Progress in the conservative treatment of chronic renal failure has been slight in recent years, although the principles stressed in the past require reemphasis. The use of intermittent hemodialysis and, to a lesser extent, peritoneal dialysis may maintain useful life in the patient with chronic uremia for months or years when conservative measures are inadequate. Homotransplantation of the human kidney has been successful in a few cases in the sense that a number of non-twin recipients are alive and well after more than one year. The number of such patients and the duration of their survival is as yet inadequate to justify viewing kidney transplantation as a therapeutic procedure with more than cautious optimism. Further investigation of dialysis and both homotransplantation and heterotransplantation should proceed hand in hand with carefully controlled observations in a limited number of patients.
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