Management Of Economic Activities Research Articles

Instability of international trade and approaches to optimal regulation

International trade regulation is viewed as a key function of managing the flow of goods and services in international exchange. The study analyses the primary challenges in the development and regulation of global trade and establishes the avenues for counteracting structural distortions and imbalances in international exchange. The methodological framework of the research includes the concept of foreign economic activity management and international trade theory. Analysis, synthesis, as well as historical and logical methods were used. The empirical base covers data from world trade statistics in the context of bilateral trade flows between key countries participating in international exchange. The authors propose their own methodology which is based on a descriptive assessment of atypical changes in international trade and stress factors in its development under the influence of the crisis, and takes into account the reliability of participants in international exchange. We prove that economic globalization has a decisive effect on the formation of imbalances and risks of a rise in protectionism in cross border trade. As shown in the research, the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted a special influence on export-oriented countries and global supply chains, which makes the impact of the current crisis on international exchange unprecedentedly inclusive. The current rapid recovery of global trade does not imply it being sustainable in the medium and long term, since foreign trade regulation in the key countries remains uncertain and strained. The progress of world trade multilateral regulation was virtually destroyed, as evidenced by the resumption of the discriminatory measures practice between countries. Strategies for managing the crossborder movement of goods will depend on the depth and effectiveness of mega-regional trade agreements, as well as on the rebalancing of trade between the leading players -the United States and China.

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT OF TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and methodological aspects of strategic risk management of environmental risks of the transport enterprise. The urgency of the issue is due to the acceleration of changes in the external environment of economic activity of transport enterprises, which determines the need for adjustments to the management system. Strategic environmental risk management is currently the main direction for its effective management. Statistical data on the number of enterprises in the transport industry, the introduction of new fixed assets, the financial result of enterprises are given. The prerequisites for improving the risk management system of the transport enterprise, which is currently defined as one of the main tools for sustainable development of the enterprise. The need to take into account the trends of changing the prerequisites for risk management, which leads to the transformation of the system of strategic management of economic activity of the transport company to ensure the implementation of projects. The diagram of environmental risks in the context of the foresight approach of risk management of a transport company is presented. The definition of environmental risk is proposed to be carried out on three «horizons»: operational; tactical and strategic. It is proposed to determine the probability of environmental risk and losses from its occurrence using the formula for calculating the mathematical expectation from the PERT (Program Evaluation and Research Task) system. Management must understand the probabilities of risk and the results of its impact on the enterprise, its projects. This approach will provide: an understanding of the trend of risk change and, accordingly, will develop the necessary measures to respond to it; adjustment of risk management policy taking into account forecast risk values; identification of long-term prospects for environmental risk management. Forecasting environmental risk at the operational, tactical and strategic levels is a necessary element of the risk management system of the transport company.

Digital Transformation of Business Analytical Processes

Current development and management of economic activity is largely associated with the implementation of the concept of the digital economy, which poses new challenges for business intelligence. The set of tasks is formed in order to develop business intelligence so that it matches the improved management of economic subjects, and to ensure the quality of business processes when digital technologies are introduced. Improved management based on the concept of the business environment implies that monitoring principles are used to analyze the behavior of external business environment participants with the purpose to build a rational partnership relationship. The digital economy creates information opportunities in this area, as it provides the access to Big Data and their processing using Big data analytics technologies. With regard to the requirements of management, the article analyzes the behavior of elements of the internal business environment to develop a management solution to improve the effectiveness of their behavior. The high quality of the solution is provided by the information model being a highly adequate image of a particular object under control and the ability of the control apparatus to fully realize the volume of its inherent functions. Under these conditions, the digital transformation of analytical processes is based on its own information platform, which should use breakthrough digital technologies. The research uses such methods as systemic analysis to generalize the modern concepts of economic system management, development of digital technologies and their introduction into management decision-making processes.

