Management Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Articles

Awareness Regarding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Teachers of Selected Schools in Municipality of Rupandehi


 Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often continues into adulthood which includes a combination of persistent problems such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. The aim of the study was to find out teachers awareness regarding ADHD.
 Material And Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study was used to find out awareness regarding ADHD among 77 teachers. Three private school were selected using simple random sampling technique, among them seventy seven primary school teachers were selected as a study sample by using enumerative method. Data was collected by pretested self-administered semi-structured questionnaire and the collected data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Software version 20.
 Results: Ninety three percent of respondents had awareness that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) vary from person to person, 59.74% of respondents knew child with ADHD has a lower intelligence quotient than normal children. Sixty one percent of respondents had awareness that prolonged emotional disturbances as a risk factor of ADHD, 59.74% of the respondents had awareness that can't sit for long period to pay attention as symptom of ADHD and 64.94% of the respondents had awareness regarding teachers are the effective person for training of ADHD. Majority of the respondents had low awareness (55.84%) regarding ADHD. There was statistically significant association between awareness level regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and years of teaching experience (p=0.043).
 Conclusion: It is concluded that awareness regarding ADHD is inadequate among teachers. Respondents had low awareness regarding management and risk factors of ADHD. Hence concerned authority should focus on organizing awareness programme on ADHD to school teachers.

Knowledge and Attitude of Primary School Teachers on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric childhood behavioral disorders, affecting children. Teachers are often the first persons responsible for identifying children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are increasingly being called on to help manage such children. International studies have revealed variable levels of knowledge and attitude among teachers regarding attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We sought to assess teachers’ knowledge of and attitudes toward ADHD in Menya El-Qamh city, Sharkia governorate, Egypt. This study investigated Egyptian primary school teachers’ ADHD knowledge and their attitudes towards children with this condition. A standardized self-report questionnaire was completed by a convenience sample of 253 teachers recruited from 6 primary schools in Menya El-Qamh city, Sharkia governorate, Egypt. Aim of the study: Determine knowledge and attitude of primary school teachers regarding attention deficit hyper activity disorder (ADHD) and casting light on the correlation between demographic data of primary school teachers and their knowledge and attitude towards ADHD.Methods and Results: A standardized self-report questionnaire was completed by a convenience sample of 253 teachers recruited from 6 primary schools in Menya El-Qamh city, Egypt. Findings revealed a gap in teachers’ knowledge that extended across all aspects of ADHD causes, symptoms and different aspects of management. Teachers’ attitude towards children with ADHD was also lower than expected, where many misconceptions about the causes and management of ADHD have emerged. The almost absent formal and informal support of children with ADHD have contributed to these results. The findings stress the need for implementing special programs targeting school teachers and reforming pre-service teachers’ lecture to meet the needs of children with ADHD.

Role of Ayurveda in Unmada With Reference to ADHD –A Case Study

Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurobehavioral disorders of childhood which affects the social, learning and behavioural abilities, Ayurveda explains almost all the Psychiatric and Behavioral disorders under the headings of Unmada and Apasmara where Unmada is a disease featured as unstable intellect, mind, knowledge, memory, consciousness, and bad manners. This case report is aimed at dissemination of role of Ayurveda in the management of ADHD (Unmada). This case study of 4.3 years male presented with complaints of hyperactivity, poor concentration, easily irritable, shouting, headbanging, unable to speak two words at a time and sentences since last one and half year. It has shown promising results. Rasayana is the source of achieving the excellent quality of rasadidhatus (body tissues) which increases life span, improves Medha (intelligence), stabilizes youthfulness, cures disease, enhances complexion, lustre, and voice makes body strong and healthy. So Sarsawataarishta with gold is selected as a choice of drug as best rejuvenator as it promotes memory and intelligence, improves speech, and promotes health. It provides nourishment to body tissue and also acts on mind. It opened the door of the Ayurvedic approach with hope to deliver the good result in similar disorders. The case was successfully treated with the help of internal medications which were carminative, digestive and mild purgative in action, external oleation and medicated oil enemas suggested by Acharya in the treatment of Unmada. In the view of Ayurveda, ADHD can be named as Unmada due to the specific psycho-somatic clinical presentation.

