Management Of Spinal Trauma Research Articles

The role of emergency radiology in spinal trauma.

Spinal trauma is very frequent injury with different severity and prognosis varying from asymptomatic condition to temporary neurological dysfunction, focal deficit or fatal event. The major causes of spinal trauma are high- and low-energy fall, traffic accident, sport and blunt impact. The radiologist has a role of great responsibility to establish the presence or absence of lesions, to define the characteristics, to assess the prognostic influence and therefore treatment. Imaging has an important role in the management of spinal trauma. The aim of this paper was to describe: incidence and type of vertebral fracture; imaging indication and guidelines for cervical trauma; imaging indication and guidelines for thoracolumbar trauma; multidetector CT indication for trauma spine; MRI indication and protocol for trauma spine.

Outcomes of percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for spinal trauma and tumours

We investigated the clinical and radiological results of percutaneous pedicle screw fixation in the management of spinal trauma and metastatic tumours. A retrospective analysis was performed on a series of 14 patients who were operated on from March 2009 to November 2011 by a single surgeon (RJM). Following a radiological review (CT scan/MRI), six patients underwent short segment fixation, while the remaining underwent long segment fixation. All patients had routine follow-ups at 4, 6, 12months, and annually thereafter. Clinical examinations were conducted preoperatively and postoperatively, and the length of operation, blood loss, and postoperative pain relief were recorded. There was a single patient with an incision site complication. The mean blood loss was 269mL. All of the parameters demonstrated no significant differences between the trauma and the tumour groups (p=0.10). The neurological power scores improved for all patients, with the largest increase being from a score of 2 to 4. At follow-up, the majority of patients had returned to their previous activities and had reduced pain scores. One patient suffered high pain levels from other medical conditions that were not related to the operation. Minimally invasive pedicle screw fixation is a suitable option for patients with spinal tumours and fractures, with acceptable safety and efficacy in this small retrospective patient series. We have seen favourable results in our patients, who have experienced an increased quality of life following their surgery.

Management of spinal trauma in emergency department

Spinal cord injuries are traumatic incidents which lead to serious clinical consequences and affect the lives of individuals and their families. Despite all medical and surgical advances, optimal treatment still remains a serious clinical problem. It is mostly not possible to prevent the primary injury arising from trauma exposure in spite of all measures taken. However, some biochemical events developing in spinal cord following the primary injury cause more damage to the cord. This process also defined as the secondary injury increases the importance of emergency department approach to patients with acute spinal trauma. Emergency department practices in spinal cord injuries are extremely important in terms of both primary care and prevention of complications. J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2013; 30:285-289

Dedicated Spine Trauma Clinical Quality Registries: A Systematic Review

Study Design Systematic review. Objective We assessed the current state of spine registries by collecting spine trauma data and assessing their compliance to defined registry standards of being clinical quality. We ascertained if these registries collected spinal cord injury data alone or with spine column trauma data. Methods A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE and Embase databases for articles describing dedicated spinal cord and spine column databases published between January 1990 and April 2011. Correspondence with these registries was performed via e-mail or post. When no correspondence was possible, the registries were analyzed with best information available. Results Three hundred eight full-text articles were reviewed. Of 41 registries identified, 20 registries fulfilled the criteria of being clinical quality. The main reason for failure to attain clinical quality designation was due to the unavailability of patient outcomes. Eight registries collected both spine column and spinal cord injury data with 33 collecting only traumatic spinal cord injury data. Conclusion There is currently a paucity of clinical quality spine trauma registries. Clinical quality registries are important tools for demonstrating trends and outcomes, monitoring care quality, and resolving controversies in the management of spine trauma. An international spine trauma data set (containing both spinal cord and spine column injury data) and standardized approach to recording and analysis are needed to allow international multicenter collaboration and benchmarking.

