Management Of Refugees Research Articles

Repatriation via Saigon

Abstract The South Korean Vietnam War deployment (1965–73), typically understood as a mercenary expedition, was also an exercise in the management of refugees and other displaced populations. While the South Korean Army managed its own refugee villages in South Vietnam, the overseas dispatch of military labor also promised to ameliorate the problem of mass displacement at home, an ongoing legacy of the Korean War (1950–53). The northern exile writer Sŏnu Hwi (1922–1986) was a notable proponent of this vision of the war as a frontier, framing Vietnam as a surrogate for an inaccessible North Korea and an outlet for the social contradictions of Cold War developmentalism in South Korea. Focusing on the embedded novel Wave to the Mekong River (1966–67), this article argues that Sŏnu's expansionist fantasy deviated from official justifications of Vietnam as a war for development. At the same time, it suggests, Sŏnu's ideological equalization of exile and displacement also informed an emergent antiwar literature showing that the deployment aggravated, rather than resolved, the marginalization of mobilized youth.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCY INVOLVEMENT WITHIN HANDLING ROHINGYA REFUGEES IN ACEH: FOR THE FUTURE SOLUTIONS

This study explores the management of Rohingya refugees in Aceh, focusing on the roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders such as UNHCR and IOM. Utilizing qualitative methods, including interviews and field observations, the research identifies challenges and potential solutions related to refugee management. Findings reveal that UNHCR is pivotal in providing protection and essential aid to Rohingya refugees, including registration, documentation, and necessities. Meanwhile, IOM plays a crucial role in facilitating orderly migration and human rights advocacy. The study also highlights a shift in local attitudes towards refugees, influenced by media misinformation and political motivations. Both organizations collaborate with the Indonesian government and local NGOs to address these issues, but there is a pressing need for more comprehensive and long-term strategies. Recommendations include improving communication strategies, enhancing integration programs, and addressing the root causes of displacement. The study underscores the necessity for a coordinated approach to support and protect Rohingya refugees and suggests avenues for future research to refine these strategies and improve outcomes for displaced populations.

Understanding Rural – Urban Migration in Uganda’s Refugee Camps Authors

With continued conflicts all over the world, more refugees will continue migrating to countries they consider safe. According to Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung and Young Leaders Think Tank (2017), refugees prefer dwelling in urban areas, which can be attributed to the global urbanisation phenomenon. This paper examines the factors influencing rural-urban migration to inform refugee management in urban settings. According to the Office of the Prime Minister, Uganda Refugee Statistics of September 2023, Uganda was host to over 1.5 million refugees, mainly from, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia, Burundi, Eritrea and Rwanda. These refugees are registered in the rural settlements (refugee camps) as provided for by Uganda’s legal framework on the management of refugees, which framework also only recognises refugees in the capital Kampala as urban refugees. However, the landscape has evolved as some refugees have self-settled in various urban centres across Uganda, rapidly increasing the urban population and stressing urban services. Our study findings in Koboko Municipality show various personal, push and pull factors responsible for the refugees’ decision for rural-urban migration. These factors relate to demographic age, education level, gender, better social services, payable employment, economic activities, and utilisation of skills among others. The findings signal the need to recognise and plan for urban refugees in urban areas other than Kampala City. Urbanisation is a factor in refugee management in Uganda. Keywords: Urban refugee, Rural-urban migration, Koboko municipality, Uganda

Christians, Muslims, and Jews: Turkey and the management of refugees from Greece during World War II

AbstractApproximately 70,000 people were displaced from Greece to Turkey and the Middle East during World War II. Following a presentation of the geography, statistics, and timeframe of the displacement, and Turkey’s interwar demographic policies, the article studies Turkey’s management of this refugee movement. Based on Greek, Turkish, and British archival material, the article argues that Turkish wartime refugee policy took shape in the intersection of two occasionally contradictory attributes. On the one hand, there were the state’s demographic desiderata and policies that differentiated incoming refugees on account of their ethnic and religious identities. On the other, Turkey’s reaction was necessarily conditioned by the military, political, and diplomatic conjuncture of the war. It was this conditionality that explains the inconsistences and shifts in refugee management and its rationale during the war, for instance, the differentiation in the treatment of Jewish and Christian refugees, but also in the management of Greek Muslims in 1941–1942 and in 1944–1945.

