Odor Management Research Articles

Wound Care Management of a Patient with Stage III Lymphedema

The sequelae for patients living with stage III lymphedema, including immobility, functional impairment, isolation and emotional burden, that affect quality of life are highlighted. The case patient's medical history upon initial evaluation, descriptive wound characteristics and treatment plan are described in detail. A comprehensive treatment regimen resolved the patient's wound. The definition, staging and prevalence of lymphedema are reviewed. Successful lymphedema wound treatment includes working with experienced healthcare providers, management of wound drainage and odor, the use of higher pressure compression, and complying with lifestyle changes.

The emission patterns of volatile organic compounds during aerobic biotreatment of municipal solid waste using continuous and intermittent aeration

Because volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the main concerns during municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment, the release patterns and the environmental effects of VOCs were investigated during laboratory-scale aerobic biotreatments of MSW with continuous and intermittent negative ventilation. When the same airflow amounts were used, intermittent ventilation was found to reduce the total VOC emissions from continuous ventilation process by 28%. In this study, 23 types of volatile organic compounds were analyzed, of which butyraldehyde, ethanol, and butanone were emitted in the highest concentrations of 748, 372, and 260 mg/m3, respectively. During the aerobic biotreatment process, ketones, aldehydes, and alcohols were primarily released during the first 4 days, accounting for 86−98% of the total VOC emissions during this period. The emission concentrations of malodorous sulfide compounds displayed two peaks on day 4 and day 9, with the contribution to the total VOC emissions being enhanced from less than 10% to 76−83%. The release of terpenes and aromatics lasted for more than 10 days with no significant emission peaks and the proportions of those compounds in the total VOCs increased gradually, but no more than 50% even at the end of the process. Considering the strength of the odors, aldehydes were the predominant contributors at the beginning of the experiment, whereas malodorous sulfide compounds became the most odorous compound as the biological process continued. Most of the VOCs emitted at the concentrations beneath the level causing health threat to the workers. Implications: In aerobic biotreatment plants of MSW, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are among the major pollutants in exhaust gases. Understanding the emission patterns of VOCs (e.g., identifying the dominant VOC components during the different biotreatment stages) are of importance for VOC control and treatment, and can also provide a new index to evaluate the different biotreatment operations. This paper is of interest to scientists, the operators of MSW biotreatment plants, and those concerned with odor management practices.

Genital Malodor in Women

Genital malodor is a common distressing complaint that brings a woman to her physician's office. Vaginal infections, primarily bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis, still remain the commonest causes and are relatively easy to diagnose and treat. However, in approximately one third of women who present with malodor, no cause is identified. Although data on the management of vaginal discharge are extensive, the management of genital odor beyond common vaginal infections remains poorly studied. This presents a frustrating situation for both the patient and her physician. Often, patients resort to home remedies and over-the-counter preparations, which, while providing short-term relief for some women, almost never address the cause and, in some cases, can exacerbate symptoms. In this review, we have attempted to consolidate the known and documented causes of genital malodor including the nonvaginal causes and provide case studies that will help clinicians understand the possible settings for the various causes. We also provide an algorithm for the management of this symptom beyond vaginal infections.

Real-time management of odour on water treatment plant using a 3D simulation tool coupled to on-site sensors

In order to forecast and to follow the dispersion of odours around its treatment sites, SIAAP which treats wastewater for the entire region around Paris, developed and implemented an innovative tool called SYPROS. SYPROS is based on the 3D CFD dispersion tool Fluidyn-PANEIA and uses a Lagrangian puff model for real time calculations, together with a source definition module for determining the source emission rates in real time. In order to adjust the source emission the so-called remapping process has been implemented. A case study for the implementation of the comprehensive tool SYPROS on the Seine Aval site is described.

