Management Ordinance Research Articles

European waste management regulations in Spanish local administrations: Compliance assessment and integration Frontiers

AbstractThis research analyzes the impact of European directives, particularly the Waste Framework Directive, on municipal waste management in Spain, with a focus on Law 7/2022 promoting circular economy principles. Through an assessment of waste management ordinances in 980 municipalities, the study found that over 60% of local ordinances have not yet fully incorporated the latest regulatory requirements, indicating significant delays in adapting to European regulations. The findings reveal notable disparities in compliance, with larger municipalities showing higher adaptation rates compared to smaller ones. Additionally, regions like Catalonia and the Balearic Islands have adopted innovative approaches, including ‘pay‐as‐you‐throw’ schemes and community composting. The study underscores the critical need for better integration of circular economy principles, enhanced monitoring, and increased public awareness to promote sustainable waste management practices. By identifying regulatory gaps, this research aims to provide practical insights for improving local waste management policies and fostering greater compliance with EU mandates.

Assessing the Awareness and Practices of the Community in Brgy. Cawilan, Tagana-an, Surigao Del Norte towards Solid Waste Management

The problem of solid waste management increases as years pass by. In the Philippines, small communities like Brgy. Cawilan, in the Municipality of Tagana-an, Surigao del Norte have long-term solid waste management problems despite the countless seminars conducted, implemented policies on solid waste management, and key programs to reduce the volume of waste in the community with no landfills and such. Thus, this poses a greater threat to the community’s health and waste disposal. Hence, this study aimed to assess the awareness and practices of the community in Brgy. Cawilan, Tagana-an, Surigao del Norte towards solid waste management. Moreover, this study utilized descriptive-correlation research design employing survey method as a tool in data gathering. The adopted survey questionnaire was floated to the 108 randomly selected residents of Brgy. Cawilan to determine their level of awareness and practices on solid waste management. Results revealed that the level of awareness on solid waste management of Brgy. Cawilan was High, which means that the community are Aware of the solid waste management programs implemented in the barangay. The segregation and reduce practices were Practiced, the reuse practices were Highly Practiced, and the recycle and disposal practices were Less Practiced and lastly the awareness on solid waste management of the community does not affect their practices in terms of disposal but their practices in terms of segregation, reduce, reuse, and recycle influence their awareness on solid waste management. Hence, it is recommended the barangay should reconduct a seminar to reiterate the consequences of violating solid waste management ordinances and to refresh the policies for effective implementation and should have stricter and efficient ways of recycling waste materials to lessen the volume of waste that can be repurposed and schedule collection of waste, provide a centralized disposal areas, and establish a structured landfill disposal to be able to avoid improper waste disposal practices.

Household Solid Waste Management (HSWM) Awareness and Applications: A Comparative Study on Urban and Rural Sustainable Practices

Solid Waste Management has been a problem for rural and urban communities. The study aims to provide a basis for urban and rural communities to improve their awareness, attitudes, and practices on solid waste management at a household level and collaborate with local government units toward effective Household Solid Waste Management (HSWM) implementation, ordinances, and mitigation. A 30-item close-ended assessment with 5-item follow-up questions was constructed to determine and compare the level of awareness, attitudes, and practices on HSWM between Barangay Bignay, Valenzuela (urban group), and Barangay Santa Elena, Hagonoy (rural group). The data was analyzed using One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to know the significant relationship between the bases (i.e., awareness, attitudes, and practices) in both barangays. Findings showed that the awareness of HSWM, practices, and attitude was high in the urban area, having a p-value of 0.003474, a lesser p-value than in rural with 0.007341. The comparisons analyzed using ANOVA reflecting a p-value of 0.96 concluded that there is a significant difference between the bases on the two groups since it is greater than the 0.50 level of significance. The bases were determined to have a positive relationship and thus directly affect the respondents' applications on HSWM and their communities. The LGUs implement an SWM program but still needs improvement as these contradict the measured practices. The study suggests a stricter implementation and orientation for both barangays on solid management programs.

