Management Of Irrigation Networks Research Articles

Faktor Kinerja Sistem Irigasi pada Tiga Daerah Irigasi di Kabupaten Dharmasraya

From the results of initial observations, it was found that the irrigation network management system in irrigation areas in Dharmasraya district was not managed properly and optimally, so that the impact was that many irrigation channels were found that were damaged and not well maintained. The purpose of this study was to identify the dominant factors and factors that influence the performance of the irrigation system in the three irrigation areas in Dharmasraya Regency, as well as to optimize the operation and maintenance of the network. This study used a quantitative method by distributing questionnaires to respondents. The results of the research conducted revealed 6 factors that influence the performance of the irrigation system in the three irrigation areas in Dharmasraya Regency, namely the P3A condition factor, the physical infrastructure condition factor, the planting productivity factor, the personnel organization factor, the facility factor. supporting, documentation factor

Management of the Jatiluwih Irrigation area with sustainable planting patterns and water balance in Tabanan Regency

Jatiluwih Village is located in Penebel District, Tabanan Regency, Bali. Jatiluwih Village is a highland village located at the foot of Mount Batukaru. This village is located at an altitude of 500-1500 meters above sea level and has an average rainfall of 2500 mm/year. Most of the population in the Jatiluwih area still relies on the economy of planting rice, with a good irrigation system. Rice fields in the Jatiluwih irrigation area need protection and preservation so that their area does not decrease. This priority is necessary because the meaning of land, including paddy fields is very important for humans, not only to own, but also to live their lives. Irrigation is an effort made to obtain water by using intake buildings and carrier channels. The Jatiluwih Irrigation Area has water sources from several springs that flow in the Jatiluwih Area. Jatiluwih weir with water sources from Tukad Baat has an irrigation area of 390 ha. The subaks that are irrigated by the Jatiluwih Dam are Jatiluwih Subak, Subak Gunungsari, Subak Kedamaian and Subak Wangaya Betan. The development and management of irrigation networks will greatly assist water-using farmers in an effort to increase the production of agricultural products, especially rice.

Evaluation of the Performance of the Roraya I Irrigation Network in Baito District in South Konawe Regency

Development and management of irrigation networks requires good infrastructure so that it will support increased food production, improve community welfare and optimize the use of water resources. The purpose of the study was to analyze the performance of the physical infrastructure irrigation system in the Roraya I Irrigation Area, and to analyze the handling of the physical infrastructure irrigation system performance in the Roraya I Irrigation Area The results of the analysis of the performance of irrigation networks on physical infrastructure are lacking and need attention, with a weight value of 59.44%, and for handling irrigation networks on physical infrastructure in the form of maintenance that is heavy repair or replacement

Implementation of Quantitative Resilience Measurement Criteria in Irrigation Systems

This paper shows the research developed in order to evaluate two resilience indicators, PHRI and Rsys, in the San Francisco de Cunuguachay pressurized irrigation network, specifically in the Yulchirón 2 branch. In this context, the irrigation branch was designed to operate on an on-demand basis and in shifts in order to evaluate the indicators in both operation modes, subjecting the network to unfavourable events. The resilience at the level of pressures and demands of the branch is estimated to remain operational in the different disruptive events, meeting the minimum conditions of the initial design. In this regard, with the implementation of resilience indicators in irrigation networks, it is possible to diagnose the response of the network to changes in its operation. Therefore, the use of indicators allows for obtaining a more reliable and adaptable network to changes in its operation. Consequently, the use of indicators allows for obtaining more reliable and adaptable networks to changes, since the engineer can make the right decisions in the project, improving the planning and management of irrigation networks.

