Sanitation Management Research Articles

A Pilot Study of Micro Solar Still Technology in Kuwait

Water scarcity is a global issue recognized by the United Nations under Goal 6 of its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is to ‘Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all’. This challenging goal requires innovations, especially in areas with freshwater scarcity. Coupling this with the expected significant growth in population, especially in developing countries, presents major challenges to obtaining the appropriate levels of water provision needed. The development of seawater desalination technologies offers hope to alleviate freshwater shortages whilst supporting SDG 6. This research addresses the development of small-scale technology utilizing solar energy for providing clean drinking water in rural, hot, arid, and remote communities. To alleviate water scarcity in rural and isolated areas, a micro solar still (MSS) system that supports a multistage distillation process can be utilized, which evaporates and condenses the saline feed water into pure drinking water with highly efficient solar heat collectors. The focus of this study was to assess the performance of two prototypes, with minor improvements to the wicking structure. Such a system has the advantage of recycling wasted latent heat in the process to increase productivity. Two prototypes were tested to assess the performance of the solar still construction material and yield, and to test the water quality and quantity under the climatic conditions of Kuwait. The operation and efficiency of the prototypes were observed across four characteristics: solar irradiance, ambient temperatures, feed water and water production. The performances of the two prototypes were comparable to the results of previously published work on MSS prototypes that utilize wicking. The recovery rates of the two prototypes were 22 and 25%, respectively. The maximum production of potable water achieved from the two prototypes was 900 and 1160 g, respectively, using a feed of 4 and 3.7 kgs. The quality of the produced water met the WHO’s standards for drinking water.

Impact of nutritional and sanitary management on Apis mellifera colony dynamics and pathogen loads

Aim of study: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the mite control strategies combined with nutritional management on honey bee colony dynamics and survival during winter, the following spring, and summer. Area of study: Santa Fe province in central Argentina. Material and methods: We set two apiaries with 40 colonies each and fed one apiary with high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and the other with sucrose syrup (SS). Within each apiary, we treated half the colonies against Varroa mites and half of these treated colonies also received a pollen patty. The other half of the colonies remained untreated and did not received pollen patties. All colonies were sampled for Varroa infestation level, Nosema ceranae abundance and colony strength seven times during a year (from summer 2016 to autumn 2017). We computed autumn mite invasion and colony losses at each sampling time. Main results: Colonies fed with HFCS had more brood cells during the study that those fed with SS and treated colonies had fewer adult bees and Varroa infestation than untreated colonies. No significant effect of the protein supplementation was observed on any of the response variables. , SS colonies from all groups had significantly more mites drop counts than HFCS colonies. Research highlights: Considering that a reduced frequency of application is desirable, our results suggested that nutrition management could enhance chemical treatment effectiveness since honey bees might profit from improved nutrition. However, a better understanding of the nutritional requirements of the colonies under field conditions is needed.

Decentralization and development in Ghana's Fourth Republic

AbstractThis article demonstrates how decentralization can lead to development at the local level, albeit in moderate form. Analyzing data collected from 660 respondents based on face‐to‐face interviews, focus group discussions, and personal observations, we found that the transfer of power and resources to the district assemblies (DAs) has led to the provision of critical social amenities such as roads, education, health‐care facilities, and management of environmental sanitation at the sub‐national level. Respondents are satisfied with the provision of these social amenities because they have led to relative improvements in their basic social needs. Yet, delays and the accumulation of arrears associated with the transfers of the District Assemblies Common Fund (DACF) have deprived the DAs of the needed revenue to deliver far‐reaching social services to the people. The grant of more financial autonomy to the DAs and measures to curtail the overbearing influence of the central government over the administration of the DACF will enhance their capacity to deliver substantial development projects to accentuate the transformation of the rural districts.Related ArticlesAdams, Brian E. 2016. “Assessing the Merits of Decentralization: A Framework for Identifying the Causal Mechanisms Influencing Policy Outcomes.” Politics & Policy 44(5): 820–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12172.Ayanoore, Ishmael, and Sam Hickey. 2022. “Reframing the Politics of Natural Resource Governance in Africa: Insights from the Local Content Legislation Process in Ghana.” Politics & Policy 50(1): 119–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12449.Debrah, Emmanuel. 2016. “Decentralization, District Chief Executives, and District Assemblies in Ghana's Fourth Republic.” Politics & Policy 44(1): 135–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12146.