Nine decades of Spanish sardine Sardinella aurita exploitation in Venezuela, a critical revision

The Spanish sardine Sardinella aurita, is the most important fishing resource in Venezuela, on Margarita Island it began its fishing and canning. This review estimates catch over nine decades and causes of fishing continuity. In 90 years, 4,386,758 tons were caught, a modest volume due to poor statistics. Three management ordinances have been enacted the first appeared after 40 years of activity in canning plants. The sardine industry has four periods, the first between 1927 and 1973 without fishing regulation and another three (1974-2005; 2006-2013 and 2014-2017) when the ordinances are applied. In each one the catch, annual average, operating gears, the capture per unit of effort and relevant investigations are considerate. The current regulation was based on the noticeable decrease in catches since 2005, which is why, in 2013, a ban was imposed and the minimum catch size was established at 19 cm. The regulation is ineffective because after seven years, the catches do not recover previous levels, in addition, it is incomprehensible to increase fishing gear (357 fishing in 2017). The artisanal fishing with beach seine (chinchorro) and the average maturity size of the species explain the permanence of the fishery, which endangered by the intensive use of purse seines that must be restricted.

도시기본계획의 부문별 계획내 환경부문 연계 및 관리 체제에 관한 연구

In 2018, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and the Ministry of Environment enacted the Land Environment Integrated Management Ordinance. The Integrated Land Environment Management Guidelines focus on linking the Framework Act on the National Land and the Framework Act on Environmental Policy at the national level. There is a limit in that local governments cannot present a specific implementation plan for implementing this. It is necessary to examine the territorial-environmental linkage in terms of planning at the regional level. The purpose of this study is to confirm the status of environmental linkage between the national land plan and the environmental plan for Seoul. We confirmed qualitatively how the land-environmental linkage plan was applied, focusing on the sectoral plans of the ｢National Land Planning and Utilization Act (hereinafter referred to as the National Land Planning Act)｣ - Urban Basic Plan Guidelines - Urban Basic Plan. The contents of the urban master plan are repeated and appear as a simple response plan. It is necessary to promote systematic linkage with the environmental plan rather than a simple countermeasure for environmental conservation.

Intention and Action: Evaluating the Policy Antecedents of Development

Development management ordinances are central components of the development process, and yet there is not an established set of principles to guide their evaluation. We build upon the established plan quality literature to develop a protocol to assess ordinances based on their content and their administration. Using substantive and procedural principles enables the examination of how ordinances incorporate both scientific information and administrative practices to support policy implementation. Our cross-sectional study of 22 jurisdictions in two different states compared riparian buffer policies, single-purpose mandates, and sociodemographic variables. We found (1) overall low ordinance quality scores, (2) statistically significant differences between the watersheds at the sub-principle level, and (3) multiple, moderate correlations among ordinance quality scores, population density, and planning capacity. The findings suggest opportunities to increase the usage of best available science and promising administrative practices within ordinances aimed at protecting water quality.

중국 해양오염방제에 관한 법적 고찰

In order to conserve and manage the marine environment efficiently, China enacted the Marine Environment Protection law in 1982 and has established a pollution control system to respond to marine pollution accidents such as oil and Hazardous Chemicals. In China, oil pollution accidents at sea are classified by type. Under the distributed management structure China MSA supervise the marine pollution caused by ship accident. State Oceanic Administration supervise the marine pollution caused by oil exploration and development. Each department has taken emergency response plan to different type of marine pollution accident. Despite that the government does its efforts to establish a marine pollution control system, large-scale marine pollution accidents such as the 2011 Penglai oilfield spill accident in Bohai Bay and the Sanchi crash in 2018 had occurred. The reality is that the pollution control system and emergency countermeasures did not work effectively. In order to solve these problems, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment unified environmental management tasks through government reorganization in 2018. Ministry of Ecology and Environment started to improve the pollution control system by promoting the revision of the Environmental Protection Management Ordinance on offshore oil exploration and development in 2019. This paper examines the current status of marine pollution accidents and pollution control systems. Providing an effective policy for marine pollution control, suggesting directions for improving the legal system by analyzing the current status and contents of related legislations.