EVALUASI KINERJA JARINGAN UTAMA DAERAH IRIGASI JEURAM KABUPATEN NAGAN RAYA

Irrigation infrastructure does not last long without being supported by continuous maintenance activities as the age of water building grows in irrigation networks. To maintain a sustainable irrigation system an irrigation management system is needed starting from the main building, the primary network to the secondary network. Irrigation Performance is an indicator in order to describe an irrigation system management, performance appraisal according to Minister of Public Works Regulation Number 12/PRT/M/2015 concerning Exploitation and Maintenance of Irrigation Networks is carried out on 6 (six) parameters, namely : Physical Infrastructure, Planting Productivity, Facilities Support, Personnel Organization, Documentation and Water User Farmers Association. The objective of this study was to conduct a performance assessment of D.I Jeuram through observing the condition of irrigation networks and analyzing the irrigation network condition data from the implementing agency D.I Jeuram and information from the P3A as a reference for the performance of D.I Jeuram. The results of this study show that the performance of the Jeuram Irrigation Area in terms of physical and non-physical aspects has a performance index of 69.36%, so that the performance of the Jeuram Irrigation Area falls into the less performance category and needs attention, so efforts to improve performance in Irrigation Areas are suggested. Jeuram, namely the aspect of physical infrastructure consists of routine maintenance activities from the main building to the final secondary canal (B.Jr.30), periodic maintenance includes replacement of the operating board and measuring ruler on the weir, replacement of missing door parts in weir drains, bag draining periodic mud, replacement of 16 door units at Jeuram Kanan and 6 door units at Jeuram Kiri, heavy rehabilitation in buildings tapping B.Jr.9, B.Jr.13, BU.1 and BU.2, and constructing drain inlets in sections carrier channel that functions as a waster. Efforts to improve the performance of aspects of non-physical infrastructure consist of providing adequate facilities for offices, housing and OM implementation warehouses, providing complete irrigation Area data at branch offices and conducting routine meetings related to OM implementation and cropping patterns. With this, the value of the performance of the irrigation system is obtained with a reliable, and which will later become a reference for the management of irrigation networks as a whole.

Pengelolaan Saluran Irigasi Guna Meningkatkan Produktivitas Pertanian di Desa Jubel Kidul

Agriculture is a sector of economic development considering its function and role in providing food for the population, as well as the place where the livelihoods of the residents of Jubelkidul Village depend. To increase food yields, irrigation network management was held in Jubelkidul Village. Irrigation is the most important thing in the food production process. The development of the Jubelkidul irrigation area is carried out with the aim of maintaining the sustainability of irrigation water supply in the Jubelkidul area. Efforts that can be made to maintain the sustainability of the function of the irrigation area of ​​Jubelkidul Village in supporting increased agricultural yields are participatory management of irrigation areas through institutional empowerment of water-using farmers. agriculture in Jubelkidul Village. This research is descriptive qualitative research with survey method. The research location is the Jubelkidul irrigation area which includes 5 hamlets in the Sugio sub-district. The types of data used are primary and secondary data collected by field observations, and interviews. The results show that the irrigation management of Jubelkidul village on water use is influenced by the dimensions of location, time and certain qualities.

Farmers’ Participation in Irrigation Management in the Punggur Utara Irrigation Area, Indonesia

Farmers’ participation in water resource management in Indonesia has been accommodated through Law No. 7/2004 and Government Regulation No. 20/2006 regarding irrigation. In government regulations, farmers’ participation in irrigation water management has been described in detail, with one of the components of irrigation network management being operations and maintenance. Most irrigation system problems are related to irrigation networks. Farmers’ participation in the Water Users Association (WUA), a farmer institution responsible for managing and developing irrigation networks at the tertiary level, determines how irrigation network management activities are carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the socio-economic characteristics of farmers and of group participation of a WUA in carrying out irrigation management activities in operations and maintenance activities. The result is connected to the physical condition of the irrigation network. The research took place in the village of Sumber Rejo in the Punggur Utara irrigation area, which is in Lampung Province, Indonesia, and is where WUA Harapan Maju is active. Samples were determined based on a random sampling method, which found that the sample size required for the study was 80 farmers. The results show that of socio-economic factors, the most influential is the number of farmers’ dependents, followed by the land area owned by each farmer. It was also found that group participation of WUA Harapan Maju was categorised as “barely” adequate. This result was confirmed by the condition of the irrigation system in the Punggur Utara irrigation area, which was also “barely” adequate, and the system’s operations and maintenance needed to be improved.