A laboratory assessment of the impact of brewery wastewater discharge on sulfide and methane production in a sewer

The impact of brewery wastewater discharge on sulfide and methane production in a sewer was assessed. Experiments were carried out on laboratory scale sewer reactors consisting of both an experimental and a control reactor. The control reactor was intermittently fed with real fresh sewage while the experimental reactor was fed with a mixture of brewery and domestic wastewater at two different proportions (10 and 25% v/v). 10% v/v discharge of brewery wastewater increased the H2S and CH4 production rates in the sewer reactor by 40% and 30%, respectively. When the brewery wastewater fraction was increased to 25% v/v, the H2S production rate of the experimental reactor decreased to the level of the control reactor. In contrast, the CH4 production rate maintained at a level that was 30% higher than that in the control reactor. These results indicate that the discharge of brewery wastewater into sewers can give negative impacts in relation to odour and corrosion management of the systems and will increase the greenhouse gas emissions from sewers. The study also reveals that the impact of trade waste on the biological reactions in sewers is complex, and requires careful experimental assessment in each case.

Odor Assessment and Management in Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Review

The stricter environmental regulations, encroachment of residential areas on wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and increasing public expectations on privatized water companies have resulted in an increase in the number of public odor complaints during the last decades. Despite not being a direct cause of disease, long-term exposure to high-strength odorant emissions actually does negatively affect human health (e.g., causing nausea, headaches, respiratory problems). Therefore, the minimization and abatement of unpleasant odor emissions are becoming two of the major challenges for WWTP utilities worldwide. However, information regarding odor formation, sources, sampling, characterization, impact assessment, and control techniques is rather sparse in the literature. Therefore, there is a need for an integrated approach to odor assessment and management.

Amoniako ir metano dujų, išsiskiriančių kompostuojant nuotekų dumblą, tyrimai

Nuotekų dumblas, jo apdorojimas ir saugojimas yra susijęs su klimato kaita. Yrant organinėms medžiagoms išsiskiria ne tik nemalonaus kvapo dujų, bet ir šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų (CO2, CH4, NOx). Biodegradacijos procesai vyksta ir natūraliai gamtoje ir dirbtinai – kompostuojant. Sudarant optimalias kompostavimo sąlygas (C:N, aeravimas, pH ir drėgmė) bei naudojant priedus (ceolitas, durpės ir kt.) galima mažinti dujinių teršalų emisijas į aplinką. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami kompostuojant nuotekų dumblą gautų eksperimentų rezultatai, tiriant CH4 ir NH3. Eksperimentui naudotas Vilniaus miesto komunalinių nuotekų valymo įrenginių perteklinis nuotekų dumblas, nusausintas centrifugomis. Kaip papildomos medžiagos naudotos ceolitas ir durpės. Kompostuota kompostavimo aikštelę imituojančiuose „įrenginiuose“.

Randomized, crossover study evaluating patient preference and the impact on quality of life of urisheaths vs absorbent products in incontinent men

• To evaluate the impact of urisheaths vs absorbent products (APs) on quality of life (QoL) in men with moderate to severe urinary incontinence (UI). • A randomized, controlled, crossover trial in 61 outpatient adult men with stable, moderate to severe UI, with no concomitant faecal incontinence, was conducted from June 2007 to February 2009 in 14 urology centres. • Participants tested Conveen Optima urisheaths (Coloplast, Humlebaek, Denmark) with collecting bags and their usual AP in random order for 2 weeks each. • The impact of each on QoL was measured using the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) and the short form-12 acute questionnaire, and each patient's preference was recorded. • A 10-item patient questionnaire was also used to assess the product main advantages on an 11-point scale (0: worst; 10: best). A 72-h leakage diary was used to record the number and severity of leaks and daily product consumption. Safety was measured as the number of local adverse events. • All dimensions of the KHQ were scored lower with urisheaths, indicating an improvement in QoL. The greatest mean score reductions were in Limitations of Daily Activities (-10.24, P= 0.01) and Incontinence Impact (-7.05, P= 0.045). • The majority (69%) of patients preferred Conveen Optima urisheaths to their usual AP (P = 0.002). • Urisheaths scored significantly higher for all categories in the patient questionnaire (efficacy, self-image, odour management, discretion, skin integrity) except ease of use. • Safety was considered to be good. • Conveen Optima urisheaths showed a positive impact on QoL (according to the KHQ results) in moderate to severe incontinent men, who were long-term users of APs, and participants largely preferred urisheaths. • Conveen Optima urisheaths should be recommended to incontinent men in preference to APs.