Research Note: Characterization of peasant family poultry farming in Southern Chile

The poultry industry produces most of the meat and eggs for human consumption worldwide. However, family poultry farming still plays an important role in developing countries providing high quality animal products including eggs and poultry meat for family and local consumption. A field survey was taken to 145 family poultry farmers off the commune of Maullin, Los Lagos Region of Southern Chile, to describe their husbandry and breeding practices, and provide information for future development and conservation priorities. Egg production in these poultry systems of the Maullín commune is a family tradition, run mostly by women, provides an extra income from the sale of extra eggs and chicken meat during autumn and winter months. Flocks of 15 to 30 native, creole or indigenous hens, reach point of lay at 5 or 6 months old. Egg production with a mean rate of 40%, peaks during September. Brown eggs are the most frequent, followed by blue-greenish eggs derived from Mapuche fowl ancestry. A ratio of 10 to 20 females per rooster results in ca. 60% hatching rate from natural incubation. While males are kept for two seasons only, females are kept longer, some until old. Diet is based on locally available or self-produced grains, complemented by pasture browsing, scavenging, and kitchen waste. Sanitary management is low or none and technical knowledge derives from ancestral tradition. Investment in accommodation and feeding is low. Results provide information on these systems in non-tropical areas of developing countries where it is scarce, and highlights how these systems can respond to the challenges of future poultry production, considering both climate change and consumers demand for more wholesome, human and sustainable products.

Toilet Sanitation Management in Supporting the Implementation of Public Services

Good toilet sanitation management will not only provide added value in service satisfaction but is also a reflection of personal and environmental hygiene. However, toilet sanitation is one of the problems that people often complain about when they are in government offices. The availability of good toilet sanitation facilities has not been a concern of the government until now. This research was conducted using a qualitative design, collecting data directly or using google form and making direct observations of the condition of the toilet and its management. Data collection was also carried out using researchgate, google scholars and google scholars. By using systematic literature review technique data analysis and the use of primary data, it was found that the management of toilet sanitation in government offices was not good as seen from the quality of cleanliness and availability of facilities. There is no work unit available and responsible for toilet sanitation hygiene. The government can fix this by collaborating with third parties with a cleaning service workforce outsourcing system.

Influence of Knowledge and Skills among residents in Kibra Intergrated water, sanitation and waste management project on the wellbeing of Soweto East Residents, Nairobi, Kenya

The study sought out to determine the influence of knowledge and skills among residents in integrated water management influenced on the wellbeing of Soweto East residents in Kibra, Nairobi County. Apart from intense overcrowding, lack of proper and adequate infrastructure, housing and poor sanitation worsened by open sewages and lack of drainage systems have characterized Kibra slums for years. In addition, a series of factors including very low incomes, irregular employment, lack of secure land tenure or collateral, and lack of property and informational records prevent Kibra households from accessing loans to finance construction projects, housing improvements or home purchases. To address these problems, Government of Kenya (GoK) and UN-Habitat instituted Kibra Integrated Water, Sanitation and Waste Management Project (WATSAN) in Soweto East to support small-scale community-based initiatives in water, sanitation and waste management as an entry point, while also aiming at improving the livelihoods of people living in Soweto East. Study sought to examine the extent to which the Project has been successful in enhancing well-being of Soweto East residents. The study employed descriptive survey research design since it’s most suited when conducting research study to a large population. The sample frame for this study comprised of 980 households from 6400 beneficiaries from Soweto East. The study sample size was 90 respondents distributed randomly among beneficiaries’ households. Data collection was done using questionnaires and was thereafter analyzed quantitatively using SPSS version 20 as a tool and presented in form of frequencies, pie-charts, tables, and graphs. The study found out that knowledge and skills had a positive effect on the wellbeing of Soweto East residents in Kibra, Nairobi County. The study thus concludes that having proper knowledge and skills of water and waste management will translate to improved wellbeing of the slum dwellers. This is because, improvement of all aspects of the environment including sanitation and hygiene requires that the community has proper education and awareness, and these cannot be reached without the proper co-operation from the slum dwellers. The study recommends the need to facilitate stakeholder interaction by encouraging community-based institutions such as women groups, youth groups, Community Development Associations, traditional councils, Water and Sanitation Committees (WASHCOMs) and other identified interest groups. There is also need to educate the residents to enhance awareness on the effects of poor waste and sanitation practices and benefits of KWATSAN. The study further recommends successful enforcement procedures to safeguard efficient waste gathering and dumping.