Challenges in the surgical management of spine trauma in the morbidly obese patient: a case series

The treatment of morbidly obese individuals with spine trauma presents unique challenges to spine surgeons and trauma staff. This study aims to increase awareness of current limitations in the surgical management of spine trauma in morbidly obese individuals, and to illustrate practical solutions. Six morbidly obese patients were treated surgically for spine trauma over a 2-year period at a single trauma center in Australia. All patients were involved in high-speed motor vehicle accidents and had multisystem injuries. All weighed in excess of 265 pounds (120 kg) with a body mass index ≥ 40 (range 47.8-67.1). Cases were selected according to the considerable challenges they presented in all aspects of their management. Best medical and surgical care may be compromised and outcome adversely affected in morbidly obese patients with spine trauma. The time taken to perform all aspects of care is usually extended, often by many hours. Customized orthotics may be required. Imaging quality is often compromised and patients may not fit into scanners. Surgical challenges include patient positioning, surgical access, confirmation of the anatomical level, and obtaining adequate instrument length. Postoperative nursing care, wound healing, and venous thromboembolism prophylaxis are also significant issues. Management pathways and hospital guidelines should be developed to optimize the treatment of morbidly obese patients, but innovative solutions may be required for individual cases.

Epidemiological Trends of Spine Trauma: An Australian Level 1 Trauma Centre Study

Knowledge of current epidemiology and spine trauma trends assists in public resource allocation, fine-tuning of primary prevention methods, and benchmarking purposes. Data on all patients with traumatic spine injuries admitted to the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne between May 1, 2009, and January 1, 2011, were collected from the Alfred Trauma Registry, Alfred Health medical database, and Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry. Epidemiological trends were analyzed as a general cohort, with comparison cohorts of nonsurvivors versus survivors and elderly versus nonelderly. Linear regression analysis was utilized to demonstrate trends with statistical significance. There were 965 patients with traumatic spine injuries with 2,333 spine trauma levels. The general cohort showed a trimodal age distribution, male-to-female ratio of 2:2, motor vehicle accidents as the primary spine trauma mechanism, 47.7% patients with severe polytrauma as graded using the Injury Severity Score (ISS), 17.3% with traumatic brain injury (TBI), the majority of patients with one spine injury level, 7% neurological deficit rate, 12.8% spine trauma operative rate, and 5.2% mortality rate. Variables with statistical significance trending toward mortality were the elderly, motor vehicle occupants, severe ISS, TBI, C1–2 dissociations, and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) A, B, and C neurological grades. Variables with statistical significance trending toward the elderly were females; low falls; one spine injury level; type 2 odontoid fractures; subaxial cervical spine distraction injuries; ASIA A, B, and C neurological grades; and patients without neurological deficits. Of the general cohort, 50.3% of spine trauma survivors were discharged home, and 48.1% were discharged to rehabilitation facilities. This study provides baseline spine trauma epidemiological data. The trimodal age distribution of patients with traumatic spine injuries calls for further studies and intervention targeted toward the 46- to 55-year age group as this group represents the main providers of financial and social security. The study's unique feature of delineating variables with statistical significance trending toward both mortality and the elderly also provides useful data to guide future research studies, benchmarking, public health policy, and efficient resource allocation for the management of spine trauma.

EMG/NCS in the evaluation of spine trauma with radicular symptoms.

In the management of spine trauma with radicular symptoms (STRS), EMG/nerve conduction studies (NCS) often have low combined sensitivity and specificity in confirming root injury. The anatomic level of injury may not correspond to the root level. Paraspinal studies are nonlocalizing and can be falsely positive and negative. Unlike MRI and CT imaging, EMG/NCS do not reveal the biological morphology of the lesion. There are no studies that confirm the efficacy of EMG/NCS in the management of STRS. EMG/NCS may be indicated if there is a differential diagnosis between a root and distal neuropathic/myopathic lesion. Otherwise, as shown in this series of cases typically referred for outpatient EMG/NCS testing, there is limited evidence to support the use of often uncomfortable and costly EMG/NCS in STRS.

"No clinical puzzles more interesting": Harvey Cushing and spinal trauma, the Johns Hopkins Hospital 1896-1912.