Забезпечення демографічної стійкості країн ЄС

Demographic resilience reflects a countryʼs (or regionʼs) ability and capacity to ensure the quanti­tative and qualitative reproduction of demographic structures under specific historical, socio-economic, legal, and natural conditions. Demographic processes are of fundamental importance both for national development processes and for achieving global sustainable development goals. It is essential to systematically and thoroughly study the current demog­raphic reality, understand it well, and base rational and effective responses to ongoing demographic challenges on this understanding. The long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, interna­tional conflicts, migration processes, and the mass wave of Ukrainian refugees to EU countries in 2022 have made the topic of researching demographic resilience more relevant. There is no single solution to respond to demographic challenges or fully compen­sate for the negative consequences of demographic changes. Therefore, it is necessary to implement and develop various adaptive measures and organizational-legal conditions to ensure demographic resilience. The research aims to justify and characterize the key organizational and legal conditions for ensuring demographic resilience in EU member countries. The theoretical and metho­dological basis of the research are scientific works of foreign and domestic scholars on the selected issue. General scientific and special methods are used, such as theoretical generalization, systemic analysis, systematization, statistical analysis, grouping, and scientific abstraction. Based on the crite­rion of "social protection of the population," the key organizational and legal conditions for ensuring demographic resilience were identified as follows: quality and accessible healthcare, gender equality, a developed system of social programs and assistance, the implementation of family-friendly policies, and effective management of migrations and refugees. The development of organizational and legal condi­tions depends on effective state policy and a compre­hensive approach to solving this issue. Demographic resilience is one of the essential conditions for achieving sustainable economic development based on a balance between the qualifications of the workforce, their number, willingness, and ability not only to perform specific tasks but also to participate in their formulation and determine the paths to achieving the desired results. The analyzed organi­zational and legal conditions for ensuring demographic resilience not only affect the social stability of the integration group but also impact the pace of economic development.

Gender dimensions of war and displacement: Experiences of refugees from the Central African Republic in Cameroon

abstract Ensuring that planned processes, programmes and interventions recognise that the underlying inequalities and differential needs of women and men are still impeded by the failure to apply gender considerations, thereby perpetuating inequality, is vital in the refugee crisis plaguing the international community. The current trend of literature on refugees is mostly slanted to the growing number of refugees and policy towards the refugee population worldwide. Little attention is paid to the gender gaps in the daily experiences encountered by male and female refugees. This article emanates from a research study that examined gender issues in the management of refugees from the Central African Republic at the Lolo refugee camp in Cameroon’s East Region. It assesses the adequacy of the provision of services and programmes in ensuring durable solutions that can address the differential needs of male and female refugees and helping them overcome their challenges. Data for this qualitative study was collected through focus group discussions, interviews, and participant observation. Findings revealed that despite the efforts made by organisations working with refugees, most of the services are inadequate and gender dynamics are not adequately factored into the management of refugees. There is clear evidence of voiceless, powerless women who are under the spell of the strong hold of culture. It is expected that this study will serve as a reference document for international organisations working in the field of refugee management and protection, to consider making gender a critical variable in their programmes and services for refugee protection. It is suggested that there is a need for a feminist approach to humanitarian aid.

HIV-positive Ukrainian refugees in the Czech Republic.