Development and Evaluation of Options for Action to Progress on the SDG 6 Targets in Austria

The Agenda 2030 of the United Nations stipulates an ambitious set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They were globally agreed upon and demand coherent, context-specific implementation at the national level. To address the complexity of challenges therein, the Agenda is designed to be integrated, indivisible, and universal. The numerous multifaceted interactions in-between the SDGs and with corresponding measures pose a complex challenge for decision-makers implementing them worldwide that requires support for a comprehensive discourse in the science-society-policy arena. Research on the interactions between the SDGs has been flourishing and can help to understand where policy options might be most successfully located. A catalytic effect on several other goals is, e.g., often attributed to SDG 6 on water and sanitation. However, beyond the where to locate policy options, it is similarly important to understand how potential policy options would affect the SDGs and their targets. We developed eleven options and 85 measures as context-specific pathways to advance the SDG 6 Targets in Austria. As a country in the Global North and with a generally far-established water and sanitation infrastructure and management, this responds to the Agenda's demand for universal applicability and can serve as an example to illustrate potential challenges beyond basic infrastructure provision and management. The proposed options cover resources-oriented sanitation, blue-green-brown infrastructure, efficient use and integrated management of water resources, maintenance and restoration of ecological functions of inland waters, reduction of diffuse discharge of nutrients and problematic substances as well as trace substances, water, sanitation and hygiene in public spaces, groundwater protection, development cooperation as well as co-design and co-creation. Their effects on the SDG 6 Targets are evaluated using a 7-point-scale. The evaluation method is simple and practicable, and fosters discourse on the entire water cycle amongst the expert group applying the method. The evaluated effects on the targets are found to be unanimously positive or neutral, but trade-offs might arise when including other SDGs in the assessment, making an expansion of the evaluation necessary for coherent implementation. The results can be used as a baseline to support follow-up discussions with stakeholders and decision-makers.

Achieving Sustainable Development Agenda of 2030: The Role of Accountants

The study examined the contribution of accountants in achieving the sustainable development agenda of 2030. A perspective study of accountants in Nigeria was carried out to specifically determine the role of accountants in ensuring sustainable management of water and sanitation, sustainability of cities and human settlements, and sustainable consumption and production patterns. Cross-sectional survey research design was deployed for the study. A sample size of eighty-nine (89) chattered accountants was obtained from a population of seven hundred and seventy-two (772) professionally affiliated Accountants in Nigeria. Primary data were sourced from the questionnaires administered on the 89 sampled chattered accountants in Nigeria. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was used in hypotheses testing at 5% level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that: accountants play a significant role in ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation (D = 0.197, p = .002); accountants have a significant function in making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (D = 0.151, p = .001); there is a significant responsibility of Accountants in ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns (D = 0.178, p = .000). Based on the finding, it was recommended that Accountants should help in reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction and recycling and reuse of waste.

Description of Four Dual-Purpose River Buffalo (Bubalis bubalis) Production Systems in Tropical Wetlands of Mexico. Part 2: Sanitary Management, Milking, Zootechnical and Economic Indicators

The aim is to elucidate other key aspects of these dual-purpose systems in wetland areas, including labor, markets, the conditions of facilities, machinery and equipment indices, and zootechnical indicators. The health management values determined for production units (PU) PU2, 3, and 4 were similar (50%) but higher at PU1 (75%). Three scheduled milkings once a day (1x), but PU3 performed it twice a day (2x). Most workers are permanent, but PU1 and PU2 hire temporary laborers. The average workday was 7.69 ± 2.84 hours/animal unit at a mean wage of $11.43 ± $1.27. Unit prices per kg of meat from fattening animals and liter of milk were $1.83 ± $0.03 and $0.51 ± $0.08, respectively. Production variables showed an average calving interval of 371.25 ± 7.50 days, a mean parturition index of 89% ± 1%, and mean mortality of 1.8% ± 0.5% and 0.6% ± 0.8% for young and adult animals, respectively. Milk production per lactation was 1240 ± 211.66 liters. The mean daily production for sale was 5.17 ± 0.88 liters. Individual calves consumed 2.13 ± 0.63 liters of milk per day on average. Mean productive life was 17 ± 2.45 years. Average scores on the facilities conditions and machinery and equipment indices were 68% ± 14% and 57% ± 26%, respectively.