Swine Producer Appraisal of the Community Assessment Model for Odor Dispersion (CAM)

The community assessment model (CAM) for odor dispersion is a tool to assist in the siting of swine production facilities. CAM considers the size and type of a swine production system, local historical weather conditions, and odor control implementation. It predicts the number of hours of exposure to various levels of odor, by month, for each receptor in a given community. A follow-up survey of all CAM users since 2005 was conducted. The survey was designed to provide: 1) formative feedback for programming adjustments to improve Extension efficiency, usability, and reduce costs; and 2) summative feedback used to provide an indirect baseline assessment of the broader impact that CAM has had on reducing odor-related conflict. For the majority of producers who used CAM, the potential impacts to their neighbors factored heavily into decisions. CAM was believed to be very important to the siting process. A high majority (95%) of producers clearly understood the model results. Over half communicated these results to their neighbors where a third of these were considered positive interactions. Overall, for producers who went on to build at sites that were modeled there was a significant improvement in neighbor relations. CAM continues to evolve as a tool, with the addition of more refined odor dispersion parameters and the ability to include cattle and poultry. The state of Iowa has passed legislation that would, when funding is made available, integrate the use of CAM into odor management policy.

Principles of Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes

Principles of Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes is the third book in the Water and Wastewater Process Technologies Series. The book outlines the principle unit operations that are involved in the separation, degradation and utilisation of organic and inorganic matter during water and wastewater treatment. The module builds on the subjects of chemistry, biology and engineering covered in Process Science and Engineering for Water and Wastewater Treatment (Module 1) and provides a descriptive introduction to unit operations that are further described with design and operational details in later books in the series. The text of Principles of Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes has been divided into the following Units: * Water Quality * Process Flowsheeting * Physical Processes * Chemical Processes * Sorption Processes * Biological Processes * Membrane Processes * Sludge Treatment Utilisation * Odour Management These units have has been designed for individual self-paced study that includes photographs, illustrations and tables and describe the form, function and application of unit operations for the treatment of water and wastewater. Each section of the text gives step-by-step learning in a particular subject, that includes an approximation of how long you will need to spend on that section and provides key points that highlight the principles of the different sections. Each unit includes exercises to help understand the material in the text, self-assessment questions to test your understanding and text references.

An Electronic Nose Network System for Online Monitoring of Livestock Farm Odors

An electronic nose (e-nose)-based network system is developed for monitoring odors in and around livestock farms remotely. This network is built from compact e-noses that are tailored to measure odor compounds and environmental conditions such as temperature, wind speed, and humidity. The e-noses are placed at various applicable locations in and around the farm, and the collected odor data are transmitted via wireless network to a computer server, where the data processing algorithms process and analyze the data. The developed e-nose network system enables more effective odor management capabilities for more efficient operation of odor control practice by providing consistent, comprehensive, real-time data about the environment and odor profile in and around the livestock farms. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed system.

Integrated Odour Management at Western Australian Wastewater Treatment Plants

Western Australia is experiencing rapid growth and this has increased the risk of encroachment of residences into the area surrounding wastewater treatment plants. The conflict between the long term operation of a treatment plant and the desire to build residences near treatment plants must be resolved by robust land use planning. This paper describes the management of odour risks for wastewater treatment plants in Western Australia using odour modelling, community surveys, land use planning, improved plant operations and buffer zone management.

Mass Spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry

An Electronic Nose Network System for Online Monitoring of Livestock Farm Odors

An electronic nose (e-nose)-based network system is developed for monitoring odors in and around livestock farms remotely. This network is built from compact e-noses that are tailored to measure odor compounds and environmental conditions such as temperature, wind speed, and humidity. The e-noses are placed at various applicable locations in and around the farm, and the collected odor data are transmitted via wireless network to a computer server, where the data processing algorithms process and analyze the data. The developed e-nose network system enables more effective odor management capabilities for more efficient operation of odor control practice by providing consistent, comprehensive, real-time data about the environment and odor profile in and around the livestock farms. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed system.