Irrigation network extraction in arid regions with using worldview-2 satellite data

After the 2000s, the launch of very high-resolution satellites provided great water and irrigation network management personnel opportunities. Now, the water management staff have the opportunity to study and monitor water supply systems and exploitation conditions of irrigation systems remotely via satellite imagery. By using those satellite images, specialists can search for water bodies, detect defected place of irrigation systems, and monitor their technical condition. Another advantage of satellite imagery is that they capture large areas of the Earth, keeping water systems under control in large areas. Therefore, the use of very high-resolution images has greatly developed in the water branch since the 2000s. The creation of different water extraction methods, models, indexes, and using different layers in the analysis for different regions using different satellites with very high resolution is developed. These indexes and layers are so numerous that they are now over 100. The user has difficulty getting any of them in the analyzes. Therefore, in this article, we have studied more than 50 water extraction methods, which gave positive and accurate results in an arid region. From those 50 methods, separated 10 the most effective methods and tested with WorldView-2 image analysis in the arid region and the water-rich region of Syrdarya region. According to the results of the analysis recommend the highest accuracy method for arid areas. Results show that water extraction using NIR2 layer of the WorldView-2 satellite images is the most accurate method than other methods. The accuracy of the results was 94 %. The analysis found the irrigation systems filled with sand and vegetation.

Assessment of Irrigation Potentiality over an Area through the Combined Application of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS)

There is a great influence of irrigated land of an area to the acreage and productions of agricultural crops and thus maintain the food security. Recent awareness about climate change and its impacts on global environmental challenges has drawn the great attention on rational and sustainable handling of irrigation resources and its networks. As one of the cutting-edge technologies remote sensing data and geographical information system (GIS) are very much useful for efficient management of irrigation networks and optimum utilization of irrigation schemes for the sustainable agricultural development. Irrigation potentiality is the total area which can be irrigated from a project on its full utilization. This implies that an area where water is available for irrigation in each season during a complete irrigation year. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the irrigation potentiality of an area using remote sensing data as primary source and field data and as well as ground water level data from secondary source. Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) data of 2016 and 2017 have been used for this purpose. Existing irrigation system has also been identified through the investigation of natural and artificial sources of irrigation water of the study area. Seasonal irrigated area was also monitored during the crop growing season. Ground water level fluctuation was also studied using ancillary data.
 Journal of Engineering Science 11(2), 2020, 141-148

Prioritas pengembangan dan pengelolaan jaringan irigasi tersier di D.I. Yogyakarta menggunakan multiple attribute decision making

Terdapat lima pilar dalam penyelenggaraan tata kelola jaringan irigasi, salah satunya adalah perbaikan sarana dan prasarana jaringan irigasi. Perbaikan sarana dan prasarana jaringan irigasi terbagi menjadi dua kegiatan, yaitu pengembangan dan pengelolaan. Terkait dengan kegiatan tersebut, terdapat banyak lokasi pada daerah irigasi yang memerlukan penanganan terlebih dahulu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis prioritas pada sepuluh daerah irigasi kewenangan kabupaten yang tersebar di D.I. Yogyakarta untuk optimalisasi pelaksanaan kegiatan pengelolaan jaringan irigasi. Analisis data menggunakan Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) yang terdiri dari metode SAW, WP, TOPSIS, Electre dan AHP. Terdapat lima parameter yang digunakan dalam analisis ini, antara lain prasarana jaringan irigasi utama, prasarana jaringan irigasi tersier, ketersediaan air, luas layanan, dan produktivitas tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jaringan irigasi tersier pada 10 daerah irigasi kewenangan kabupaten di D.I. Yogyakarta mengalami kerusakan sedang sampai berat pada sejumlah 65 lokasi. Terdapat 11 lokasi yang selalu muncul pada peringkat teratas pada setiap MADM, yang merupakan usulan prioritas kegiatan pengembangan dan pengelolaan jaringan irigasi. Selain itu, terdapat kecenderungan bahwa semakin tinggi luas oncoran, maka semakin tinggi pula peringkat prioritas pengembangan atau pengelolaan suatu lokasi. Apabila terdapat beberapa lokasi usulan dengan kondisi yang mirip, maka penentuan prioritas dapat ditentukan berdasarkan dengan luas oncoran.