БУХГАЛТЕРСЬКИЙ ІНЖИНІРИНГ В ОБЛІКОВО-АНАЛІТИЧНОМУ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЮ АКТИВНІСТЮ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ТОРГІВЛІ

Accounting, as a model of system of analysis of economic activity uses new technologies of formation and processing of information for its grouping in reporting, analysis of indicators of activity and decision-making. Accounting engineering technology is effective for optimizing business processes of enterprises. The purpose of article is to substantiate feasibility of implementing technology of accounting engineering as an element of accounting policy in system of accounting and analytical management of economic activity of a commercial enterprise. The article analyzes the interpretation of concept of «accounting engineering» and provides a definition of this concept as an accounting technology and an element of accounting policy. A number of measures that should be implemented to ensure the modeling of accounting system using engineering technology are identified. The tools and mechanism of accounting engineering are presented and content of separate components is revealed. Accounting engineering, by consolidating and adjusting property of enterprise to fair value, allows you to determine indicators of economic activity by following types: financial, personnel, market, production, management, investment, innovation. The technology of accounting engineering in system of accounting and analytical support of economic activity is substantiated and influence of such technology on management of property objects in future is characterized. The accounting architecture of accounting and analytical support system is based on accounting policy, working plan of mega accounts, accounting nomenclatures and register of business transactions, mechanism of constructing derivative balance sheets, grouping derivative balance sheet items into the system of economic activity indicators, evaluation and monitoring of economic activity indicators. The use of the concept of accounting engineering tools is aimed at implementation and effective operation of integrated management and financial accounting systems and management of economic activity of enterprise. Keywords: accounting engineering, management of economic activity, accounting and analytical support accounting policy.

MODELING OF ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT OF MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF TRADE ENTERPRISES

Introduction. The growing importance of information support (its quality and completeness) in the activities of commercial enterprises in terms of total digitalization, necessitate the formation of an effective system of accounting and analytical support for the management of their economic activity. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to form a model of accounting and analytical support for managing the economic activity of commercial enterprises. Method (methodology). Theoretical and methodological basis of the study were modern theories, concepts, scientific achievements of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of economic management and accounting. The study of the composition of accounting and analytical support for the management of economic activity, the essence of the constituent elements was carried out using scientific abstraction, terminological and comparative analysis and synthesis; study of the relationships between the components of accounting and analytical support of economic activity management and model formation – modeling methods, system-functional and functional-structural methods. Results. In the process of studying the peculiarities of the formation of accounting and analytical management of economic activity of commercial enterprises determined that the main elements of such a system include: stakeholders (users of information), streams of input and output information, qualitative characteristics and composition of which requires special attention, information security, staffing the implementation of the model, the basic principles of its implementation and the expected effectiveness. The users of accounting and analytical information include: business owners (shareholders), managers of various hierarchical and functional levels, staff, banks, government agencies, debtors and creditors, investment analysts, competitors and the public. It is determined that the key role in accounting and analytical support of management of economic activity of trade enterprises is played by information, which is gradually, in the process of economic activity, information processing measures and by implementing management decisions transformed from input to output. To make quality management decisions, such information must be reliable, complete (sufficient), valuable, rich, timely, relevant and symmetrical. In characterizing the components of accounting and analytical support, the importance of non-compliance with the requirements for the use of information in commercial enterprises and the creation of appropriate staffing to manage their economic activity is determined. The model of accounting and analytical support for the management of economic activity of commercial enterprises reflects the gradual, controlled transition of a large amount of information into sound management decisions to ensure the appropriate level of their economic activity.

Біхевіористичний підхід в управлінні

The article is aimed at researching the behavioral approach in management, studying the psychological regularities of management activities. The article proves that the behavioral approach in management is aimed at the joint interaction of economic processes and economic thinking of the subject who makes managerial decisions, or groups of subjects, taking into account the factors influencing managerial decisions of both economic and psychological nature. A study of economic thinking of the subject making managerial decisions, or groups of subjects as a structural component of economic consciousness, is presented. The essence of economic consciousness as a higher level of reflection by the subject of economic relations of economic phenomena is analyzed. It is identified that economic consciousness is closely related to economic behavior, acting as a rational basis for subjective mechanisms of such behavior. The perceptive sphere of economic behavior of the decision-making entity or groups of subjects, which is based on his or their professional experience obtained in the a posterior period, is distinguished, which becomes the basis for ensuring a higher level of efficiency of managerial decisions, a new form of economic thinking, unconscious perception in the economy. It is determined that the correct economic thinking ensures rational management of economic activity on the scale of the national economy. It is proved that the behavioral approach in management encourages to abandon the fundamental abstraction of any factors of economic relations of a non-economic nature and thereby attributing all the effect achieved by the economic system to economic relations only.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ І МЕТОДИЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПОНЯТТЯ «ФІНАНСОВИЙ РЕЗУЛЬТАТ» У ФІНАНСОВОМУ ОБЛІКУ ТА АУДИТІ