Over 480 000 Ukrainian refugees have arrived in the Czech Republic since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, including over 500 people with HIV. This study describes the demographics, characteristics, and management of Ukrainian refugees with HIV in the Czech Republic. Retrospective, observational, noninterventional study. Ukrainian nationals registering at HIV centers in the Czech Republic with war refugee status were included. Data were collected from medical records between 1 March and 31 July 2022. The study was registered with the Czech State Institute for Drug Control, ID number 2301200000. Four hundred and eighty-two patients were included in the study. Most patients were female (69.5%; n = 335/482) with well-controlled HIV. The median [interquartile range] CD4 + cell count was 597 [397] cells/μl of blood, and 79.3% ( n = 361/455) of patients had HIV RNA <40 copies/ml. Coinfections of hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and/or tuberculosis were reported for 17.4% ( n = 78/449), 9% ( n = 40/446) and 1.3% ( n = 6/446) of patients, respectively. In Ukraine, 85.7% ( n = 384/448) of patients had been receiving an integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based regimen and most (69.7%; n = 310/445) did not switch therapy upon arrival in the Czech Republic. Migration from Ukraine is changing the characteristics of HIV epidemiology in the Czech Republic. Ukrainian refugees with HIV have been provided with a high standard of medical care in the Czech Republic. Improved coordination between medical services within the Czech Republic and between countries in the European Union is necessary to optimize patient care.

The Challenges in Management of Refugees and IDPs in Nigeria

The Challenges in Management of Refugees and IDPs in Nigeria

Distribution, preparedness and management of Ukrainian adult refugees on dialysis-an international survey by the Renal Disaster Relief Task Force of the European Renal Association.

Due to the Russian-Ukrainian war, some of the about 10 000 adults requiring dialysis in Ukraine fled their country to continue dialysis abroad. To better understand the needs of conflict-affected dialysis patients, the Renal Disaster Relief Task Force of the European Renal Association conducted a survey on distribution, preparedness and management of adults requiring dialysis who were displaced due to the war. A cross-sectional online survey was sent via National Nephrology Societies across Europe and disseminated to their dialysis centers. Fresenius Medical Care shared a set of aggregated data. Data were received on 602 patients dialyzed in 24 countries. Most patients were dialyzed in Poland (45.0%), followed by Slovakia (18.1%), Czech Republic (7.8%) and Romania (6.3%). The interval between last dialysis and the first in the reporting center was 3.1±1.6 days, but was ≥4 days in 28.1% of patients. Mean age was 48.1±13.4 years, 43.5% were females. Medical records were carried by 63.9% of patients, 63.3% carried a list of medications, 60.4% carried the medications themselves and 44.0% carried their dialysis prescription, with 26.1% carrying all of these items and 16.1% carrying none. Upon presentation outside Ukraine, 33.9% of patients needed hospitalization. Dialysis therapy was not continued in the reporting center by 28.2% of patients until the end of the observation period. We received information about approximately 6% of Ukrainian dialysis patients, who had fled their country by the end of August 2022. A substantial proportion were temporarily underdialyzed, carried incomplete medical information and needed hospitalization. The results of our survey may help to inform policies and targeted interventions to respond to the special needs of this vulnerable population during wars and other disasters in the future.

#5866 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT OF ADULT DIALYSIS PATIENTS FROM UKRAINE DISPLACED TO OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AFTER THE RUSSIAN INVASION