Determinant study for improvement priorities of irrigation assets (a case study of Kedungrejo irrigation network in Pilangkenceng sub-district, Madiun regency – Indonesia)

Irrigation plays an important role for increasing agricultural production in order to achieve national food sovereignty. However, in reality, requests of funding for the purpose of irrigation network management from year to year are not always fulfilled according to needs. As such, to resolve this issue, it is necessary to determine improvement priorities for repairs of irrigation assets so that management may be optimally carried out. The aim of this research is to determine and analyse the improvement priorities of irrigation assets in one of the irrigation areas of Madiun Regency. This study utilized the modified Irrigation Network Performance Evaluation Criteria and Weightings for the year 2018. In addition, statistical tests as the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were utilized, as the obtained data were in the form of rankings. Google Earth and ArcGIS software were utilized to facilitate the understanding of the conditions and management of all the assets. The required data was the inventory of the irrigation network. The results of the study showed that the Kedungrejo Irrigation Network has 10% of irrigation assets in very good condition, 37% in good condition, 49%, in fair condition, and 4% in poor condition. The highest ranking (ranking 1) was for the spillway, while the lowest ranking (ranking 82) was for a bridge.

PENANGGANAN JARINGAN IRIGASI KRUENG BARO KABUPATEN PIDIE MELALUI ANGKA KEBUTUHAN NYATA OPERAISONAL DAN PEMELIHARAAN (AKNOP)

Krueng Baro Irrigation Area is one of the irrigation areas which is focused on increasing food crop productivity in Pidie District. To support the existence of the irrigation, of course, it must be supported by a well-organized irrigation system, so an effective irrigation network management system is needed through the O and M program. O and M activities require a truly real value or cost figure which is the result of the search for irrigation networks known as the real operation and maintenance demand value. The physical condition of the Krueng Baro Irrigation Network if viewed from the results of the irrigation network inventory still has many obstacles that hamper the fulfillment of rice water needs, including physical damage to buildings and irrigation channels. The evaluation of irrigation network performance is the first step in the preparation of the real operation and maintenance demand value, the rate of performance of the Krueng Baro Irrigation Area network is 68.06% (BWSSI, 2017) which falls into the less category and needs attention. This study aims to identify Irrigation Network O and M activities and the real operation and maintenance demand value Krueng Baro irrigation. The research method is in the form of observations / field observations and documentation to obtain the existing conditions of irrigation networks which subsequently identify O and M plans and preparation of the real operation and maintenance demand value. After the preparation of the real operation and maintenance demand value was obtained the output of the value of the real cost requirement in carrying out routine operations was only 0.53% (IDR 529,180,000.00), Routine Maintenance 6.52% (IDR 6,510,464,300.00), while for Periodic Maintenance is very large, namely 92.95% (IDR. 92,764,196,192.00) compared to the overall total cost (IDR. 99,803,840,492.00). In order to achieve the full O and M Plan and the real operation and maintenance demand value Krueng Baro Irrigation Network due to the limited budgetary budget so is divided into a 5-year priority program plan reference to Minister of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 12 / PRT / M / 2015 with the first year priority carried out on the main building which greatly influences performance and function of the irrigation system such as turnover of intake doors, olak ponds and upstream weir sediment excavation and some buildings and channels that have been destroyed and not functioning on the carrier channel.