Are mass gathering events hot spot for spreading of infectious diseases: The Kumbh Mela experience

Kumbh Mela, the largest spiritual mass gathering, witnessed around 240 million pilgrims in 2019 at Prayagraj. The huge gathering poses challenges of different kinds including easy transmission of infectious diseases. This research aims to identify the types and causes of infectious diseases and discuss the government's efforts for health and sanitation management. Secondary data from various reports have been used to support the study for which related websites, Prayagraj Mela Authority reports, peer-reviewed articles, and related literatures were studied. Qualitative and quantitative analyses have been done to find trends and have comparative studies among various Kumbh and Ardh Kumbh Melas. The study finds that there is spread of infectious diseases like Acute respiratory infections, fever, skin disease, dysentery etc. during the Kumbh Mela due to the huge population, restricted space, pressure on sanitation infrastructure, unhygienic living conditions, solid and liquid wastes generated during Mela, and pilgrims' social and religious psychologies. The number of pilgrims of the occasion has increased heavily with time. Based on the anticipated number various efforts and initiatives of the government and management such as advance disease surveillance system, HEAT map, ensuring safe drinking water, better sanitation and healthcare facilities has increased over the years to reduce its impact. Mass gathering events always draw attention to health hazards and in fact the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic forced to think about the organization of mass gathering events in future. The mega tent city that accommodates nearly millions of pilgrims in the river bed is significant not only for India but also for mass gathering research at the international level to draw policy and provide the opportunity to generate the evidence and document base for risk prevention, mitigation, and management planning of infectious diseases and disasters.

"There is no place to dispose them. What would you have me do?'': A qualitative study of menstruation in the unique physical and social environment in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.

Menstrual Health and Hygiene (MHH) is an essential component of individual and population-level health and is inextricably linked to the environment. Few scholars have explored women's day-to-day experiences of managing their monthly period within the unique environment of informal settlements. We used data from in-depth interviews with women 18-55 years in Mathare informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. Findings suggest that aspects of the social environment, particularly menstrual stigma and social and gender inequities, combined with resource limitations, such as lack of water, sanitation, disposal facilities, and waste management influence menstrual management, and this, in turn, impacts the physical environment.

Precursor considerations for new circular economy business models

Circular economy thinking encourages society to adopt sustainable patterns of consumption and production. This basic principle aligns with the objectives of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which include improving human welfare through equal access to drinking water and sanitation; together with reliable, sustainable, and modern energy supplies for all. Traditional approaches to delivering public utility services have been rooted within the Baconian view that the environment is a pool of resources that exist for the betterment of humankind. Whilst this tradition has delivered water supply, sanitation, electricity generation, and waste management services, that have improved the lives of countless humans, the provision of these services largely relies on business models and technologies that have had significant adverse impact upon the natural environment. To inform the development of new sustainable business models, this paper explores circularity concepts from the perspective of decision makers and actors responsible for the delivery of public utility infrastructure. Through a review of the secondary literature, this paper examines core circular economy principles and maps these against fundamental business model elements to synthesise a framework of precursor considerations for future business models. This framework has potential application in testing the extent to which existing business models in the utility sector support the transition to a circular economy and how current business models can be adapted to assist the achievement of sustainable development.

Effect of climate change on the geographical distribution of leptospirosis risk in western Java, Indonesia

Climate change is known to have a significant impact on public health as it could speed the spread of zoonotic infections. The purpose of this study is to estimate the potential geographical distribution of the risk of leptospirosis – a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira spp and transmitted by rodents, in Western Java islands. The possible distribution of Leptospira was modelled by using MaxEnt ecological niche (EN) framework under various climate scenarios. Data for elevation and nineteen bioclimatic variables associated with temperature and precipitation were obtained from climate database. In general, the shift in the geographical distribution in leptospirosis occurrence is evident. The model shows that the probability of the leptospirosis occurrence is predicted to be high in the northern and central part of the islands. The annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and precipitation of wettest quarter were the more significant contributors to the dynamic of leptospirosis emergence. The study reveals that climate change will likely increase the probability for leptospirosis emergence over the islands, suggesting the importance of substantial mitigation efforts towards improving sanitation, hygiene and flood management, in addition to strengthening public health preventive and surveillance strategies at a local level.