Optimal Administrative Response to Selfish Behaviors in Urban Public Management: The Role of Zero-Determinant Strategies

City management involves complex interactions between the manager (administrator), who supervises urban appearance and environmental sanitation, and the managed (speculator), who works in urban areas and is subject to management ordinances. This article provides an iterated game framework for analyzing the extent to which zero-determinant strategies can be used to optimize the intensity decision of supervisory action against municipal code violations, thus enhancing administrative efficiency. To account for characteristics of the public affairs context, it is assumed that each player in our model chooses from a finite set of discrete and random courses of game strategy. As our model constitutes a major extension to the seminal Press and Dyson (2012) model, we resort to the theory of stochastic process to prove the existence of multiple zero-determinant strategies when players can adopt many strategies in the iterated game. Various numerical examples are presented to validate such strategies’ optimality. Our finding is that, given the probability of adopting a particular strategy, an urban administrator can unilaterally (i) set the speculators’ expected payoff to a level equaling to the opportunity cost of abiding by the law and (ii) let their own expected surplus payoff exceed the speculators. Finally, important policy implications can be derived based on these analyses and conclusions.

Heterogeneous preferences and economic values for urban forest structural and functional attributes

The structural and functional attributes of urban and peri-urban forests are the basis for the provision of a suite of ecosystem services that directly and indirectly benefit residents across scales, tenures and land uses. As such, many local governments promote municipal urban forest initiatives such as maintenance and management plans, ordinances, and tree-giveaway programs (e.g. Orlando, USA and Sydney, Australia). However, the effectiveness and distributional fairness of these activities often overlooks residents’ values and preferences for certain tree functional traits, sizes, densities and associated costs. This study implements an online survey of 724 Florida, USA residents, to: 1) examine preferences/tradeoffs for multiple urban forest structure-function attributes; 2) quantify and assess the differences in willingness-to-pay (WTP) for these forest structure attributes in public areas; and 3) examine the implications of value heterogeneity for tree function-structure attributes for purposes of crafting policies or designing public programs dealing with urban forests. Only 19% of respondents indicated a serious concern about living close to trees and flowering plants that produce pollen that can result in allergies. Similarly, only 12% were concerned about hurricane wind impacts to and from their treescapes. Using latent class modeling and a stated preferences panel data, our results reveal important differences in WTP along multiple value groups, each with different WTP values for: tree nativity (native vs. exotic); number of species (many vs. few) and size of trees (fully grown vs. mix of ages); as well as maintenance costs. The novel approach of this study indicates the importance of using tree functional traits versus species taxa and accounting for diverse values among the public for more effective decisions. Findings can be used to inform timely policy initiatives, while providing additional evidence of the ubiquity of the public’s heterogeneous values and providing guidance to avoid potentially misleading policy interpretations.

National Disaster Management Act, 2010 of Pakistan: A Review

Introduction: Pakistan has suffered from the worst ever natural and artificial disasters in its history since the start of this century. These disasters caused widespread loss of life, property, and resources; moreover, a high level of social and psychological imbalance was also experienced. The only law available in the country to handle disaster situations was response-oriented, and in the aftermath of the Kashmir earthquake in 2005, the government was forced to review its laws dealing with disasters. To provide a complete spectrum of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) at national level, National Disaster Management Ordinance (NDMO) was promulgated in 2006. NDMO was ratified by the parliament naming it as National Disaster Management Act (NDM Act), 2010 of Pakistan with the purpose to reduce the risks and manage the future disaster situations effectively and efficiently. The purpose of this paper is to review in detail the (NDM Act), 2010 of Pakistan and ascertain the limitations with a view to proffer necessary recommendations. Methods: The study is based on secondary data and detail review of NDM Act 2010, of Pakistan. Discussion: The detail study of NDM Act, 2010 reveals that the Act was either prepared in haste or by a team lacking the requisite expertise on the subject due to certain glaring ambiguities within the contents of various sections. Initially the Act appears to be reactive in nature as there is no mention of disaster risk reduction measures. Lack of accountability mechanism makes the implementation phase susceptible to deviant workplace behaviors. Details of financial allocations for the lower level disaster management authorities (district, union and town), who are the initial responders have been missed out. Conclusion: Owing to lack of political and economic constraints supplemented with corruption, the effectiveness of policies and plans formulated under the guidelines of NDM Act, 2010 will always remain doubtful. Thus, the early revision of NDM Act, 2010 of Pakistan is recommended.