Management of Fistulae in the Abdominal Region

We evaluated a new fistula and wound management system; ostomy and wound care nurses were queried about willingness to use the product in future patients, product wear time and pouch leakage, perifistular skin condition, access for wound care, pouching time, patient mobility and comfort, odor management, pouch flexibility, adhesiveness, and erosion. A health economic assessment was also done. Twenty-two patients (5 males and 17 females) with an abdominal fistula participated in the study. Participants tested 75 pouches, representing an average of 3.4 pouches per subject. The investigator at each site who performed the pouch changes completed a questionnaire at baseline, during the test, and after testing the pouches. Participants also completed a set of questions after each test pouch was removed. In 21 of 22 cases, the nurses would consider using the new system on future patients. After each pouch removal, patients were asked whether they were able to move around while wearing the test pouch and they answered yes 95% of the time. The new system was found to have significantly longer wear time than traditional systems (P = .003), but the average time spent on changing the pouches was not significantly different (P = .07). Access for fistula and wound care was rated as excellent in the new pouching system, and comfort was rated as very good. The results of the study suggest that all of the key requests received from nurses for an improved system for fistula and wound management were met by the new system.

메탄발효와 퇴비화 공정이 연계된 가축분뇨 처리시설에서 발생되는 악취물질 특성 조사

악취는 이웃주민들로 하여금 민원을 유발시키는 주요 원인이기 때문에 악취관리는 지속가능한 축산과 매우 밀접한 관계가 있다. 본 연구는 메탄발효와 퇴비화 공정이 연계된 가축분뇨 처리시설에서 각 공정별로 기기분석과 직접 관능법을 병행하여 악취 물질의 농도, 악취 강도 및 악취 불쾌도를 측정하고자 수행하였으며, 하계와 동계로 구분하여 처리 공정과 부지경계선에서 각각 암모니아, 황화합물 및 휘발성 저급지방산의 농도를 분석하였다. 높은 외기온에 기인하여 하계의 악취농도가 동계보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 공정별로는 혼합된 분뇨를 교반하는 퇴비화 공정에서 악취 농도가 가장 높게 검출되었으며, 분뇨 투입조, 퇴비 후숙조, 분뇨 유출조 및 퇴비 선별과 포장 공정의 순으로 악취 농도가 낮았다. 검출된 악취 물질 중 가장 높은 농도는 암모니아로 3.4에서 224.7 ppm의 농도 범위로 분석되었다. 황화합물 중에서는 황화수소가 가장 높은 농도인 2.3 ppm인 것으로 분석되었으며, 대부분의 황화합물 농도가 기존에 보고된 최소감지한계농도를 초과하는 것으로 측정되었다. 또한 아세트산은 휘발성 저급지방산 가운데 51에서 89%로 가장 놓은 비율을 차지하고 있으며, 다음으로는 프로피온산과 부트르산이 각각 1.9에서 35% 및 1.8에서 15%의 비율을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 처리공정에서 발생되는 주요 악취원인 물질을 예측하고자 각각의 공정에서 측정된 악취물질의 농도를 최소감지한계농도로 나누어 악취농도지수를 계산하였다. 그 결과 퇴비화 공정에서는 황화수소, 암모니아, 황화메틸 및 메틸머캅탄이 악취원인 물질로 밀접한 연관이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 분뇨 투입조에서는 황화수소, 메틸머캅탄 및 부트르산이 주요 악취물질인 것으로 나타났다. Odor management is significantly concerned with sustainable livestock production because odor nuisance is a primary cause for complaint to neighbors. This study was conducted to measure the concentration of odorous compounds, odor intensity, and odor offensiveness at unit process in animal waste treatment facility combined composting and methane fermentation process by an instrumental analysis and direct olfactory method. Ammonia, sulfur-containing compounds, and volatile fatty acid were analyzed at each process units and boundary area in summer and winter, respectively. Higher concentration of odorants occurred in the summer than in the winter due to high ambient temperature. The maximum concentration of odorants was detected in composting pile when mixed manure was being turned followed by inlet, curing, outlet, and screen & packing process. Highest concentration of detected odorous compounds was ammonia ranging from 3.4 to 224.7 ppm. Among the sulfur-containing compounds measured, hydrogen sulfide was a maximum level of 2.3 ppm and most of them exceeded reported odor detection thresholds. Acetic acid was the largest proportion of VFA generated, reaching a maximum of 51 to 89%, followed by propionic and butyric acid at 1.9 to 35% and 1.8 to 15%, respectively. Malodor assessment by a human panel appeared a similar tendency in instrumental analysis data. Odor quotient for predicting major odor-causing compounds was calculated by dividing concentrations measured in process units by odor detection thresholds. In the composting process, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, dimethyl sulfide, and methyl mercaptan were deeply associated with odor-causing compounds, while the major malodor compounds in the inlet process were methyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, and butyric acid.