The article substantiates the conceptual apparatus "financial result" from the standpoint of forming the main theoretical and methodological approaches to determining the financial results of the enterprise in financial accounting and auditing, which is important in addressing the formation of financial results, which is inherent in financial accounting and auditing from accounting and analytical support, which consists in the operational accounting and control of costs and revenues of the enterprise for a certain period. The results of research of scientific approaches to determining the essence of financial results in accounting have shown that in terms of understanding the essence of financial results in financial accounting and auditing can be defined as a process of calculating it based on legal and regulatory framework and subject to accrual principles. It is established that the financial result should be considered as an object and instrument based on the principles of compliance of costs with income and is the main indicator in the management of economic activity of the enterprise. According to the results of the analysis, it can be stated that the process of accounting and analytical support of the financial results of the enterprise is based on a certain mechanism, which is characterized by the relevant elements of management. The main element of management is the legal framework and regulations on the activities of the enterprise in modern business conditions, the formation of financial results and the distribution of profits. External mechanism for regulating the formation of financial results and the use of enterprise profits and processes that affect the state of market development, industry, investment processes in the industry to which the company belongs and more. The internal mechanism of the management structure of the enterprise and the system of organization of accounting and auditing at the enterprise in relation to the formation of financial results and the use of enterprise profits. Methodical approaches, methods and procedures for internal control at the enterprise in order to manage the process of formation of financial results and manage the profitability of the enterprise.

Формування механізму фінансового планування на підприємстві в умовах невизначеності та нестабільності зовнішнього середовища

The research is aimed at theoretical and practical aspects of financial planning of enterprises in conditions of volatility and instability of the external environment. Based on the generalization of approaches to the essence and the meaning of financial planning, its semantic characteristics are determined in terms of methodology in both broad and narrow context. The process of evolution of financial planning is considered from the point of view of formation of systems of financial economic activity management of enterprises, three stages of its genesis with specification of advantages and disadvantages are distinguished. The principles, types and methods of planning are systematized. The stages of financial planning at enterprises are distinguished and their role in balancing financial stability in the process of formation, accumulation, distribution and use of financial resources is determined. Based on the stages of financial planning, three main subsystems of activity planning (strategic forecasting, ongoing financial planning and operational planning of financial activities) are described. On the basis of the analysis of existing problems in financial management in case of instability and recurrence of crisis phenomena, a mechanism for organizing financial planning at enterprises is proposed. The need to improve the effective generation of cash flows in the long term is distinguished, taking into account strategic and long-term financial plans based on the scenario financial planning method.

Теоретико-методичні аспекти управління зовнішньоекономічною діяльністю господарюючих суб’єктів України

The article examines the theoretic-methodical aspects of management of foreign economic activity by economic entities in Ukraine. It is specified that foreign economic activity has a huge impact on the development of all world countries. The practice of recent decades justifies the expediency of expanding the participation of all countries in various forms of international business and cooperation. From this point of view, all globalization processes are consistent, since the economic interdependence of countries in terms of solving economic and social issues increases year after year. As to their content, the methods of management of foreign economic activity be identified similar to the main functions of management: planning, motivation, control, organization, regulation. They are divided into economic, administrative, social, psychological, technological, legal methods, which act in practice by means of certain instruments. It is noted that when planning foreign economic activity, the operational determination of problematic issues arising during the activities of the economic entity allows to quickly respond to changes in both the internal and the external environment of the enterprise business conduct. Also, it is important to have separate units at the enterprises for carrying out controlling of foreign economic activity; analysis of the processes of planning and accounting of the major indicators of foreign economic activity, which will provide an opportunity to solve existing economic and organizational problems, eliminate disparities in planning and obstacles within the information collection systems, to form a group of indicators of foreign economic activity of the economic entity, etc. It is concluded that achieving the efficiency of foreign economic activity management should, first of all, be based on the adaptation of the enterprise to the requirements of the international market and the prompt definition of problematic issues that arise during the activity, which allows to quickly respond to changes both in the internal and external environment of conducting business and in the conditions for foreign economic activity.