Irrigation network information system for irrigation area management (Case study in Tapango Polewali District, West Sulawesi)

Success in implement irrigation area management activities is highly dependent on data availability. The existence of a realtime, fast, and accurate information is very important. The data and information needed must be easily accessible to interested parties. Development of an irrigation network information system is carried out by converting data into coordinate form using ArcGIS software. Visual studio software is used to display all data that has been processed. Spatial-based irrigation network information systems built using ArcGIS and Visual Studio software can easily obtain information about channel conditions, rating curves, channel profiles and channel photos. the availability of spatial-based irrigation network information systems facilitates the management of irrigation networks.

Faktor-Faktor Efektif dalam Pengelolaan Jaringan Irigasi Kewenangan Pusat di Provinsi Jawa Barat

Keberhasilan operasi dan pemeliharaan jaringan irigasi dipengaruhi oleh kinerja lembaga pengelola jaringan irigasi. Aspek ini menjadi tambahan beban capaian pengelolaan jaringan irigasi. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan efektivitas pengelolaan sistem jaringan irigasi. Kajian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif berdasarkan kerangka fishbone dan regresi linier berganda. Diagram fishbone digunakan untuk menemukan kemungkinan penyebab masalah dalam pengelolaan irigasi. Faktor-faktor penting dari diagram fishbone lantas dipertajam dengan metode analisis regresi linier berganda untuk mengetahui seberapa besar faktor tersebut mempengaruhi manfaat dari sistem irigasi. Variabel independen yang digunakan dalam regresi adalah: prasarana fisik, produktivitas tanaman, sarana penunjang, organisasi personalia, dokumentasi kegiatan dan kondisi kelembagaan. Data didapat dengan mengumpulkan informasi primer dan sekunder dari pengelola jaringan irigasi dan perkumpulan petani pemakai air di lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh signifikan dalam meningkatkan efektivitas pengelolaan sistem jaringan irigasi adalah prasarana fisik, organisasi personalia dan sarana penunjang. Ke depan, perlu dibuat sistem yang dapat mengukur perubahan kapasitas pengelolaan terkait dengan operasional dan pemeliharaan (OP) dari waktu ke waktu.

Model for management of an on-demand irrigation network based on irrigation scheduling of crops to minimize energy use (Part II): Financial impact of regulated deficit irrigation

The aim of the GREDRIP model (Part I) is to provide centralized management of an irrigation network, with a minimum energy cost at the pumping station, based on irrigation scheduling to guarantee crop water requirements in the irrigation network. In this paper, the combined use of GREDRIP and MOPECO models was used to improve water and energy consumption by applying Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) to crops in the SORETA irrigation network (Albacete, Spain) for crop distribution and weather conditions during irrigation seasons 2015 and 2016. The MOPECO model was used to determine irrigation schedules and to estimate the relationship between irrigated crop yield and net water applied. The aim of this paper was to validate the GREDRIP model under different water demand conditions, and to study the financial impact on the irrigation network under drought conditions. Results show that GREDRIP is suitable for management of an irrigation network such as SORETA, reducing the energy cost by 32%, in comparison with the current situation. The financial analysis carried out shows that a 25% reduction in water consumption would have reduced the gross margin (GM) in SORETA by 30% (from 1199 to 839 € ha−1) in 2015 and 16% (from 914 to 771 € ha−1) in 2016, when RDI is applied to all crops. When RDI is only applied to less profitable crops (extensive herbaceous but not horticultural crops such as onion or garlic), a GM reduction of only 9% is obtained under 2015 and 2016 conditions, respectively. The water saved could be used for other purposes, such as increasing the crop area with higher GM, or simply to recharge the aquifer at risk of overexploitation, which would greatly benefit the environment. The combined use of GREDRIP and MOPECO can help to improve water and energy management in irrigation networks through crop irrigation scheduling. This can increase the profitability of agriculture by analyzing the financial effects of different irrigation management systems.