서울시 재난 및 안전관리 조례에 대한 성인지적 분석 연구

본 연구는 서울시의 재난 및 안전관리 조례를 성인지적 관점에서 분석하여 지역내 존재하는 성별간 재난불평등 문제를 해소하고 재난에 대한 대응역량을 강화할 수 있는 대안을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 여성의 재난취약성과 성인지적 관점의 재난안전관리에 대한 선행연구를 검토하고, 성별영향평가의 지표를 바탕으로 서울시 조례를 분석하였는데 그 결과 도출된 제안점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 서울시 조례에서 여성을 포함한 재난취약자의 개념을 규정할 필요가 있으며, 임산부뿐만 아니라 노인, 장애인, 어린이에 대한 돌봄자까지 포함되어야 함을 제안하였다. 또한 여성의 재난취약성을 감소시키고 재난역량을 강화하기 위해서는 성인지적 관점의 재난안전교육이 필요하며 여성의 교육 훈련 기회의 접근성을 높일 것을 제안하였다. 둘째, 안전관리민관협력위원회의 구성시 위원의 위촉에 있어 성별균형참여에 대한 내용을 포함시키고 여성 관련 단체 및 전문가의 참여도 고려함으로써 재난안전정책 결정에 있어 여성의 특성과 견해가 반영될 수 있도록 해야 함을 제안하였다. 셋째, 서울시 조례의 개정시 성별분리통계를 의무화함으로써 성인지적 정책의 마련을 위한 기초자료가 생산되어야 함을 제안하였다.

A study on the Rationalization of Safety Management in Chemical Facilities: Focused on Architecture Fire Resistance Standards

국내 화학물질 안전관리는 환경부의 화학물질관리법이 기본이 되어 관리되고 있다. 그 중에서도 취급시설의 설치 및 관리기준을 강화하여 관리하고 있는데, 타 법과의 상충, 시설 규모 및 물질 특성 미반영 등으로 인한 문제점들이 노출되었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 취급시설 기준 중 건축물 내화기준에 대해 보다 현실적이면서 합리적인 개선 방 안을 마련하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국내 유사 화학물질 취급시설 안전관리 법령의 건축물 내화기준을 비교하였으며, 환경부 화학물질안전원 국민신문고를 통해 접수된 취급시설 기준 관련 민원 2220건 중 대표 민원 사례를 통해 주요 문제점을 파악하였다. 마지막으로 화학물질관리법상 취급시설의 규모와 물질의 종류를 구체화하여 건축물 내화기준을 적용하는 개선 방안을 제시하였다. 향후, 본 연구 결과는 환경 유해성을 고려한 화학물질관리법의 기본 취지에 부합하고, 산업계에도 현실적으로 적용될 수 있는 합리적인 기준마련에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.In Korea, the Ministry of Environment s Chemical Control Act is the basis for hazardous chemical substances and safety management is being carried out. In particular, the standards for the installation and management of facilities are strongly managed. There were problems in the early stages of implementation, conflict with other laws, size of facilities and non-reflection of material properties. In this study, more realistic and reasonable improvement was planned for the fire-resistance standard of buildings among these facilities. We compared the fire resistance standards of buildings in the Korean similar chemical facility safety management ordinance. Key problems were identified through examples of representative complaints concerning the criteria for facilities. Finally, the Chemical Control Act provided an improvement measure to apply the building fire-resistance standard by clarifying the size and chemical of facilities. In the future, the results of this study are expected to be consistent with the basic purpose of the Chemicals Contral Act considering environmental hazards and contribute to the standard of handling facilities of reasonable chemical management laws that can be applied to the industry in reality.