Digitalization in project management and electronic commerce

Methods. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis – in the formation of ideas about the characteristics of digital management, the specifics of the development of the market for software products in the field of project management and the functioning of trading floors; graphical analysis – to form an approach to assessing and choosing software products in the field of project management and building a competitiveness polygon; comparative analysis and grouping – to develop a classification of electronic trading platforms. Results. The features of the development of digital management at the present stage of development are considered. The theoretical and methodological approach to the assessment and selection of software products in the field of project management has been substantiated. The evaluation of the most popular project management programs on the market has been carried out. The current state of the development of electronic commerce on national and international trading platforms is analyzed using statistical data. The advantages and negative aspects of the process of digitalization of economic activity management are determined. There are proposed the measures of state policy aimed at stimulating the use of information and communication technologies in the process of managing economic activities, as well as changes in the legislation of Ukraine in the field of electronic commerce. Novelty. In the course of analyzing the features of the market of software products in the field of project management, an approach to their assessment and selection is proposed based on ranking and building a polygon of the competitiveness of these products. A classification of electronic trading platforms has been developed according to the following criteria: territorial affiliation; the nature of the operations; types, orientation specifics; signs of creation and belonging; specialization; form of management. Practical value. There is analyzed the state of the market for software products in the field of project management, as well as the features of the activities of national and international trading electronic platforms. The research results are the basis for changes in the field of investment policy of Ukraine, legislation, decision-making by enterprises in the field of economic activity management.

CONTROLLING SYSTEM AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR MANAGING UNITARY ENTERPRISES OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE FACILITIES (WSS)

The controlling system is one of the most promising tools for effective enterprise management. Unitary enterprises of water and waste disposal, the situation in which has been characterized for a long time as a crisis, are reproached with the inefficiency of the system of financial and economic activity management. In addition, they are exposed to regulatory risks like no other business. The controlling system will improve the existing management system, identify threats in a timely manner, identify development factors and take preventive measures within the framework of anti-crisis management of a water and wastewater service enterprise.

Automation of Economic Activity Management of High-Tech Structures of Innovation-Oriented Clusters

For a high-tech enterprise of an innovation-oriented cluster, an applied automated information system was needed to support decision-making in economic problems. In the research, requirements were formed for such a system. The target function of the efficiency of business process management of innovative projects was formed. The function is based on an original economic and mathematical model reflecting the special characteristics of an enterprise’s project activities. A sequence of steps for the implementation of the model was formed. An algorithm to calculate the integral result of the project was proposed. A set of indicators has been identified that helps in assessing the reliability of the relationship management system of a high-tech enterprise with consumers and suppliers. An algorithm for implementing a model of relationships between a high-tech enterprise and consumers of product innovations and resource suppliers was proposed. A software application that provides the choice of the best design solutions was developed. A user interface containing a set of windows reflecting the results of implementing the algorithm for introducing and correcting the initial data was designed. A graphical interpretation of the calculation results is proposed, providing for the display of the results and the happened errors.

Budgeting as a tool for planning and managing business activities of the enterprise

The article highlights the theoretical approaches to the essence of the concept of "budgeting" as a tool for managing economic activity of the enterprise. Based on the study of interpretations of the "budgeting" concept, a comparison of opinions of different scientists-researchers of this economic category is generalized and formed. The role of budgeting and opportunities for effective management of economic activity of the enterprise are revealed. The principles on which the budgeting system is based are analyzed and supplemented by their own, which include: optimality; unity; systematics, transparency, alternatives, complexity. The classification of budgeting methods is carried out according to the following classification features: selection of budget planning objects, initial base, budget development procedure, level of centralization, level of adaptation of budget planning to changes in the external environment, method of planned budget indicators calculating. It is determined that budgeting as well as any economic category has its advantages and disadvantages, the main of which are given in this article.
 Modern business conditions necessitate entrepreneurs to take into account changes in both internal and external environment, actively master innovative management technologies, study market conditions, take into account the probability of certain events and at the same time develop models of enterprise behavior in the absence of sustainable development in labor, material, information and financial resources.
 A significant number of business representatives appreciated the benefits of applying the budgeting process in practice, which is one of the management tools and has become widespread in economically developed countries. Budgeting is not a universal method of avoiding negative impact on the results of their activities, but provides an opportunity to navigate in a real fast-changing environment and make the necessary sound management decisions that will provide optimal conditions for business development in an unstable economy. The practical application of budgeting becomes an objective necessity, as it helps to optimize resource flows, ensures economical use of all types of resources, affects cash flow management, increases financial discipline, the level of investment attractiveness and competitiveness of enterprises.