Model for management of an on-demand irrigation network based on irrigation scheduling of crops to minimize energy use (Part I): Model Development

A tool implemented in MATLAB®, called GREDRIP, has been developed to simulate the behavior of an on-demand irrigation network, taking into account crop distributions in an irrigable area. It was applied during two complete irrigation seasons (2015 and 2016) for weekly irrigation scheduling. This tool portends to be useful as a decision support system tool to manage on-demand collective irrigable areas with minimum energy costs at the pumping station and by performing an irrigation schedule to guarantee crop water requirements. Hence, it is possible to go from an on-demand irrigation management system to a restricted arranged operation, carried out with centralized management, where the manager of the irrigation network satisfies the demand of farmers within a short period of time. The main novelty of this paper is to show a simulation tool which integrate the energy efficiency of the pumping station taking into account irrigation events distribution according to the crop irrigation scheduling at each plot. In this regard, this tool respects the irrigation scheduling of farmers, and it controls the starting time for each hydrant to minimize the energy cost. It was applied considering two types of pressure regulations, i.e., fixed and variable pressure heads. The distribution of open hydrants and the starting times of the irrigation events at each case performed by this tool led to optimization of the flow discharge distribution in the irrigation network, guaranteeing adequate flow discharge and pressure to all hydrants, which affected the uniformity of irrigation in the plot. Although the regulation using fixed pressure management represented energy costs 10% higher than the regulation using the variable pressure head, this difference would not compensate for the implementation of variable pressure management given the complexity of managing a variable pressure head in a pumping station. The actual irrigation network management, which does not consider the energy efficiency at the pumping station, showed higher energy consumed and energy costs at the pumping system in comparison with the results using GREDRIP. This fact suggest that it is necessary to improve the technical advisory system for irrigation scheduling at the plot scale and irrigation network management.

Rancangan Unit Pengelola Irigasi Modern di Indonesia

Pembentukan unit pengelola irigasi di Indonesia merupakan amanat yang tertera dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional 2015-2019. Kebutuhan ini didasari pada masih lemahnya upaya pengelolaan jaringan irigasi. Dari 3,3 juta hektar luas jaringan, sebanyak 52% berada dalam kondisi buruk pada tahun 2014. Untuk itu pembentukan unit irigasi yang dibawahi oleh seorang manajer merupakan langkah yang dianggap tepat untuk meningkatkan kondisi jaringan. Penelitian ini mencoba menemukenali faktor-faktor utama yang perlu ada dalam pembentukan sebuah kelembagaan pengelola irigasi modern (UPIM). Upaya tersebut dilakukan melalui audit pelaksanaan kegiatan operasi dan pemeliharaan irigasi di daerah irigasi kewenangan pusat, baik yang dilaksanakan melalui mekanisme swakelola maupun melalui tugas pembantuan. Hasil temuan lapangan kemudian dianalisa melalui metode SWOT, diikuti dengan penentuan faktor-faktor kunci keberhasilan pengelolaan. Terdapat lima temuan fungsi utama pengelolaan irigasi modern dari hasil penelitian ini yaitu; (1) pemrograman dan sistem informasi, (2) pengendalian operasi dan pemeliharaan, (3) pengamanan irigasi, (4) knowledge center dan pengembangan SDM, dan (5) fungsi penyuluhan dan tata guna air (PTGA). Adanya fungsi knowledge center dan PTGA merupakan inovasi manajemen yang menjadi keunggulan dalam penelitian ini. Seluruh fungsi tersebut kemudian disusun dalam sebuah struktur kelembagaan yang didasarkan pada tipologi masing-masing daerah irigasi. Untuk kelancaran penerapan UPIM, diperlukan dukungan berupa surat keputusan serta pedoman pelaksanaan yang dapat dipahami oleh seluruh stakeholder.