Although Harvey Cushing played a central role in the establishment of neurosurgery in the United States, his work on the spine remains largely unknown. This article is not only the first time that Cushing's spinal cases while he was at Johns Hopkins have been reported, but also the first time his management of spinal trauma has been described. We report on 12 patients that Cushing treated from 1898 to 1911 who have never been reported before, including blunt and penetrating injuries, complete and incomplete spinal cord lesions, and both immediate and delayed presentations. Cushing performed laminectomies within 24 hours on patients with immediate presentations-both complete and incomplete spinal cord lesions. Among those with delayed presentations, Cushing did laminectomies on patients with incomplete spinal cord injuries. By the end of his tenure at Hopkins, Cushing advocated nonoperative treatment for all patients with complete spinal cord lesions. Four patients died while an inpatient, with meningitis and cystitis leading to the death of 1 and 3 patients, respectively. Cystitis was treated with intravesicular irrigation; an indwelling catheter was placed by a suprapubic cystostomy in four. Cushing was one of the first to report the use of x-ray in a spine patient, in a case that may have been one factor leading to his interest in the nervous system; Cushing also routinely obtained radiographs in those with spinal trauma. These cases illustrate Cushing's dedication to and rapport with his patients, even in the face of a dismal prognosis.

Méningiome parasagittal obstruant le sinus sagittal supérieur (SSS) : exérèse avec reconstruction du sinus et des veines postcentrales (vidéo présentation de la technique chirurgicale)

Spine trauma management in children varies from one team to another, and to date, no clear consensus has been reached. The goal of this study was to describe the epidemiology of spine trauma in children and evaluate the timing and techniques of surgery when it was required.A retrospective review of all patients admitted to our pediatric trauma center for spine traumas that required surgical management, between 2005 and 2016, was performed. All patients were followed with clinical and radiologic examination to evaluate the quality of fusion and realignment.Seventy-three children, with a mean age of 14.1 years, were admitted. Spinal injuries were more common in the teenage group (14–18 years). The predominant etiology of spine injuries was motor vehicle collision (36%). The spinal level of injury varied according to the age group: young children presented more cervical traumas (P < 0.01), while teenagers presented more lumbar traumas. There were more fractures alone in the teenage group (P < 0.005), while there were more luxations alone in the school-age group (P < 0.05). Median timing for surgical intervention in patients with neurologic deficits was 1 day. Patients with posterior wall recession >5 mm underwent surgical management quicker than patients with no posterior wall recession (P < 0.03). At follow-up, out of the 37 patients with initial neurologic deficits, 14 had improved (38%).Diskoligament maturation is an essential concept in spine traumas in children, as well as in surgical management. Surgical procedures should be carried out as soon as possible when patients present with neurologic deficits. At the thoracolumbar junction, a 2-level up-and-down fixation is recommended.

Teachability and Reliability of a New Classification System for Lower Cervical Spinal Injuries

Reliability and validation study. The objective of this study is to evaluate a new lower cervical spine injury classification system and assess its reliability, teachability, and clinical applications. The recently proposed Cervical Spine Injury Severity Score (CSISS) morphologically describes lower cervical spine injuries and grades them on a score of 1 to 20 depending on the integrity of the 4 columns that make up the cervical spine. Early data suggests that this classification system is both reliable and reproducible. Reliability data from additional institutions and data exploring teachability of this classification system is not available. Fifteen subjects (12 residents and 3 attendings trained in the management of spinal trauma) reviewed radiographs and CT scans of 50 patients and scored them according to the CSISS. Six residents scored the patients 1 month before an instructional lecture given by the senior author and then again immediately following the lecture to assess teachability of the new classification system. All subjects then reviewed the films a final time 1 month later to assess both intraobserver and interobserver reliability. The patients' scores were also analyzed in conjunction with their clinical treatment. Interobserver reliability overall was excellent (0.975) with junior residents performing similarly to those with more extensive training. Intraobserver reliability was also excellent overall (0.983). Teachability scores improved in the ability to score all 4 columns. Furthermore, this classification system was a fair overall predictor of surgical candidates as a score of 7 predicted 19 out of 26 surgical patients (76% sensitivity, 100% specificity). The CSISS is a useful new adjunct in the treatment and classification of lower cervical spine injuries. The system is reliable, reproducible, and teachable. It is clinically useful for all levels of orthopedic training and experience.