Methods of qualitative and quantitative risk analysis

The article clarifies the current issues of the existing methodology for assessing the risks that arise in the management process. This is dictated by the need to analyze and assess the risk for further optimal management of economic activity, given that risk is an integral part of any process. It is emphasized that the risk assessment is to compare the level of risk with the level of acceptability, and the basis for the assignment to the group of acceptable risks is a system of parameters, different for each specific risk. Riskassessment is performed to determine the probability and size of losses that characterize the magnitude (or degree) of risk, and is carried out by various methods, which can be combined into two groups: qualitative methods of risk analysis and quantitative methods. Risk assessment is an assessment of probability, point or integral, statistical or expert. In this case, risk management is limited by the probability of adverse events. It is established that the main task of qualitative analysis is to identify possible types of risk, potential risk areas and factors influencing the level of risk. In market conditions, the problem of risk analysis and assessment is becoming increasingly important as an important component of management theory and practice. Thus, the need for research on this issue is not only relevant, but also significantly increases during the period of dynamic changes in the economic and social development of Ukraine. In this regard, the study and analysis of risks occupies an important place in the economy, as well as in ecology and other areas of human activity.

Обґрунтування концептуальних та наукових підходів щодо розвитку єдиної системи логістики в Збройних Силах України

Окупація Криму і підтримка Російською Федерацією сепаратистських рухів у Луганській та Донецькій областях засвідчили хибність актуальних до недавнього часу оцінок воєнно-політичної обстановки, що склалася навколо України, а також внутрішніх та зовнішніх загроз національним інтересам держави. Аналіз проведення антитерористичної операції на території Донецької та Луганської областей (операції Об’єднаних сил) свідчить, що системи тилового, технічного, медичного та інших видів забезпечення потребувала швидкої адаптації до реальної обстановки, форм та способів застосування частин (підрозділів) на різних етапах її проведення. В контексті європейської інтеграції і нових завдань Збройних Сил України, пов’язаних з участю України в антитерористичних операціях, в миротворчій діяльності під егідою НАТО та ООН, виникає потреба реформування військ (сил), видів тилового, технічного та медичного забезпечення відповідно до вимог стандартів НАТО. Збройні Сили України потребують створення єдиної системи матеріального, технічного, транспортного, інженерно-інфраструктурного та медичного забезпечення, задоволення потреб життєдіяльності військ (сил) – впровадженням логістики, як системи управління сумісної з системою логістики армій НАТО, яка охоплює широке коло різноманітних питань планування, управління та організації забезпечення Збройних Сил. Організація і управління господарською діяльністю в зв’язку з розвитком ринкових відношень і формування багатовекторних економічних процесів, вимагає більш глибокого вивчення і практичного використання положень нового наукового застосування – логістики, як системи управління матеріальними ресурсами.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ МЕХАНИЗМА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМОЙ

The development of market relations in the Russian Federation has complicated the management of regional economic systems due to the strengthening of the independence of economic systems of each rank, both economic entities in the regions and the regions themselves as a whole. The change in management processes is taking place against the background of persisting disproportions between regions, caused both by their inherent objective natural and geographical differences and by differences in the level of their socio-economic development, which further complicates the problem of forming effective mechanisms for managing regional economic systems. In this article, it is proposed to consider the problem of forming an optimal mechanism for managing the regional economic system from the standpoint of the theory of regional reproduction. The theoretical foundations of the formation of the mechanism for managing the economic system are supplemented by the clarification of the concepts of «region», «regional economy» and «control mechanism» in relation to the specificity of the reproduction processes in the regions. This allows us to highlight economic activity through the phenomenon of entrepreneurial activity, as a management factor in the mechanism of management of the regional economic system, to propose theoretical and methodological approaches to its assessment. The method of the multivariate average was used as an estimation method. Based on the results of the assessment, the classification of the regional economic systems of the Russian Federation was carried out and, on its basis, an algorithm was proposed for determining a set of measures for managing economic activity in a region, depending on the type and level of manifestation of entrepreneurial activity in it. The proposed algorithm for differentiating regional management of economic activity will thereby improve the mechanism for managing regional economic systems, enhancing the targeting and efficiency of decisions and measures taken, and will help optimize economic activity in the region.

АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО-ГОСПОДАРСЬКЕ ПРАВО ЯК ПРАВОВА ОСНОВА ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ФУНКЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ

The article is focused on clarifying the place of law norms, which are the basis for the formationand implementation of the economic function of the Ukrainian state within the legal system ofUkraine. The research is based on an in-depth analysis of national and foreign legal literature,primarily German one, focused on the system of law, the grounds for the division of law into publicand private, the system of administrative law as the branch of law, administrative and commerciallaw as the branch of Special Administrative Law.The purpose of the article is to substantiate the idea that administrative and commercial law isthe basis for the formation and implementation of the economic function of the Ukrainian state.The author has separately studied internal structure of this branch of Special Administrative Lawin order to single out new legal entities within its boundaries.System of methods. Generally scientific, special and legal techniques and methods of cognitionhave been used during the research. The historical method of cognition has been used whilestudying the history of the formation of views on the division of law into public and private.The formal and logical method has been used while classifying the criteria for dividing the lawinto public and private. The system and functional method has been used while studying the natureof the legal system and the structure of administrative law as the branch of law. The comparativemethod has been used to clarify approaches to understanding the system of administrative law inUkraine and Germany.Results. The use of the specified methods of scientific cognition made it possible: to state theexistence of the universally recognized theory of the division of law into public and private; tosubstantiate the need for strict adherence to this theory of the division of law while separatinglegal entities within those subsystems of law (branches of law, sub-branches of law and legalinstitutions); to emphasize the need to bring the system of administrative law in line with Europeancounterparts, which provide its inevitable division into General and Special Administrative Law; to single out new branches of law within the framework of Special Administrative Law, takinginto account the functional activities of public administration, as well as administrative and legalguaranteeing of the rights of individuals in the field of public administration.Conclusions. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that the formation and implementationof the economic function of the Ukrainian state is guaranteed by administrative and commerciallaw.The separation of this branch of Special Administrative Law is a logical consequence of: a) theapplication of the theory of law division into public and private to legal relations arising fromthe formation and implementation of the economic function of the Ukrainian state; b) thoroughreform of the system of administrative law of Ukraine, which provides the separation of newbranches of law within the Special Administrative Law; c) approximation of Ukraine to theEuropean administrative space, which stipulates bringing the national legal system in line withthe EU legal system.Administrative and commercial law, like any branch of law, consists of small legal entities thathave been formed within its boundaries. We offer to expand the list of institutions of administrativeand commercial law based on new institutions: a) the institution of forecasting and planning ofeconomic development of Ukraine; b) the institution of protecting the rights of business entitiesand consumers; c) the institution of state assistance to chambers of commerce and industry; d) theinstitution of management of economic activity within public sector of the economy.