Financial feasibility of using shelterbelts for swine odor mitigation

A farm-level financial feasibility was performed to examine the use of shelterbelts as a swine odor mitigation technology. Shelterbelts are purposefully planted rows of trees and shrubs around the main sources of swine odor—swine buildings, manure storage systems, and crop fields that receive land applied manure. By using a series of model pork finishing farms and a number of differing shelterbelt design scenarios, the shelterbelt establishment and long-term (20 years) maintenance costs were calculated using a discounted cash flow analysis. Total costs for examined pork finishing farms, depending upon the shelterbelt design scenario, and whether or not government cost-share programming was used, ranged from $0.01 to $0.65 per pig produced. Study results emphasized the importance of cost-share programs, particularly Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP). In most cases, both with and without cost-share programming, the total costs were well below reported pork producer expenditures for odor management.

An economically and ecologically sound manure treatment and application system

F uture operation of concentrated animal feeding operations will require improved waste management strategies following more stringent regulations currently proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, especially regarding odor and nutrient management. The Livestock and Urban Waste Research Team at Illinois State University has developed a systems approach for treating liquid swine manure and land applying the separated effluent that meets these criteria. The solid/liquid separation system removes 98+% of the settleable solids, 98+% of the total suspended solids, 50+% of the nitrogen (N), and 90+% of the phosphorous (P) from raw slurry, and changes the N:P ratio from 4:1 to 20:1. The cost for separation plus irrigation of the separated effluent is less than 1.0¢ per raw gallon of slurry, comparable to current costs for direct land injection of unprocessed slurry. The separated solids portion can be economically composted or hauled off-farm for land application. Center pivot or surface irrigation is low cost (0.1¢/gallon) but may or may not contribute to nonpoint source pollution. A revitalized concept, controlled tile drainage, has been modified by the Livestock and Urban Waste Research Team to function as a subsurface irrigation system for separated effluent. Subsurface irrigation may or may not contribute to nonpoint …

An economically and ecologically sound manure treatment and application system

Future operation of concentrated animal feeding operations will require improved waste management strategies following more stringent regulations currently proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, especially regarding odor and nutrient management. The Livestock and Urban Waste Research Team at Illinois State University has developed a systems approach for treating liquid swine manure and land applying the separated effluent that meets these criteria.

Incorporating Wound Healing Strategies to Improve Palliation (Symptom Management) in Patients with Chronic Wounds

Palliative wound care should be centered on symptom management and is a viable option for patients whose chronic wounds do not respond to standard interventions, or when the demands of treatment are beyond the patient's tolerance or stamina. Palliative wound care is the incorporation of strategies that prioritize symptomatic relief and wound improvement ahead of wound healing (total closure). Palliative wound care strategies must also work in conjunction with curative treatment objectives as wounds often heal completely in spite of serious illness and advanced disease. Palliative wound care is much more than pain, exudate and odor management. Common curative treatment goals such as physical correction of the underlying pathology, addressing nutrition and other supportive aspects of care, and sensible (nonharmful) local wound treatments should never be ignored. (1) To provide a fresh and effective approach to palliative wound care by integrating individual clinical expertise with clinical and laboratory evidence from the (curative) wound healing literature and (2) to share our (Calvary Hospital) experience and approach to palliative wound care in an inpatient, home, and outpatient setting. This approach can be summarized with the mnemonic S-P-E-C-I-A-L (S = stabilizing the wound, P = preventing new wounds, E = eliminate odor, C = control pain, I = infection prophylaxis, A = advanced, absorbent wound dressings, L = lessen dressing changes). Throughout this paper we will offer rationale, principles and recipes, for each of the steps of the "SPECIAL" approach in an effort to facilitate the caring for chronic wounds in palliative medicine. A practical marriage of wound palliation (symptom management) with current wound healing concepts to provide options for the palliative care provider and improve the practice of palliative medicine.