Abordagens em saúde mental em pessoas com transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH): uma revisão integrativa

Objetivo: reunir e analisar os principais achados da literatura referentes ao TDAH e identificar o manejo clínico adotado pela equipe responsável pelos cuidados ao indivíduo com TDAH. Metodologia: O presente estudo é uma revisão integrativa da literatura que reúne estudos publicados na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e nos bancos de dados PubMed/MEDLINE e LILACS. Resultados: Dentre os 196 artigos encontrados, após os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 8 foram selecionados para análise e discussão. Foram identificados dois núcleos de significado: a relevância do diagnóstico prévio e da psicoterapia e as dificuldades no manejo clínico do TDAH. Conclusão: A análise dos estudos permitiu entender a importância da formação complementar dos profissionais de saúde primária no âmbito da psiquiatria, com ênfase na prestação de cuidados de pessoas com transtornos mentais e seus diferentes graus de complexidade, e de uma ampla variedade de pesquisas sobre o TDAH e a enfermagem, objetivando contribuir para a formação e capacitação dessa classe.

Association between Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Driving Behaviors among Iranian Motorcyclists.

To investigate the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) score and driving behaviors among motorcycle drivers in Iran. This multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted on 1747 motorcyclists in three cities of Iran. We used a random sampling method in this study and gathered data using two standard questionnaires. Data were presented using descriptive statistics, also t-test, and ANOVA used for analysis. The mean age of participants was 27.41±8.80 years. ADHD scores of the participants ranged from 0 to 87, with a mean score 31±15.86. All risky driving behaviors (RDBs) were significantly associated with a higher mean of ADHD score. For example, driving with illegal speed (p<0.001), not wearing a crash helmet (p=0.016), driving while exhausting (p<0.001), talking with other passengers (p<0.001), being fined by the police in the past year (p=0.028), and maneuvering while driving (p<0.001) were related to a higher mean of ADHD score. All RDBs were significantly associated with the ADHD score among motorcyclists in Iran. In this regard, health care providers should inform people with ADHD about the negative consequences associated with driving and ADHD. Public health policymakers should consider management of ADHD through a comprehensive approach to improve driving performance and competencies among motorcyclists in order to decrease RDBs and traffic accidents.

Practical guide and some recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is described as the most common neurobehavioral condition of childhood. Symptoms include difficulty concentrating, hyperactivity and poorly controlled impulsivity. ADHD always manifests in childhood, children with the syndrome rush around the room, switch their attention from one to the other, cannot calm down and take lessons or reading. ADHD may persist into adulthood causing disruptions to both professional and personal life. The pharmacotherapy of ADHD is cost-effective, but treatment should be individual. Main outlines of clinical practice guide on management of ADHD of Academy of Medicine and Ministry of Health of Singapore are discussed in this article. Some focus on diagnostic process and associated with ADHD problems is emphasized. It can be invaluable example for the specialists engaged in the treatment of the children with this psychiatric disorder.

ADHD and Covid-19: current roadblocks and future opportunities.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the commonest disorder presenting to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in Ireland. This article considers the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the provision of mental health services for young people with ADHD with specific reference to the difficulties that have been experienced in ADMiRE, a specialist ADHD service in Dublin, since the outbreak of Covid-19 in Ireland. Current guidelines and alternative ways of ensuring adequate service provision are discussed. Restrictions to mitigate the spread of Covid-19 are likely to continue for many months, and child and adolescent mental health services need to find new ways to provide a sustainable service to young people in Ireland. There is a growing evidence base for the use of telepsychiatry in the assessment and management of ADHD. Factors that should be considered when developing a telepsychiatry service for children and adolescents with ADHD are highlighted.

Video games for the assessment and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and serious disorder among children. Video games have shown potential for aiding in child healthcare. Video games could contribute to the assessment and management of ADHD, but there are no previous reviews on this topic. Here, we systematically review the evidence about video game-based assessment tools and interventions for children diagnosed with ADHD. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO database. We searched four databases-PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase and clinicaltrials.gov-to identify original studies exploring either video game-based interventions or video game-based assessment tools in children with ADHD. After initial screening, full text revision and study selection, 22 articles were finally included in the review. Most studies used PC as platform, with a minority using a video console, pad, or 3D device. Video game-based assessment tools were generally effective in discriminating ADHD cases from controls, and in discriminating between ADHD subtypes. Video game-based therapeutic interventions were well accepted and generally effective in improving cognitive areas and decreasing ADHD symptoms. Gamification and cognitive training could be the main mechanisms underlying the usefulness and effectiveness of video game-based assessment tools and interventions. Software optimization and greater collaboration between developers and healthcare professionals are some of the priorities for future research in this area.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Suicidal Risk in Major Depression: Analysis of 141,530 Adolescent Hospitalizations.