Spine surgery training and competence of European Neurosurgical Trainees

Little is known about the nature of spine surgery training received by European neurosurgical trainees during their residency and the level of competence they acquire in dealing with spinal disorders. A three-part questionnaire entailing 32 questions was devised and distributed to the neurosurgical trainees attending the EANS (European Association of Neurosurgical Societies) training courses of 2004. Of 126 questionnaires, 32% were returned. The majority of trainees responding to the questionnaire were in their final (6(th)) year of training or had completed their training (60.3% of total). Spinal surgery training in European residency programs has clear strengths in the traditional areas of microsurgical decompression for spinal stenosis and disc herniation (77-90% competence in senior trainees). Deficits are revealed in the management of spinal trauma (34-48% competence in senior trainees) and spinal conditions requiring the use of implants and anterior approaches, with the exception of anterior cervical stabilisation. European neurosurgical trainees possess incomplete competence in dealing with spinal disorders. EANS trainees advocate the development of a postresidency spine subspecialty training program.

Damage control surgery for spine trauma

The concept of “damage control” surgery was originally developed for massive abdominal trauma and also successfully applied to the management of lone bone injuries. More recently this has been extended to severely injured patients with spine injuries. This paper provided an overview of how damage control principles can be applied to multitrauma patients with spine injuries, to patients with isolated spine injuries and to spine injuries with and without neurology. The role of neuroimaging in acute spine trauma and controversies in the pharmaceutical approach to spine injuries are discussed. Additional prospective controlled trials are required to delineate the role and timing of damage control surgery in acute spine injury. With improved neuroimaging early spinal damage control surgery will be formally established in the management of spine trauma.

Similarities and Differences in the Treatment of Spine Trauma Between Surgical Specialties and Location of Practice

Questionnaires administered to practicing orthopedic and neurosurgical spine surgeons from various regions of the United States and abroad. To determine similarities and differences in the treatment of spinal trauma. Spinal trauma is generally referred to subspecialists of orthopedic or neurosurgical training. Prior studies have suggested that there is significant variability in the management of such injuries. Questionnaires based on eight clinical scenarios of commonly encountered cervical, thoracic, and lumbar injuries were administered to 35 experienced spinal surgeons. Surgeons completed profile information and answered approximately one dozen questions for each case. Data were analyzed with SPSS software to determine the levels of agreement and characteristics of respondents that might account for a lack of agreement on particular aspects of management. Of the 35 surgeons completing the questionnaire, 63% were orthopedists, 37% were neurosurgeons, and 80% had been in practice for more than 5 years. Considerable agreement was found in the majority of clinical decisions, including whether or not to operate and the timing of surgery. Of the differences noted, neurosurgeons were more likely to obtain a MRI, and orthopedists were more likely to use autograft as a sole graft material. Physicians from abroad were, in general, more likely to operate and to use an anterior approach during surgery than physicians from the northeastern United States. More commonalities were identified in the management of spinal trauma than previously reported. When found, variability in opinion was related to professional and regional differences.

Anterior approaches for the management of thoracic spine fractures

Thoracic fractures after trauma can lead to devastating neurological injury because of the close relationship among spinal cord, nerve roots, and their bony surroundings. Anterior decompression and instrumentation of thoracic spine fractures are indicated in the presence of anterior compression of the spinal cord by bone fragments, hematoma, or traumatic disk herniation or when the load-bearing capacity of the anterior spinal elements has been disrupted. This article reviews different approaches that have been used to address thoracic fractures that require corpectomy and instrumentation. The surgical technique for open and thoracoscopy-assisted corpectomy with reconstruction and instrumentation of the thoracic spine is detailed and illustrated with case examples. Surgeons involved with operative management of spine trauma should become familiar with the technique for open thoracotomy and corpectomy. A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the region and the techniques used for placing instrumentation is needed. Neurosurgeons should team with thoracic surgeons for these procedures to achieve the best possible outcomes for their patients.