Behavior model of community-based sanitation management in coastal areas: confirmatory factor analysis

BackgroundThe research aims to analyze the factors consisting of resident status, gender role, stakeholder roles, infrastructure, socio-cultural, and socio-economic that influence the community behavior in managing the sanitation of coastal areas. MethodsA cross-sectional design obtained 504,955 households of family heads in the Percut Sei Tuan Sub-district. The sample size was calculated using a category survey formula of 414 households. A simple random sampling technique was used, and the questionnaire instrument was tested for validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) to assess the factors that influence community behavior in managing sanitation. ResultsThere was a socio-cultural relationship with the behavior of managing sanitation in coastal communities with a T-statistic value of 3.268. Furthermore, gender, infrastructure, and stakeholders’ roles influence the behavior of managing sanitation with a T-statistic value of 3.310, 3.573, and 2.263, respectively. ConclusionsSocio-cultural practices require motivation and support from various parties in creating good sanitation areas. Therefore, support from stakeholders is needed to influence the achievement of certain goals. They have the authority and budget that can be allocated to support efforts and improve sanitation.

Assessment of Biosecurity Status in Health and Livestock Sectors: A Brief Study

Biosecurity plays an irreplaceable role in preventing diseases and increasing productivity on farms. Evaluation of biosecurity measures implemented in Harar and Dyer Dawar dairy farms was conducted to assess the relationship between the implementation of biosecurity measures and demographic and socio-economic characteristics of owners and farm characteristics. The main objective of this study was to investigate the biosecurity status of dairy farms and the factors affecting biosecurity on dairy farms in Harar and Dire Dawa, eastern regions of Ethiopia. A chi-square analysis of the obtained results showed that there was a significant relationship between the applied biosecurity measures and the location of the farms. Of the 124 biosecurity practices considered for the biosecurity compliance assessment of study farms, dairy biosecurity scores ranged from 33 to 74. The percentage of biosecurity scores varied from 27.1% to 61%. From the 21 dairy farms included in the current study, nine (9) farms achieved a score percentage greater than or equal to 51% (ranging from 50.3% to 61%), thus their biosecurity compliance was assessed as "good". The remaining 12 farms achieved percentage scores lower than 51% (varying from 27.1% to 47.4%) and were therefore graded as "poor". In this study, biosecurity was classified into four (4) components, isolation (19.24± 3.91), sanitation (16.64± 6.82), traffic control (16.94± 2.4), and health management (3.24± 1.06) with their respective mean ± standard deviation of each. Out of ten dairy farms located in Harar city, only eleven (11%) were assessed as having a "good" biosecurity level. On the other hand, out of ten studied dairy farms in Diyar Dawa city, eighty-one (81%) were assessed for “good” biosecurity adoption level.

Personal Responsibility Relationship to Environmental Responsibility Behavior

This research discusses the role of an international organization called Junior Chamber International (JCI) in Indonesia which helps the provision and management of clean water and sanitation as one of the realizations of the global sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach with case study research methods. Data was collected by interviewing several relevant sources and observing various JCI activities. Other data were obtained from secondary data in the form of literature studies and various supporting documentation such as books and journals, data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the DKI Provincial Government, as well as the results of periodic reports and various photo documentation of JCI's activities. Liberalism theory was chosen as an approach that is considered capable of providing answers to the positive changes formed and carried out by JCI in international relations cooperation to realize sustainable development. The results of the study show that JCI as an international organization is a platform for young professionals in their fields and can directly contribute in depth. JCI is also able to navigate the interests of stakeholders both towards the government, NGOs, other international organizations, and the community as targets in terms of efforts to realize the six sustainable development goals, namely the management and provision of access to clean water and sustainable sanitation

Personal Responsibility Relationship to Environmental Responsibility Behavior

This research discusses the role of an international organization called Junior Chamber International (JCI) in Indonesia which helps the provision and management of clean water and sanitation as one of the realizations of the global sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach with case study research methods. Data was collected by interviewing several relevant sources and observing various JCI activities. Other data were obtained from secondary data in the form of literature studies and various supporting documentation such as books and journals, data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the DKI Provincial Government, as well as the results of periodic reports and various photo documentation of JCI's activities. Liberalism theory was chosen as an approach that is considered capable of providing answers to the positive changes formed and carried out by JCI in international relations cooperation to realize sustainable development. The results of the study show that JCI as an international organization is a platform for young professionals in their fields and can directly contribute in depth. JCI is also able to navigate the interests of stakeholders both towards the government, NGOs, other international organizations, and the community as targets in terms of efforts to realize the six sustainable development goals, namely the management and provision of access to clean water and sustainable sanitation

Stall Sanitation Associated with Cryptosporidium sp. Infection on Calf and Cattle Farmer