ObjectivesWe conducted a cross-sectional study to understand the differences in demographics and psychiatric comorbidities in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) and assess the risk of suicidality due to comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsWe included 141,530 adolescents (age, 12 to 18 years) with a primary diagnosis of MDD from the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS, 2012-2014), and grouped by a comorbid diagnosis of ADHD (N = 22,665, 16%). Logistic regression analysis was used to measure the demographic predictors for ADHD in adolescents with MDD, and to measure the suicidal risk in ADHD versus non-ADHD.ResultsComorbid ADHD was prevalent in whites (71.9%), and males had two times higher odds (95% CI 2.25-2.41) compared to females. The most prevalent comorbidities seen in ADHD-cohort were anxiety disorders (46.3%) and substance abuse (20.1%) with 1.3 times higher odds of substance abuse (95% CI 1.41-1.65) compared to non-ADHD. Suicidal behaviors were seen in a higher proportion of the ADHD cohort compared to the non-ADHD cohort (54.3% vs. 52.7%). ADHD and suicidal behaviors relationship was statistically significant but had a very small positive association (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.08) after controlling for demographic confounders and comorbidities. There was a significant increase in the number of MDD hospitalization with ADHD for suicidal behaviors from 51.1% (N = 3,360) in 2012 to 58.2% (N = 5,115) in 2014.ConclusionThere exists a significant but small positive association between suicidal behaviors and comorbid ADHD in MDD adolescents. The suicide rate has increased by 52.2% during the study period in depressed adolescents with ADHD. This calls for early diagnosis and management of ADHD and early-onset depression in adolescents to prevent suicide risk.

Decreased Risk of Influenza in Child and Adolescent Patients with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Following Methylphenidate Treatment: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan.

BackgroundYoung individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have an elevated risk of influenza because of the difficulty in complying with the behavioral procedures that help protect against influenza. Moreover, the effects of sufficient methylphenidate treatment on influenza have received little attention.ObjectiveThis study evaluated the association between ADHD medication usage and influenza and assessed the effect of duration of ADHD treatment on the risk of influenza using a nationwide population-based database.MethodsThis study investigated methylphenidate usage and the risk of influenza among children and adolescents with ADHD. We identified 5259 young individuals aged less than 18 years who were diagnosed as having ADHD between 1996 and 2013 from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, and we tested whether methylphenidate use affects influenza risk using Cox proportional hazard models.ResultsAfter controlling for confounding factors, the results indicated that influenza risk significantly reduced in the group of ADHD patients who were prescribed methylphenidate for 90 days and more (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52–0.75, p<0.001), demonstrating a 38% reduction in the risk of influenza in this group. However, this was not observed in the group of ADHD patients who used methylphenidate for 1–90 days (HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.89–1.05, p=0.12).ConclusionThe lower incidence of influenza observed in the group prescribed with methylphenidate for a longer period highlights the importance of compliance to medication and psychoeducation with regard to ADHD management.

Regional analysis of UK primary care prescribing and adult service referrals for young people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: from little to very little.

Drawing on data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Price et al reported UK regional variations in primary care prescribing and referral rates to adult mental health services for young people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in transition from child and adolescent mental health services. Overall, considering that around 65% of young adults with childhood ADHD present with impairing ADHD symptoms and up to 90% of individuals with ADHD may benefit from ADHD medications, the study by Price et al shows that the rate of appropriate treatment for youngsters in the transition period varies from low to very low across the UK. As such, there is a continuous need for education and training for patients, their families, mental health professionals and commissioners, to eradicate the misconception that, in the majority of the cases, ADHD remits during adolescence and to support the devolvement of appropriate services for the evidence-based management of adult ADHD across the UK.

ADHD management during the COVID-19 pandemic: guidance from the European ADHD Guidelines Group

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is creating unprecedented challenges at every level of society. Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are particularly vulnerable to the distress caused by the pandemic and physical distancing measures, and they might display increased behavioural problems. The crisis also poses several important questions for clinicians on how best to deliver care within the new restrictions. Therefore, the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG) has developed guidance on the assessment and management of ADHD during the COVID-19 virus pandemic (see full guidance in the appendix).