Evaluation of several soft computing methods in monthly evapotranspiration modelling

ABSTRACTEvapotranspiration assessment is one of the most substantial issues in hydrology. The methods used in modelling reference evapotranspiration (ET0) consist of empirical equations or complex methods based on physical processes. In arid and semi‐arid climates, determining the amount of evapotranspiration has a major role in the design of irrigation systems, irrigation network management, planning and management of water resources and water management issues in the agricultural sector. This paper presents a case study of five meteorological stations located in Kurdistan province in the west of Iran. The ability of three different soft computing methods, an artificial neural network (ANN), an adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and gene expression programming (GEP), were compared for modelling ET0 in this study. The FAO56 Penman−Monteith model was considered as a reference model and soft computing models were compared using the Priestley−Taylor, Hargreaves, Hargreaves−Samani, Makkink and Makkink−Hansen empirical methods, with respect to the determination co‐efficient, the root mean square error, the mean absolute error and the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency co‐efficient. Soft computing models were superior to the empirical methods in modelling ET0. Among the soft computing methods, the ANN was found to be better than the ANFIS and GEP.

Decision-making in irrigation networks: Selecting appropriate canal structures using multi-attribute decision analysis

The stiff competition for water between agriculture and non-agricultural production sectors makes it necessary to have effective management of irrigation networks in farms. However, the process of selecting flow control structures in irrigation networks is highly complex and involves different levels of decision makers. In this paper, we apply multi-attribute decision making (MADM) methodology to develop a decision analysis (DA) framework for evaluating, ranking and selecting check and intake structures for irrigation canals. The DA framework consists of identifying relevant attributes for canal structures, developing a robust scoring system for alternatives, identifying a procedure for data quality control, and identifying a MADM model for the decision analysis. An application is illustrated through an analysis for automation purposes of the Qazvin irrigation network, one of the oldest and most complex irrigation networks in Iran. A survey questionnaire designed based on the decision framework was distributed to experts, managers, and operators of the Qazvin network and to experts from the Ministry of Power in Iran. Five check structures and four intake structures were evaluated. A decision matrix was generated from the average scores collected from the survey, and was subsequently solved using TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method. To identify the most critical structure attributes for the selection process, optimal attribute weights were calculated using Entropy method. For check structures, results show that the duckbill weir is the preferred structure while the pivot weir is the least preferred. Use of the duckbill weir can potentially address the problem with existing Amil gates where manual intervention is required to regulate water levels during periods of flow extremes. For intake structures, the Neyrpic® gate and constant head orifice are the most and least preferred alternatives, respectively. Some advantages of the Neyrpic® gate are ease of operation and capacity to measure discharge flows. Overall, the application to the Qazvin irrigation network demonstrates the utility of the proposed DA framework in selecting appropriate structures for regulating water flows in irrigation canals. This framework systematically aids the decision process by capturing decisions made at various levels (individual farmers to high-level management). It can be applied to other cases where a new irrigation network is being designed, or where changes in irrigation structures need to be identified to improve flow control in existing networks.

Effect of management practices on water use efficiency of Gezira irrigated scheme – Sudan

This study was conducted at Gezira scheme - Sudan during the period from 2009 to 2010 in a heavy clay soil to investigate the effect of management practices on water use efficiency for the different crops irrigated in Gezira scheme. The data was collected from the scheme Administration. The study was organized by using T-Test. Cropwat4 Windows was used to calculate crop water requirements (CWR) and the net irrigation requirements (NIR). The results showed that, Water use efficiency significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by the different management practices. Sorghum gave the highest mean value (0.48) of economic water use efficiency as compared to cotton which ranked the least (0.19). Technical water use efficiency for Sorghum and groundnut recorded the highest means values (0.34 and 0.30 kg/m3) while cotton gave the lowest (0.07 kg/m3). Wheat gave the highest mean values (0.87) of Hydraulic water use efficiency as compared to sorghum which ranked the least (0.59). It can be concluded that, proper technical guidelines for irrigation network management, operation and scheduling should be developed and followed.