Technique of thoracic pedicle screw fixation for trauma

Thoracic fractures after trauma can lead to devastating neurological injury because of the close relationship among spinal cord, nerve roots, and their bony surroundings. Transpedicular fixation using pedicle screws in the thoracic spine is technically challenging but can be done safely and effectively if surgeons understand the complex anatomy of the region and adhere to biomechanical principles. This article discusses different approaches for placing pedicle screws in the thoracic spine and presents some case examples that demonstrate the technique. Surgeons involved with the operative management of spine trauma should become familiar with the placement of thoracic pedicle screws. The technique requires a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the region and the techniques used for placing instrumentation.

Spinales Trauma

Every year, approximately 55,000 patients suffering from spinal trauma require hospital care in Germany. About 20% of these patients have symptoms of a spinal cord injury. It is important to know that vertebral column injury may be associated with spinal cord injury or not and that spinal cord injury may even occur without a lesion of the vertebral column. Pain and malposture are signs of vertebral column injury while a spinal cord lesion causes neuro-deficits, usually presenting as complete or incomplete transverse cord lesion. First aid calls for stabilization of blood pressure and pulmonary function. Additional damage to the cord should be avoided by immobilization. The application of steroids (methyl-prednisolone) is recommended according to the presently available evidence. The patient should be transferred to a center, in which all diagnostic and therapeutic facilities required for the management of spinal trauma are available. Currently, there are no evidence-based data favoring any treatment option. The outcome seems to be independent of surgical or non-surgical management. However, the advantage of surgical treatment is the early mobilization of the patient due to the immediate stabilization and a reduction of late complications.

Cervical spinal trauma

Over the past years, significant advances have taken place in basic research, imaging, and in the treatment of cervical spine injuries. The pathophysiological understanding of spinal cord injury has been considerably improved by basic research. Spinal cord damage occurs as a result of primary mechanical insult of secondary ischemic and biochemical tissular alterations. Twenty percent of patients with a major spine injury will have a second spine injury at another level. Such lesions include arterial dissections. These patients often suffer simultaneous but unrelated chest or abdominal injuries. Current management of spinal trauma is based on four principles: timely diagnosis, fracture reduction, spinal cord decompression, and efficient immobilization to permit healing. Numerous methods of treatment have been developed to achieve anatomical alignment and optimal stability without decreasing vertebral column flexibility. It is still unclear which form of diagnosis and treatment of the primary and secondary damage is best suited to cervical spine trauma.

Emergency, acute, and surgical management of spine trauma

Objectives: To assess trends in emergency, acute, and surgical management of spinal cord injury (SCI), and evaluate the relations between surgery and the occurrence of specific complications. Setting: Model SCI Care Systems. Design: Case series. Participants: Consecutive samples of 3,756 acute spinal injuries admitted to the Midwest Regional Spinal Cord Injury Care System between 1990 and 1999, 2,204 individuals admitted to a Model SCI System within 24 hours of injury before 1995, and 941 individuals who were injured between December 1995 and August 1998 and were admitted to a Model System within 24 hours of injury. Main Outcome Measures: Frequencies of injury types, nonoperative treatment and types of spine surgeries, and time sequence associated complications including postoperative wound infections, pressure ulcers, deep vein thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, and pneumonia or atelectasis. Results: Eighty-eight percent of cases entering a Model System through acute care were admitted within 72 hours of injury, 85% were admitted within 24 hours. Comparing 1990 with 1998, the number of persons admitted to Model Systems within 72 hours of injury declined 11%. Operative treatment within the Model Systems increased 5% ( p < .01), with increases due to decompression surgeries. Complication rates of nonoperative and surgical cases were not different. Conclusions: The reduction in 72-hour admissions suggests an increasing percentage of admissions are directly to rehabilitation at a Model System after receiving acute care elsewhere. The increase in the use of surgical procedures involving surgical decompression of the spine is probably due to advances in surgical technology and increased experience and confidence in spine surgery. Surgery does not influence complication development beyond the usual expectations for those who sustain SCI.

Comprehensive Management of Spine Trauma

Comprehensive Management of Spine Trauma

Comprehensive Management of Spine Trauma

Comprehensive Management of Spine Trauma