Increasing the cattle population can increase the amount of the waste. Poor management of cage sanitation has the risk of causing a decrease in the health conditions of cattle farmers, such as: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and itching, as many as 50% of cattle with diarrhea are infected with Cryptosporidium sp. The highest infection of Cryptosporidium sp. in cattle found in calves. The calf can excrete 1×1010 oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. per day. Cryptosporidium sp. also has the potential to cause zoonotic infections that are transmitted from animals to humans. The study aims was to determine the relationship between stall sanitation and Cryptosporidium sp. to calf and cattle farmer. The type of this research was analytic observational with a cross sectional approach conducted in Jatian Village, Pakusari, Jember during October 2021 - March 2022. The primary data was obtained through interviews and observations. The feces of calves and cattle farmer were collected and examined using sedimentation method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) staining method. The statistical test used is the chi-square test. The results showed that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. in calves by 14,3% and on cattle farmer by 4,8%. The bivariate analysis showed that that stall location and waste handling were associated with Cryptosporidium for calf (p≤0.05), and there were no variables that were significantly related to infection in cattle farmers (p>0,05). Cryptosporidium sp. in calves and humans can be caused by several factors, such as environmental factors and hosts. Preventive measures such as maintaining a clean environment including cowshed sanitation and personal hygiene need to be taken to reduce the risk of Cryptosporidium infection from calves to humans, and vice versa.

Assessment of urban sanitation status and management gaps in a metropolitan city, Bangladesh: Potential challenges to achieve SDG 6

Concerns have been on the rise around the globe regarding better sanitation management, which is one of the basic human rights, owing especially to the present goal of sustainable development, more specifically Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6. Proper sanitation management is a challenging issue in Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current state of sanitation and hygiene facilities and management in Chattogram City, Bangladesh. This study was conducted via questionnaire survey, key informant information (KIIs), stakeholder meetings, and field visits. A survey was conducted on slum dwellers and non-slum dwellers (formal settlements) of the city. A total of 400(=n) randomly selected respondents were interviewed (200 from each group) from eight wards of the metropolitan city, six KIIs, and three stakeholder meetings. Field visits were made to observe the conditions along with a pilot survey to validate the questionnaires. A purposive sampling method was employed for this study, while both descriptive and quantitative statistical analyses were conducted. Statistical analysis of the survey results and field observation found inadequate sanitation and hygiene facilities, insufficient community toilets, improper waste disposal, and drainage facilities in the city. Sanitation was worse in slum areas than in the non-slum neighborhoods. 55.4% of slum dwellers had no/little awareness of the sanitary system. While 89% of families in slum areas use shared toilets, unhygienic toilets caused different diseases to 63.7% of respondents. Drainage conditions were almost equally insufficient in both groups. 65% of respondents did not have any community toilets in their locality. The sanitation management system is not well-equipped and it is a pressing need to make better plans and implement sufficient management strategy for the total sanitation of the city.

Effects of Sanitizers on Microbiological Control of Hatching Eggshells and Poultry Health during Embryogenesis and Early Stages after Hatching in the Last Decade.

Simple SummaryPoultry systems, especially conventional comprehensive production systems to meet the global demand for eggs and meat, are constantly challenged by pathogens, requiring intense sanitary practices. Operations, including the sanitization of hatching eggs, can employ synthetic chemical sanitizers as well as natural plant extracts to minimize the microbial challenge. As the application of formaldehyde sanitizer in hatching eggs cannot be justified in terms of safety for embryonic and human health, studies are underway to assist the industry in adopting new alternative sanitizers. This review aims to evaluate the effects of different sanitizers on the microbiological quality of hatching eggshells and poultry health during embryogenesis and early stages after hatching.The sanitization of hatching eggs is the backbone of the hygienic–sanitary management of eggs on farms and extends to the hatchery. Poultry production gains depend on the benefits of sanitizers. Obtaining the maximum yield from incubation free of toxic sanitizers is a trend in poultry farming, closely following the concerns imposed through scientific research. The toxic characteristics of formaldehyde, the primary sanitizer for hatching eggs, are disappointing, but it is a cheap, practical and widely used antimicrobial. To overcome this shortcoming, multiple synthetic and natural chemical sanitizers have been, and continue to be, tested on hatching eggs. This review aims to evaluate the effects of different sanitizers on the microbiological quality of hatching eggshells and poultry health during embryogenesis and early stages after hatching.