount. Thus the end-to-end delay is maintained.

Brokered Orchestration for End-to-End Service Provisioning Across Heterogeneous Multi-Operator (Multi-AS) Optical Networks

This paper proposes a new networking paradigm introducing the broker-plane above the management planes of Autonomous Systems (ASes). The brokers communicate with the manager of each AS to assist coordinate end-to-end resource management and path provisioning across the multi-AS networks involving multiple operators. The broker plane updates the virtual network topology, manages the resource information of inter-AS links and aggregated (abstracted) intra-AS links, and computes end-to-end routing, modulation formats, and spectrum assignment (RMSA). Notwithstanding, due to the different dynamicity of each AS, the probability of finding a multi-AS transparent path fulfilling the spectrum continuity and contiguity constraints might be low. To improve the grade of the inter-domain connectivity service, spectrum converters can be installed in inter-domain nodes or per-AS defragmentation can be performed with a global view. In this paper, we introduce a mechanism where each AS can advertise its internal capabilities, e.g., spectrum conversion, their ability to implement spectrum defragmentation or any other network feature. The Multi-AS RMSA with Defragmentation Capability problem is presented and mathematically modeled. A heuristic algorithm is designed to solve it. The mechanism's workflow is comprehensively tested using simulations. Results show connection blocking reduction as high as 26%, clearly validating the benefits of the proposed mechanism. Finally, its experimental assessment was conducted on a distributed multi-continental testbed.

What do they do? Competency and managing in Brazilian Olympic Sport Federations

ABSTRACTResearch question: This study explores the link between management competencies of 15 presidents of Brazilian Olympic Sport Federations (OSF) from the state of Minas Gerais and how they actually manage. Overemphasizing the conceptual importance of managers’ competencies at the expense of what they actually do can lead to the creation of an illusory image of the model manager whereas in reality such a person hardly exists.Research method: A mixed research sequential transformative design was employed where two theoretical frameworks guided the study and the initial quantitative phase of the research was followed by a qualitative phase of observations and interviews. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed with QSR NVivo 10 and SPSS.Results and findings: Presidents of OSFs perceived themselves as facilitators, visionary leaders and innovators, who are expected to develop the organization into a more professional entity. They have been working mainly on the people and information plane of management and were less concerned with conceptual issues, instant results and specific deadlines. OSF presidents’ competencies were intended to deliver greater organizational effectiveness but this was difficult to achieve due to the lack of strategic skills and resources. Presidents’ competencies were also not necessarily doing the right things and were only partly delivering the desired results.Implications: Understanding sport managers’ competencies and how they relate to their daily activities is important not just for the purposes of staff selection and appraisal and for development and learning, but also for the constant realignment of management as a science, intuition and practical activity.

Analysis of end‐to‐end multi‐domain management and orchestration frameworks for software defined infrastructures: an architectural survey

AbstractOver the last couple of years, industry operators' associations issued requirements towards an end‐to‐end management and orchestration plane for 5G networks. Consequently, standard organisations started their activities in this domain. This article provides an analysis and an architectural survey of these initiatives and of the main requirements, proposes descriptions for the key concepts of domain, resource and service slicing, end‐to‐end orchestration and a reference architecture for the end‐to‐end orchestration plane. Then, a set of currently available or under development domain orchestration frameworks are mapped to this reference architecture. These frameworks, meant to provide coordination and automated management of cloud and networking resources, network functions and services, fulfil multi‐domain (i.e. multi‐technology and multi‐operator) orchestration requirements, thus enabling the realisation of an end‐to‐end orchestration plane. Finally, based on the analysis of existing single‐domain and multi‐domain orchestration components and requirements, this paper presents a functional architecture for the end‐to‐end management and orchestration plane, paving the way to its full realisation. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Simple, efficient location‐based routing for data center network using IP address hierarchy

SummaryIncreasing demand and sophistication of applications deployed on data centers resulted in various designs for data center networks (DCNs). One of the major challenges in the design of DCNs is the design of routing protocol that scales to support millions of servers that a typical DCN hosts. Many alternative routing protocols are proposed to overcome the scalability problem of conventional routing protocols such as Open Shortest Path First and Routing Information Protocol. These alternative protocols that use topology characteristics of DCN are broadly classified as source routing and location‐based routing. In the process of fixing the scalability problem, these protocols introduced additional complexities such as large network control overhead and reprogramming of network elements. The extra control overhead in these protocols is the result of their effort to determine the relative location of the end hosts in a given topology. Further, existing location‐based routing is not entirely location based and covers only the latter half of a route. In our work, we present a new location‐based routing based on IP address hierarchy that (a) does not need any additional network control plane and management planes, (b) deployable on proven network technologies, and (c) covers entire path of the route. We establish the correlation between topology design and address assignments that helps determining the location of an end host directly from the address assigned to it. We demonstrate our proposed location‐based routing on an existing proven architecture for DCN, BCube‐IP and on our proposed architecture 4‐4, 1‐4. We give proper justification for proposing 4‐4, 1‐4, a better design for our proposed location‐based routing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A framework for SDN integrated management based on a CIM model and a vertical management plane

The Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm establishes a typical three-plane architecture (i.e., Data, Control, and Application planes) that facilitates the deployment of network functions and simplifies traditional network management tasks. However, SDN lacks an integrated or standardized framework for managing its architecture. Some investigations have addressed such shortage by proposing different solutions that tackle specific management requirements for particular SDN technology instances. This isolated approach forces network administrators to use multiple frameworks to achieve a complete SDN management that is complex and time-consuming in heterogeneous environments. In this paper, we introduce an information model based on the common information model that establishes a technology-agnostic and consistent characterization of the SDN architecture. Such information model represents the core towards building a Management Plane aimed to facilitate the integrated SDN management in heterogeneous environments. To test our information model, we developed a prototype and conducted a performance evaluation in an SDN configuration scenario that deploys different managing technologies. The obtained results provide directions that corroborate the feasibility of our approach (in terms of time-response and network traffic) for configuring heterogeneous SDNs.

Security intelligence for cloud management infrastructures

In this paper, we address the problem of protecting cloud infrastructures and customer workloads via smart auditing and logging, satisfying regulatory and compliance requirements. We observe that traditional approaches of logging and auditing events in cloud-scale infrastructures will not be effective without taking into account other controls. We introduce the concept of Cloud Security Intelligence (CSI), a new systematic approach for collecting, aggregating, correlating, and analyzing data from management, control, and data planes of cloud infrastructures, using a closed-loop architecture. Our approach cross-correlates control and data plane events, automatically deriving rules for monitoring and audits. Specifically, it sets dynamic rules concerning what and how to audit, adapting the logging accordingly, while comparing the data access patterns and configurations with the desired privileges and specifications. We have implemented CSI on two OpenStack ® -based systems: a closed loop network protection scheme and a cloud storage audit and risk analysis scheme for monitoring data access. In order to make cloud security approaches effective and scalable, we suggest that it is essential to use an intelligent approach such as correlating cloud logic from multiple cloud layers and components-e.g., IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) or PaaS (Platform as a Service)-providing workload context that is maintained by cloud management systems, and using analytics on historical logs.