Ідентифікація інтелектуальної ренти: обліковий аспект

A significant increase in competitiveness both at the micro and macro levels in the conditions of irreversible process of globalization can be achieved due to the growth of intellectual capital with the subsequent receipt of intellectual rent. Searching for answers to the questions of identification and accounting of intellectual rent will help to form the necessary information support for effective management of economic activity. The purpose of the article is to formulate proposals for the accounting of intellectual rent based on the establishment of the essence and elemental composition of intellectual capital, as well as the conditions for the formation of intellectual rent. The methodological basis of the study is: dialectical method of knowing the essence of intellectual capital and intellectual rent; general scientific methods of analysis, abstraction, synthesis and generalization are used to determine the elemental composition of intellectual capital and its relation to intellectual rent, to determine the prerequisites for its emergence and subsequent distribution through accounting accounts. It was established that intellectual capital is at the same time a productive resource and the result of economic activity that generates / increases income through the use or sale of created intellectual product. Human capital is the main component of intellectual capital - employees who possess high intelligence and use it to increase the profitability of an entity. The source of intellectual rent is a hired employee, a resource of intellectual origin that generates intellectual value added. Intellectual rent is an income for the intellectual worker, the of which will also generate income for the employer. The most significant differences between the intellectual and innovative rents are differences in the nature of factors of production, characteristics of the result of the intellectual worker's activity and the possibility of its sale. The subjects of assignment of intellectual rent as well as its economic manifestation for further reflection in accounting accounts are identified. Depending on the business unit development strategy developed and to ensure revenue management, incl. intellectual rent, the latter is proposed to account for subaccounts of the account Financial results or off-balance sheet account Rent.

Theories of Economic Fluctuations and their Influence on the Formation of the Modern Paradigm of Economic Activity of Enterprises

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the influence of the theory of economic fluctuations on the economic activity of enterprises. The influence of economic fluctuations at the macrolevel of the economy on economic activity at the microlevel of business entities is noted. A systematic approach to determining the economic activity of the enterprise as a phenomenon with a complex internal structure is analyzed in detail. Peculiarities of determining the effect of systematization in the interaction of components of business activity of the enterprise are analyzed: economic, managerial, financial, innovative, investment, marketing, labor, production. Attention is focused on the main goal in the management of the business activity of the enterprise as the formation of all types of activity at the exit from the system – it can be achieved by purposefully ensuring the activity of the enterprise both at the entrance to the system and in the process of transformation. The phases of formation of economic activity of the enterprise according to the theory of economic fluctuations are separated: formation; growth; maximum value; reduction. It is proved that at each phase of the business cycle the economic behavior of the enterprise changes. The urgency of measures to assess economic activity in the system of assessing the overall business activity of economic entities has been stated. The internal and external factors influencing the change of economic activity of the enterprise are defined. The importance of assessing the activity of the enterprise in the management system of economic activity as a system of "entrance-exit" of the relevant indicators is considered. The formation of control and managed subsystems in the mechanism of management of economic activity of enterprises in market conditions is analyzed. The main result of the study is the development of a management system of economic activity as a component of business activity of enterprises. Effective recommendations to ensure a high level of economic activity of enterprises in an unstable market environment are provided.

Efficiency management economic activities of state-owned enterprises

The purpose of the article is to substantiate a methodical approach to formation of a system of management of economic activity of state-owned enterprises, aimed at ensuring proper level of their efficiency and effectiveness of management. The article is devoted to substantiation of methodical approach to formation of system of management of economic activity of state-owned enterprises. This system is aimed at ensuring the proper level of their efficiency and effectiveness of management. The basis of the research is use of a systematic approach to knowing interaction of mechanisms for managing efficiency of economic activity in state-owned enterprises, as well as methods of logical generalization and comparison, synthesis and generalization, abstract and logical when drawing conclusions. The concept of economic activity is considered. The theoretical basis for maximum efficiency of enterprises is analyzed. A possible model has been developed that indicates existing links between economic performance of the enterprise. The components of model are enterprise subsystems (provision, operation, planning and control). The stages of decision-making process about the necessity (expediency) of economic activity management at the enterprise are thoroughly described. An algorithm for making a managerial decision on feasibility of creating an economic activity management system at an enterprise is proposed. It includes a detailed analysis of the concept of enterprise development, formulation or adjustment of its overall strategy, determination of need for introduction of a system of economic activity management in the enterprise and its real potential for it, substantiation of feasibility of creating a system of economic activity management and making this decision at the level of senior management. The algorithm of creation at the enterprises of the system of management of economic activity is offered. The algorithm involves a series of actions from reviewing or formulating mission and purpose of an enterprise to selecting a methodological toolkit to ensure the development of economic activity within the enterprise and assessing the system of management of economic activity and forming a conclusion about effectiveness of its implementation.