Uniting geospatial assessment of neighborhood urban tree canopy with plan and ordinance evaluation for environmental justice

Trees are not evenly distributed across urbanized areas and there is evidence that Black, Hispanic, and low-income residents have lower proximal tree canopy coverage. The complex interplay between social policy and the built/physical environment contributes to these outcomes, but much of the research on environmental justice focuses on either producing evidence of inequity or assessing policy to determine its effect on the physical environment. This paper attempts to unite those two approaches by 1) measuring the urban tree canopy (UTC) at a scale that reflects local socio-political decision making and 2) assessing how the local policy documents regulating UTC acknowledge and attempt to remediate disparity. A maximum likelihood supervised classification of 1-m resolution imagery for a purposive sample of twelve historically racially segregated neighborhoods in two North Carolina cities estimated UTC at the block level. Using a spatial autoregressive model, we found a statistically significant negative association between UTC coverage, percentage of non-White population, the presence of nonresidential zoning, and percentage of parcel within the right-of-way. Content analysis found the municipal comprehensive plans and development management ordinances lack city-wide canopy coverage goals, do not utilize neighborhood geographies to target action and evaluation, and do not account for, or attempt to reduce, the potential inequitable distribution of urban trees. Existing policies could further contribute to disparate UTC outcomes by allowing neighborhoods to create their own UTC coverage standards and by crafting ordinances with variable standards for neighborhoods with non-residential zones. As a result, communities unable to counteract intensive zoning and/or advocate for enhanced tree canopy provisions are at a disadvantage in the remediation of UTC disparities. These findings highlight the need for analytical approaches that integrate the identification of disparities with the evaluation of present-day policy frameworks that may perpetuate and/or exacerbate inequitable outcomes.

Using plan and ordinance quality to evaluate the implementation of riparian buffer policies

Comprehensive plans, development management ordinances, and approved development applications help shape the landscape features that affect water resources. The translation of a plan and ordinances into action, however, cannot be assumed. This paper examines riparian buffers, a prominent stormwater control measure. The central research question is: Does the quality of policy inputs help explain the amount of tree cover and impervious surface within riparian buffers? Data come from a cross-sectional study of 178 development applications sampled from 14 jurisdictions in two watersheds in North Carolina and Maryland. Research methods include 1) the content analysis of policy inputs including plans, ordinances, and development applications, 2) tree cover and impervious surface calculations within riparian buffers using 1 m high-resolution land classification maps, and 3) logistic regressions to test the relationships among these variables and community and site-specific variables. The likelihood of a buffer contained 75% or more tree cover increased with higher plan and ordinance quality scores and decreased for developments with more lots. The likelihood of a development’s buffer contained 5% or more impervious surface increased with higher growth rate, higher population density, and in developments containing more lots. Results suggest jurisdictions could include more of the goals, fact base, and policies the water resource protection literature associate with watershed protection and optimal riparian buffer functioning. Findings could also inform outreach during the permitting process and help practitioners create monitoring and restoration programs targeted at developments where impervious surface encroachment is more likely to occur.

Adoption of Conflict Management Ordinance in Local Government: Policy Innovation and Diffusion Perspectives

본 연구는 정책혁신과 확산의 논의에 근거하여 기초지방자치단체의 갈등관리 조례 도입에 영향을 미치는 요인을 실증적으로 분석하고자 하였다. Cox 회귀분석 결과, 내부결정요인으로서 자치단체장의 득표율과 공공갈등의 발생이 갈등관리 조례 도입에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 확산요인 중에서는 상위정부의 갈등 조례 도입과 인접한 지자체의 도입이 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 기초지방자치단체의 갈등관리 조례 도입이 지방자치단체의 고유한 내적 특성과 외부적 환경에 의해 결정되고 있음을 밝히고 있다.

The Risk-Based Floodplain Regulation of Shiga Prefecture in Japan

This study shows the overview of the risk-based floodplain regulation implemented by the Shiga Prefectural Government. Shiga, located near Kyoto in central Japan, is home to Lake Biwa, the largest lake in the country. Approximately 500 rivers flow into Lake Biwa from the steep surrounding mountains. The population is concentrated in alluvial cones and alluvial plains. The Shiga Prefectural Government enacted the integrated flood management ordinance in March 2014. This ordinance includes land use and building regulation measures in order to promote flood risk reduction for excessive flood events based on the newly developed risk evaluation method, which is the first in Japan. The goal of the risk-based floodplain regulation is to make use of existing legal framework for effective land use and building regulations, based on comprehensive flood hazard risk maps, to indicate both the damage levels and occurrence probabilities of various floods at all sites in a flood plain.