Psychological Treatments in Adult ADHD: A Systematic Review

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and or impulsivity. First line treatment is medication; however, medication alone may not provide sufficient functional improvement for some patients, or be universally tolerated. A recent surge in research to treat ADHD using non-pharmacological interventions demands a comprehensive, systematic review of the literature. The aim of this review was to examine the evidence base for psychological treatments for ADHD management in adulthood. A systematic search of PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, PubMed, and EMBASE was undertaken until January 2019 for peer-reviewed articles exploring psychological interventions for adults (18 years with no upper limit) diagnosed with ADHD. A total of 53 papers were identified for inclusion. Collectively, 92% of studies (employing various non-pharmacological interventions) found a variant of significant positive effect on either primary or secondary outcomes associated with ADHD. The strongest empirical support derived from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy interventions. In addition, findings indicated support for the effectiveness of Mindfulness, Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Neurofeedback. Other types of interventions also demonstrated effectiveness; however, support was limited due to lack of available research and methodological rigor. Psychological interventions should be considered a valid and useful addition to clinical practice. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.

The diagnosis and management of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) in children and young people: a commentary on current practice and future recommendations.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioural disorder with symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention.1 It is estimated that the prevalence of ADHD worldwide is 5.29% in children and adolescents, and it is more common in males.2 ADHD is known as Hyperkinetic Disorder by the World Health Organization (WHO), and over a person’s lifetime, the symptoms and impact of the condition may vary considerably.2 Guidelines state symptoms must meet either International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria; cause moderate to severe functional impairment; and occur in more than one setting.1–4 Assessment for ADHD includes a thorough clinical examination, and a full developmental and psychosocial history, alongside information gathering from the family and school.1 ADHD must be diagnosed by a paediatrician, psychiatrist, or ADHD specialist. Early diagnosis and intervention improves educational outcomes for children and is important for their social …

Disparities in Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Severity by Neighborhood Poverty.

To determine the association between neighborhood poverty and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) severity among children in a large metropolitan area. This is a secondary analysis of data collected April 2016 to July 2017 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Care Network. We attributed 2015 American Community Survey census tract poverty, defined as percent of individuals with income below poverty level, to each child's residential address. Tracts were grouped from low to high poverty. ADHD severity was determined by Vanderbilt Parent Rating Scale (VPRS) symptom score. We also recorded parent-reported child ADHD medication use. A total of 286 children were linked to 203 unique census tracts. The majority of children from high poverty tracts were black and from disadvantaged households. Higher neighborhood poverty was associated with higher VPRS scores and decreased medication use in bivariate analysis. Poverty was no longer associated with VPRS scores in multivariate analysis, but medication use still had a significant negative association with VPRS score. Post hoc stratification by medication use revealed that neighborhood poverty and VPRS score were significantly associated for children on medication, but not for those off medication. Neighborhood poverty was not associated with ADHD severity in multivariate analysis. This suggests other factors, including medication use, confound the relationship between neighborhood poverty and ADHD severity. Lack of medication treatment was significantly associated with higher symptom burdens for children with access to primary care. Decreased medication use in higher poverty communities warrants exploration and public health interventions to ensure adequate ADHD management for all children.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood with persistence into adulthood. It has a multifactorial etiology. Its chronicity, if diagnosis is missed or delayed, will result in significant negative impact on the individual’s overall functioning and development. With the revised diagnostic criteria released in 2013 by the American Psychiatric Association, established standards of clinical practice continue to be applicable and valuable in the diagnosis and management of ADHD. In older children and adolescents, it is important to differentiate what is developmentally appropriate from problematic as ADHD has high correlation with poor outcomes, comorbidities, and low quality of life.

Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Doses are Associated with Adult ADHD Status of Medical Cannabis Patients.