Abstract Background and Aims The Russian invasion on Ukraine, which started on 24th February 2022 led to migration of millions of people, including some of the about 10,000 adult dialysis patients. A Renal Disaster Relief Task Force (RDRTF) established by the European Renal Association, is dedicated to support the people living with kidney disease and to the nephrology community in Ukraine, working together with WHO, NGOs and industry. Besides these activities, the RDRTF conducted a survey to understand distribution and management of Ukrainian refugees requiring dialysis displaced to other European countries. The study aim was to characterize these patients and evaluate treatment modality and care they received after displacement. Method A cross-sectional online survey on status of displaced dialysis patients, clinical data and care they received after migration was sent to all national nephrology societies across Europe with a request to disseminate it to all dialysis centers in their countries. Data were collected between May and August 2022. Fresenius Medical Care (FMC) shared a set of aggregated data without direct center participation. Results Data on 602 patients (290 collected through the survey and 312 from FMC), who were dialyzed in 24 countries was gathered. Most patients were dialyzed in Poland (45.0%), followed by Slovakia (18.1%), Czech Republic (7.8%), Romania (6.3%), Germany (4.7%) and Hungary (3.5%). Mean time between last dialysis session and the first session in the reporting center was 3.1±1.6 days. For 28.1% of patients this time interval ranged from 4 to 12 days. Mean age was 48.1±13.4 years, and 43.5% of patients were females. The most common primary cause of kidney failure in the study group was glomerulonephritis or autoimmune diseases (29.5%), diabetic nephropathy constituted 12.7%. Before patients left Ukraine, 95.7% had been on hemodialysis, 2.5% on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 1.8% on automated PD. Since leaving Ukraine, 33.8% of patients were hospitalized upon arrival at the reporting center. The most common causes of hospitalization were: anemia (18.6%), COVID-19 pneumonia (4.7%), non-COVID pneumonia (4.7%), overhydration (4.7%) and Perm-Cath implantation (4.7%), followed by exacerbation of heart failure, peripheral artery occlusive disease and arteriovenous fistula surgery. In terms of pharmacotherapy provided in the reporting dialysis units, 50.3% of patients received erythropoiesis stimulating agents and 36.9% received intravenous iron supplementation. 35.0%, 21.9% and 3.3% received phosphate binders, vitamin D analogues and cinacalcet, respectively. 29 patients (11.4%) were waitlisted for kidney transplantation (KTx) in Ukraine before displacement. Of these, 15 also qualified for KTx in the receiving country. A further 33 individuals who had not been listed for KTx in Ukraine, started the KTx recipient work-up under the care of the reporting center. Overall, 43 patients (17.4%) received psychological support – for 29 provided by the reporting dialysis units and for 14 patients outside the center. Conclusion Under 10% of dialysis patients fled Ukraine since the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Almost 30% of them remained without dialysis for 4 days or longer. Clinical status upon arrival often necessitated hospitalization. Our data indicate, that the treatment at receiving centers conformed with standard of care. Monitoring the situation of dialysis patients during armed conflicts may help in creating informed policies that allow for prompt and targeted interventions to respond to special needs of this vulnerable population.

Improving Primary Healthcare Access for Asylum Seekers and Refugees: A Qualitative Study From a Swiss Family Physician Perspective.

Since 2015 the need for evidence-based guidance in primary health care management of refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants has dramatically increased. The aims of this study were to identify the challenges met by primary care physicians in Switzerland, by performing semi-structured interviews and to identify possible approaches and interventions. Between January 2019 and January 2020, 20 GPs in 3 Swiss cantons were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed, coded with MAXQDA 18, and analyzed using the framework methodology. Following relevant findings were highlighted; (i) problems relating to health insurance companies among (health-insured) asylum seekers and refugees were negligible; (ii) there is a high acceptance for vaccination by refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants; (iii) limitations in time for consultations and adequate reimbursement for practitioners pose a serious challenge; (iv) the majority of consultations are complaint-oriented, preventive consultations are rare; and (v) the language barrier is a major challenge for psychosocial consultations, whereas this appears less relevant for somatic complaints. The following issues were identified as high priority needs by the study participants; (i) increased networking between GPs, that is, establishing bridging services with asylum centers, (ii) improved training opportunities for GPs in Migration Medicine with regular updates of current guidelines, and (iii) a standardisation of health documentation facilitating exchange of medical data, that is, digital/paper-based "health booklet" or "health pass."

Examining the Vulnerability Procedure: Group-based Determinations at the EU Border

Abstract Between 2016 and 2019, almost all asylum seekers who managed to reach the Greek islands in the North Aegean Sea had to undergo an assessment of their vulnerability within the EU hotspot system. Those who were found vulnerable were exempted from return under the EU-Turkey Agreement and were free to leave for the Greek mainland. This article provides a detailed account of the vulnerability procedure, which classifies migrants through pre-established categories on account of externally distinguishable features rather than individual experiences. As is shown, this type of group-based management of refugees preceded the Refugee Convention, but has since the 1960s primarily been applied in the Global South. The use of this procedure in Europe reflects an exception from the European individualist human rights approach. In the context of EU hotspots, the vulnerability procedure provides a pathway to exemption from externalisation, for those who can live up to its requirements of documentable hardship.

Australian Border-Related Deaths, 1 January 2000 to 7 January 2021

ABSTRACT This list of Australian border-related deaths forms an appendix to my book review of Behrouz Boochani's No Friend but the Mountains: Writing from Manus Prison, published in this issue, and offers critical backgrounding on the current management of refugees by the Australian government.

Evolving Migration Trends from Afghanistan: Management and Honourable Repatriation of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan

Since 1979, Pakistan has been a key player in the management of Afghan refugees despite challenging economic and security conditions. The repatriation efforts in the past could not bring conclusive results as a significant population still live in Pakistan. The outbreak of COVID 19 has increased their vulnerability due to inadequate quarantine and health facilities. The positive political developments by way of new elections and a political settlement with the Taliban provide an opportunity for honourable repatriation of Afghan refugees. This article investigates the dilemma in the management of Afghan refugees in Pakistan and suggests a viable course of action for their honourable repatriation to Afghanistan.

Epidemiologic Study of Syrian Refugees Underwent Surgery Due to Fracture in a Tertiary Reference Hospital in Turkey.

AimThis study aims to analyze the spectrum, management, and outcome of Syrian refugees’ fracture over four-year period, highlighting challenges in management and follow-up.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of Syrian refugee patients operated for fractures at our centre from January 2015 to January 2019. The patients were evaluated for age, gender, mechanism of injury, location and type of fracture, presence of accompanying injuries, surgical technique, complications, mortality and morbidity. The comparison of complications and postop outpatient clinic controls between Turkish citizens and Syrian refugees were also evaluated.ResultsThe study included a total of 455 patients comprising 281 adults (202 males, 79 females) with a mean (SD) age of 41.1 (19.3) years and 174 children with a mean age of 8.8 (4.9) years. The trauma mechanism was most commonly fall in both adult and pediatric patients (86.6% / 73.5%). Whilst lower limb fractures were more common in adults (73.7%), upper limb fractures were more common in children (63.4%). The presence of accompanying trauma was determined in 21 (7.5%) adults and 10 (5.7%) children. Multiple fractures were determined in 12 (4.3%) adults and eight (4.6%) children. Plate fixation (PF) was most used in 137 (48.8%) adult patients and K-wire augmentation was used in 75 (43.1%) pediatric patients. Out of the 455 patients, 41 (14.6%) adults and 13 (7.3%) children developed complications. Whilst three adult patients were died during follow-up, no deaths were recorded in the pediatric patients. Complication rate was 54/455 in Syrian refugees and 32/455 in citizens. It was observed that the complication was significantly higher in immigrants (p: 0.017). Sixty-five (14.2%) Syrian immigrants did not come to the outpatient clinic control at all or once, while this rate was 29/455 (6.3%) for Turkish citizens (p = 0.012).ConclusionInadequate living conditions and lack of communication faced by refugees reduce the rate of patient follow-up and negatively affect the results of orthopedic trauma.

Dilema Tata Kelola Pengungsi Global: Penanganan Illegal Maritime Arrivals (IMA) di Australia

Australia as one of the countries that signed the Convention of Refugee 1951 has an obligation to apply principle of non-refoulement in the handling of refugees and asylum seekers entering its territory. However, the issue of national security and domestic turmoil caused Australia to continue use restrictive policies in dealing with refugees and asylum seekers, especially those who came by the sea (boat people) and did not have official documents. They are called Illegal Maritime Arrivals (IMA). Giving the term “illegal” causes no distinction between IMA and smuggling/trafficking criminals. This paper aims to explain the existence of dilemma in the management of refugees especially in Australia in handling IMA. This research uses qualitative methods with secondary data sources from books, journals, articles and other sources related to the problem being studied. By using the concept of securitization approach in the paradigm of constructivism, this paper argue that the restrictive policies adopted by Australia as a form of protection of national interests. Australia experiences a dilemma in applying the principle of non-refoulement and protecting its national interests. This is challenge in the management of global refugees.

SUPPORTING THE MANAGEMENT OF HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS CONCERNING MIGRATION MOVEMENTS WITH REMOTE SENSING

Abstract. The various forms of humanitarian operations include operations concerning the management of migrant movements and refugees. Managing those operations is non-trivial. A large number of refugees have to be welcomed, registered, forwarded, and be given supplies and accommodation. This is due to a lack of current and sufficient information about the refugees, making planning and execution of operations challenging, expensive and cumbersome. The earlier information about the refugees is available, the better. The method “Dwelling Detection”, conducted on satellite imagery of refugee camps, can provide large-scale heads-up information fast, complementing information already available to operators at the ground. With “Dwelling Detection”, dwellings in a camp and their extent are detected using machine learning methods. An estimate of inhabitants of the camp is computed using the number and the extent of the detected dwellings. Our workflow uses a Faster R-CNN, an object detection network. To train the network, we developed a fast training data annotation workflow. We use the dwellings detected by the faster R-CNN to estimate a number of inhabitants. The quality of the analysis can be evaluated by a confidence-metric, computed out of the results of the Faster R-CNN. The results can be used in humanitarian operations. We tested the workflow using different configurations and data. From those tests, we give recommendations on how to build a dwelling detection classifier. We propose to humanitarian operators to build a dwelling detection classifier according to our recommendations and use satellite images in actual humanitarian operations. This could help to reduce stress for all people involved in a humanitarian (crisis) situation.

Mobile Refugee: Rohingya Refugees’ Practices of Imaginary Citizenship in Klang Valley, Malaysia

In this age of border securitization, mobility has largely been discussed as a privilege accorded to citizens. The assumption is that refugees or undocumented persons are usually denied such mobility. The management and surveillance of refugees through documentation processes by both the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the host country further obstruct their freedom. However, in Malaysia, urban and mobile Rohingya refugees disrupt the linkage between citizenship and mobilities. In fact, being conferred refugee status in Malaysia has made Rohingyas relatively more mobile than they had been previously in Myanmar or Bangladesh’s refugee camps. Drawing from fieldwork in Klang Valley from 2017 to 2019, I propose the concept of “mobile refugee” to rethink mobility and citizenship. I argue that Rohingya refugees practice “imaginary citizenship” as a form of political participation to claim their rights with the aid of the UN refugee card. This article highlights the need to reinterpret mobility by situating it in the dynamics of citizenship practices of refugees and their engagement with documents as they seek to imagine and invent their future aspirations of becoming political subjects.

Laborers, Migrants, Refugees

This article examines the ways in which both colonial and postcolonial migration regimes in Kenya and Tanzania have reproduced forms of differential governance toward the mobilities of particular African bodies. While there has been a growing interest in the institutional discrimination and “othering” of migrants in or in transit to Europe, comparable dynamics in the global South have received less scholarly attention. The article traces the enduring governmental differentiation, racialization, and management of labor migrants and refugees in Kenya and Tanzania. It argues that analyses of contemporary policies of migration management are incomplete without a structured appreciation of the historical trajectories of migration control, which are inseparably linked to notions of coloniality and related constructions of (un)profitable African bodies. It concludes by recognizing the limits of controlling Africans on the move and points toward the inevitable emergence of social conditions in which conviviality and potentiality prevail.

Capacity Building and Market Intervention for Refugees: A Study of Current and Future Direction towards Sustainable Refugee Management

The number of refugees has increased for a decade leading to seek an alternative approach to managing refugees globally. This research will explore the current management of refugees and future direction towards sustainably managing refugees. While the UNHCR has a role in particularly resettling refugees to developed countries, states also have the authority to integrate refugees with local people under the Refugee Convention in 1951. The methodology used is a quantitative study through a statistical descriptive analysis from secondary sources and literature reviews. The result shows that states are reluctant to have a new arrival of refugees into their territories, while the UNHCR currently faces difficulties in resettling refugees to third countries. As a result, refugees are waiting with uncertainty and without livelihood opportunities in transiting countries. In regards to this issue, it seems necessary to have a capacity building and market intervention for the future direction of sustainable refugee management through a partnership with private sectors under the SDGs and other global agenda. These will equip refugees with skill development to enhance self-reliance as well as labor opportunities entering the future market places.