Constructing Housing Management Toward Its Professionalization in Korea

The purpose of this study is to explore institutional frameworks to professionalize housing management in Korea. In particular, this research reviews the evolution of professional housing management and its institutional measures in a social constructionist perspective. The main method employed in the study is content analysis in which historical pathways in institutionalization of professional housing management are examined and a wide array of indices from secondary data are drawn out in relation to various actors. The findings show that a series of institutional measures were taken from 1970s to secure the professionalization of housing management ranging from introduction of housing management bylaws, placement of licensed housing managers, legal requirements of professionally managed housing estates, compulsory operation of long-term reserve funds, formation of residents’ association, mandatory establishment of long-range maintenance planning, to standardization of multifamily housing management bylaws. Since the Multifamily Housing Management Ordinance of 1979 amended in 1980s, many institutional measures have been legally enforced and shaped contemporary practices of professional housing management such as an association for housing management companies, qualification of on-site housing management agents, national licensing examination for housing managers, an organization for licensed housing mangers, mandatory registration of housing management companies, disclosure of monthly housing management fees, and formalization of public assessment of housing management. In spite of the distinctive marks in the professionalization of housing management, more proactive and competitive approaches to the international professionalization need to be considered.

A Major Flood in Your Backyard

Imagine that you are a flood victim. The flooding is not caused by your proximity to the Delaware River or the Susquehanna River or the Alleghany River. Instead, the problem arises solely from the activities of your neighbor. Your neighbor is located on higher ground. He or she is conducting earth-disturbing activities – building a house or a new driveway or a shopping center – and now polluted water is running onto your property and flooding it like never before. How do you protect your land? You hire an attorney! But, could there be a better method? This article suggests that only swift and strict regulatory action adequately protects the public and the flood victim.This article starts with an overview of relevant federal and state regulations. Then it focuses on the obligations created under common law for landowners who engage in earth-disturbing activities. Legal remedies for property owners who are addressing stormwater-related issues caused by a neighboring landowners actions are discussed in following section. The final section suggests that the Commonwealth, its citizens, and landowners alike receive the most benefit from strict regulatory enforcement of stormwater related policies.Statutes: The Importance of Maintaining Pollutant-Free Waterways Federal and state laws make it a violation for landowners who are engaging in construction to pollute our nation’s waterways. The Clean Water Act (CWA) prohibits the discharge of any pollutants from pipes and sewers into the navigable waters of the United States unless the discharge is authorized by a permit. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is a stormwater program created under the CWA that regulates the discharge of stormwater from all construction activities disturbing more than one (1) acre of land. Thus, the CWA and the NPDES program work together to protect all waterways in the United States.Pennsylvania’s laws work in conjunction with the NPDES program to supplement the CWA. Under the NPDES program’s authority, Pennsylvania requires individual counties to prepare, adopt, and implement watershed-based stormwater management plans. These plans must protect Pennsylvania’s streams and waterways by reducing the overall volume of runoff during rainfalls, improving water quality, and maintaining groundwater recharge for wells and streams. Additionally, many counties require municipalities to enact comprehensive stormwater management ordinances.

An investigation of the existing situation and trends in building energy efficiency management in China

According to the Chinese State Council's “Building Energy Efficiency Management Ordinance”, a large-scale investigation of energy efficiency (EE) in buildings in contemporary China has been carried out in 22 provincial capitals and major cities in China. The aim of this project is to provide reliable information for drawing up the “Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency” by the Ministry of Construction of China. The surveyed organizations include government departments, research institutions, property developers, design institutions, construction companies, construction consultancy services companies, facility management departments, financial institutions and those which relate to the business of building energy efficiency. In addition, representatives of the media and residents were also involved. A detailed analysis of the results of the investigation concerning aspects of the current situation and trends in building energy consumption, energy efficiency strategy and the implementation of energy efficiency measures has been conducted. The investigation supplies essential information to formulate the market entrance policy for new buildings and the refurbishment policy for existing buildings to encourage the development of energy efficient technology.

Implementing a Thermal Urban Runoff Model (TURM)

An Erosion Control and Stormwater Management Ordinance was recently adopted in Dane County, Wisconsin, U.S.A. The thermal control section of this ordinance is…