ObjectiveThe aim of this cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was to identify associations between the doses of cannabinoids and terpenes administered, and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsParticipants were adult patients licensed for medical cannabis (MC) treatment who also reported a diagnosis of ADHD by a physician. Data on demographics, ADHD, sleep, and anxiety were collected using self-report questionnaires. Data collected on MC treatment included administration route, cultivator, cultivar name, and monthly dose. Comparison statistics were used to evaluate differences in reported parameters between low (20–30 g, n=18) and high (40–70 g, n=35) MC monthly dose and low adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS, 0–5) score (i.e. ≤3.17 score, n=30) or high ASRS score (i.e. ≥3.18 score, n=29) subgroups.ResultsFrom the 59 patients that answered the questionnaire, MC chemovar could be calculated for 27 (45%) of them. The high MC monthly dose group consumed higher levels of most phyto-cannabinoids and terpenes, but that was not the case for all of the cannabis components. The high dose consumers and the ones with lower ASRS score reported a higher occurrence of stopping all ADHD medications. Moreover, there was an association between lower ASRS score subgroup and lower anxiety scores. In addition, we found an association between lower ASRS score and consumption of high doses of cannabinol (CBN), but not with Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).ConclusionThese findings reveal that the higher-dose consumption of MC components (phyto-cannabinoids and terpenes) is associated with ADHD medication reduction. In addition, high dosage of CBN was associated with a lower ASRS score. However, more studies are needed in order to fully understand if cannabis and its constituents can be used for management of ADHD.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Patterns of Health Professionals Toward Medical and Non-medical Stimulant Use by Young Adults.

The role of family physicians (FPs) and college health professionals (CHPs) in stimulant treatment and nonmedical use of stimulants is not clear. To investigate the current practices, concerns, needs, beliefs, barriers, and facilitators to appropriate pharmacological treatment of teens and young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and prevention of nonmedical use and diversion. A cross-sectional survey developed by the project team and experts in the field, delivered to national sample of FPs and CHPs. A total of 794 completed surveys were analyzed. The average age of respondents was 51.6 ± 10.3 years; 50.6% of the respondents were female. The majority of CHPs (80.6%) reported they spend 75% to 100% of their time with patients age 17 to 24 years and 74.0% of FPs reported they spend less than 25% of their time with this age group. The majority (91.7%) of the respondents indicated that untreated ADHD affects quality of life, and 76.4% indicated untreated ADHD is often associated with risky behaviors. More CHPs than FPs always refer out for ADHD diagnosis (70.7% vs 52.1%; P < .001). Most respondents (81.2%) were concerned with ADHD medication diversion, and 84.2% believed that diversion or abuse is a problem overall. Respondents indicated they are unprepared to provide patient education on decisions about pharmacotherapy or behavioral therapy choices for adult ADHD. There is an opportunity to enhance safety and effectiveness of ADHD management in young adults. Additional resources and interventions are needed to improve medication management, reduce misuse, and ensure safe and appropriate use of stimulants.

Knowledge/understanding, perception and attitude towards attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among community members and healthcare professionals in Indonesia.

Collaboration between community and healthcare professionals plays an essential role in ADHD care. Therefore, this study aims to identify the level of knowledge/understanding, perception and attitude among community members, primary school teachers, medical students, general practitioners, pediatricians and psychologists in Indonesia regarding ADHD and its association with several related factors. A cross-sectional study utilizing valid questionnaires to assess the level of knowledge/understanding, perception and attitude regarding ADHD among each respondent group was employed. 1,536 subjects participated in this study. Data was gathered and analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 for Mac. A chi-square test was used to establish the associations. The value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in this study. Most of the participants showed poor to very poor levels of knowledge/understanding (community members = 56.8%, teachers = 58.9%, medical students = 60.4%, general practitioners = 54.9%, pediatricians = 65.6%, psychologists = 52.1%). The similar results were also found for perception and attitude levels. Several associations were found between practice experience and the level of knowledge/understanding, perception and attitude towards ADHD among general practitioners and psychologists (p < 0.05); educational level and level of attitude among community members and medical students (p < 0.05); practice experience and the knowledge/understanding level in the teachers group (p < 0.05); practice experience and the perception level among pediatricians (p < 0.05). Further education regarding ADHD should be considered either through online media or formal education in order to achieve a better management of ADHD.

Management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through yoga

Yoga is our ancient science. Yoga provides treatment modalities for many diseases without any bad effect on the body. ADHD is a commonest disorder of childhood in which child shows hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattentiveness that is inappropriate for age. In modern there are some drugs that are used in ADHD but all the drugs have bad effect on the body. Yoga and ayurveda are two treatment modalities that may be used in the management of ADHD without any bad effect on the health. Yoga is a type of therapy that is used without medication. Yoga benefits children with ADHD as it uses asanas (physical posture), surya namaskar, pranayam and deep relaxation techniques to calm the senses decrease hyperactivity. Many studies showed beneficial effect of yoga in relieving the symptoms of ADHD like hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattentiveness.