Management Of Age-related Macular Degeneration Research Articles

Technological Perception with Rural and Urban Differentiation and Its Influence on the Quality of Life of Older People with Age-Related Macular Degeneration

The past decade has seen a global increase in population age, especially in developed countries, where aging involves visual diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which severely affect quality of life (QoL) and mental health, as well as increase isolation and care costs. This study investigated how persons with AMD perceive the impact of technology use on their QoL, focusing on potential disparities between urban and rural contexts in Spain. Using a cross-sectional observational design, data from the 2020 National Statistics Institute’s Disability, Personal Autonomy, and Dependency Situations Survey were analyzed, focusing on QoL aspects based on the WHO items of the WHOQOL-100 scale. The results revealed a generally positive perception of technology among participants, with urban residents perceiving technology’s positive impact more favorably. Sex discrepancies in technology perception were also observed, as women exhibited a more positive outlook on technology’s influence on QoL. The analysis of QoL aspects, such as ‘Visibility’, ‘Learning’, ‘Mobility’, and ‘Domestic life’, highlighted distinct challenges faced by rural and urban populations, underscoring the importance of context-specific approaches in technology interventions. However, these perceptions were intertwined with comorbidities, which can exacerbate AMD-related issues. Furthermore, this study explored the role of technology in enhancing QoL among older adults with AMD, examining how it influences daily activities and independence, particularly in the context of AMD management. This study concluded that developing more-inclusive policies tailored to the specific needs of persons with AMD, with special attention to environmental and sex differences, is imperative to enhance the positive impact of technology on their QoL.

A New Generation of Gene Therapies as the Future of Wet AMD Treatment.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease and the most common cause of vision loss in the Western World. In its advanced stage, AMD occurs in two clinically distinguished forms, dry and wet, but only wet AMD is treatable. However, the treatment based on repeated injections with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) antagonists may at best stop the disease progression and prevent or delay vision loss but without an improvement of visual dysfunction. Moreover, it is a serious mental and financial burden for patients and may be linked with some complications. The recent first success of intravitreal gene therapy with ADVM-022, which transformed retinal cells to continuous production of aflibercept, a VEGF antagonist, after a single injection, has opened a revolutionary perspective in wet AMD treatment. Promising results obtained so far in other ongoing clinical trials support this perspective. In this narrative/hypothesis review, we present basic information on wet AMD pathogenesis and treatment, the concept of gene therapy in retinal diseases, update evidence on completed and ongoing clinical trials with gene therapy for wet AMD, and perspectives on the progress to the clinic of "one and done" therapy for wet AMD to replace a lifetime of injections. Gene editing targeting the VEGFA gene is also presented as another gene therapy strategy to improve wet AMD management.

DeepAlienorNet: A deep learning model to extract clinical features from colour fundus photography in age-related macular degeneration.

This study aimed to develop a deep learning (DL) model, named 'DeepAlienorNet', to automatically extract clinical signs of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) from colour fundus photography (CFP). The ALIENOR Study is a cohort of French individuals 77 years of age or older. A multi-label DL model was developed to grade the presence of 7 clinical signs: large soft drusen (>125 μm), intermediate soft (63-125 μm), large area of soft drusen (total area >500 μm), presence of central soft drusen (large or intermediate), hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, and advanced AMD (defined as neovascular or atrophic AMD). Prediction performances were evaluated using cross-validation and the expert human interpretation of the clinical signs as the ground truth. A total of 1178 images were included in the study. Averaging the 7 clinical signs' detection performances, DeepAlienorNet achieved an overall sensitivity, specificity, and AUROC of 0.77, 0.83, and 0.87, respectively. The model demonstrated particularly strong performance in predicting advanced AMD and large areas of soft drusen. It can also generate heatmaps, highlighting the relevant image areas for interpretation. DeepAlienorNet demonstrates promising performance in automatically identifying clinical signs of AMD from CFP, offering several notable advantages. Its high interpretability reduces the black box effect, addressing ethical concerns. Additionally, the model can be easily integrated to automate well-established and validated AMD progression scores, and the user-friendly interface further enhances its usability. The main value of DeepAlienorNet lies in its ability to assist in precise severity scoring for further adapted AMD management, all while preserving interpretability.

Management of Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Case Report

Introduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It is a leading cause of blindness and visual impairment in the elderly population, despite recent advances in treatment. We reported a case of wet AMD and its management.
 Case Presentation: A 69 years old woman complained of blurred vision, especially in the left eye, which she had experienced since 3 years ago, progressively worsen since the last 3 months. Fundoscopy and OCT examination was done. Fundoscopy found no foveal reflex with a drusen and perifoveal haemorrhage found on left eye. She was diagnosed with wet age-related macular degeneration type II of left eye. She had done intravitreal anti-VEGF injection with local anaesthesia.
 Conclusion: AMD management relies heavily on observation, lifestyle changes, frequent follow-up evaluations, early recognition of visual impairment and detection of CNV. Meanwhile, the current modality for wet AMD therapy is intravitreal anti-VEGF injection to preserve patient’s visual acuity and improve quality of life.

Recent Developments in Gene Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifactorial disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population. The anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has revolutionized the management and prognosis of neovascular AMD (nAMD) and is currently the standard of care for this disease. However, patients are required to receive repeated injections, imposing substantial social and economic burdens. The implementation of gene therapy methods to achieve sustained delivery of various therapeutic proteins holds the promise of a single treatment that could ameliorate the treatment challenges associated with chronic intravitreal therapy, and potentially improve visual outcomes. Several early-phase trials are currently underway, evaluating the safety and efficacy of gene therapy for nAMD; however, areas of controversy persist, including the therapeutic target, route of administration, and potential safety issues. In this review, we assess the evolution of gene therapy for nAMD and summarize several preclinical and early-stage clinical trials, exploring challenges and future directions.

Therapeutic Management and New Upcoming Approaches for Age Related Macular Degeneration.

Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a severe eye illness that is going to lead in the race for incurable blindness globally among the elderly population. AMD is the third common reason responsible for affecting the quality of life globally. The macula and the retinal layers are adversely affected during AMD and are responsible for the loss of vision eventually. Numerous genetic variables, lipid metabolism, ageing and oxidative damage are the causative factors in the genesis of AMD. Lack of antioxidants, smoking and excessive alcohol intake contribute to increasing the risk of AMD. Management of dry AMD involves the use of nutritional supplements like zinc and antioxidants, along with conventional treatment, however, the use of nutritional supplements can only give minor benefits on the progression of dry AMD. Later stages of AMD need to be managed by cell-based interventions where the damaged or lost cells are replaced with fresh donor cells. A plethora of treatment methods are used in the management of AMD, such as nutrition, antibody-based treatments, stem cell management and nanotherapeutics. The available expensive treatments come with a number of adverse effects and future developments require the involvement of risk factor modification approaches, personalized therapy, targeting the disease specific pathways, exploring better anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors and many other regenerative approaches, that will broaden techniques to diagnose, control and treat AMD. This review provides an overview of the progression of AMD and the causative factors, with considerable emphasises on the current and potential prospects.

Monocular and Binocular Visual Function Assessments and Activities of Daily Living Performance in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

To evaluate the relationship between specific monocular and binocular visual function (VF) assessments with binocularly performed activities of daily living task tests (ADLTTs) in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and healthy controls. Prospective case-control cohort study. Thirty-six AMD patients and 36 controls. Visual field assessments included monocular and binocular best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity (CS), and monocular microperimetry testing for mean macula sensitivity, mean retina sensitivity (MRS), fixation area, and fixation distance from fovea (FDF). Age-related macular degeneration lesion area and sensitivity were measured on OCT and microperimetry, respectively. Participants performed 4 validated ADLTTs with binocular BCVA: (1) reading; (2) item-search; (3) money-counting; and (4) multi-step drink-making tasks. Spearman correlations and multivariate regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, and potential correlation between the 2 eyes, were used to assess the relationship between monocular and binocular VF assessments, and ADLTT performance in both groups. Age-related macular degeneration patients had poorer VF (BCVA, CS, mean macula sensitivity, and MRS) compared with healthy controls. Monocular BCVA in both better- and worse-vision eyes was moderately correlated with the binocular reading speed and money-counting tasks in participants with AMD. In AMD, monocular worse eye CS, MRS, AMD lesion area on OCT, and lesion sensitivity on microperimetry showed moderate correlations to various ADLTTs, such as reading, money-counting, and drink-making. Similar findings were found in our AMD cohort on multivariate regression analysis. Fewer significant correlations were observed for the better-vision eye, whereas no correlations were observed for healthy controls between VF parameters and ADLTTs. In contrast, significant associations were observed between binocular BCVA and CS with binocular ADLTTs (reading and item-search tasks) but not in AMD patients. Although monocular BCVA remains the most common measure of VF, CS and microperimetry testing also show significant correlations with ADLTTs performance in AMD patients, and should be considered as complimentary VF-outcome measures in both clinical and research settings. Unlike healthy subjects, AMD patients do not rely on binocular VF for ADLTT function, with the worse-vision eye impacting binocular ADLTT function more than the better-vision eye. Therefore, the worse-vision eye should not be neglected during the management of AMD. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Therapeutic Landscapes in Geographic Atrophy.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss and visual impairment in people over 50 years of age. In the current therapeutic landscape, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies have been central to the management of neovascular AMD (also known as wet AMD), whereas treatments for geographic atrophy have lagged behind. Several therapeutic approaches are being developed for geographic atrophy with the goal of either slowing down disease progression or reversing sight loss. Such strategies target the inflammatory pathways, complement cascade, visual cycle or neuroprotective mechanisms to slow down the degeneration. In addition, retinal implants have been tried for vision restoration and stem cell therapies for potentially a dual purpose of slowing down the degeneration and restoring visual function. In particular, therapies focusing on the complement pathway have shown promising results with the FDA approved pegcetacoplan, a complement C3 inhibitor, and avacincaptad pegol, a complement C5 inhibitor. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammation in AMD and outline the therapeutic landscapes of atrophy AMD. Improved understanding of the various pathway components and their interplay in this complex neuroinflammatory degeneration will guide the development of current and future therapeutic options, such as optogenetic therapy.

Deep Learning Applications to Classification and Detection of Age-Related Macular Degeneration on Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging: A Review.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the elderly, more commonly in developed countries. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging device widely used for the diagnosis and management of AMD. Deep learning (DL) uses multilayered artificial neural networks (NN) for feature extraction, and is the cutting-edge technique for medical image analysis for diagnostic and prognostication purposes. Application of DL models to OCT image analysis has garnered significant interest in recent years. In this review, we aimed to summarize studies focusing on DL models used in classification and detection of AMD. Additionally, we provide a brief introduction to other DL applications in AMD, such as segmentation, prediction/prognostication, and models trained on multimodal imaging.

Efficacy and safety for the combination of lutein, vitamin C, zeaxanthin, zinc, copper, and vitamin E in Indian patients of age-related macular degeneration - Post marketing surveillance study

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an ocular disease of complex nature which reduces the quality of life of the patient. Objectives behind the conduct of this study was to evaluate the efficacy as well as safety for the combination of Lutein, Vitamin C, Zeaxanthin, Zinc, Copper and Vitamin E in patients of AMD.For the study 660 patients were recruited and 627 patients completed the study throughout India at 44 clinical trial sites. The study duration was of 90 days and efficacy and safety assessment was made on day 45 (visit 2) and day 90 (visit 3). Efficacy assessment was made by 2 efficacy assessment parameters including, “vision related quality of life (VRQOL)” and “vision Impairment score” obtained using “Vision Impairment Questionnaire”. Safety assessment was made by adverse events reported by the patients.At baseline visit, the mean VRQOL score of all the patients completed the study was 5.733 which was increased to 6.682 on visit 2 and 7.476 on visit 3 where, percentage increase was of 16.550% and 30.403% respectively on visit 2 and 3 as compared to baseline. At baseline visit, the vision impairment score was 21.389 reduced to 17.352 on day 45 and further reduced to 14.135 on day 90.Fixed dose combination of Vitamin C 250mg, Zinc 40mg, Lutein 5mg, Zeaxanthin 1mg, Copper 1mg and Vitamin E 200 IU per capsule was found efficacious and safe for the medical management of AMD in Indian patients.

Suppressing Inflammation for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Dazdotuftide as a Potential New Multitarget Therapeutic Candidate.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are major causes of blindness globally. The primary treatment option for DME and neovascular AMD (nAMD) is anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compounds, but this treatment modality often yields insufficient results, and monthly injections can place a burden on the health system and patients. Although various inflammatory pathways and mediators have been recognized as key players in the development of DR and AMD, there are limited treatment options targeting these pathways. Molecular pathways that are interlinked, or triggers of multiple inflammatory pathways, could be promising targets for drug development. This review focuses on the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of DME and AMD and presents current anti-inflammatory compounds, as well as a potential multitarget anti-inflammatory compound (dazdotuftide) that could be a candidate treatment option for the management of DME and AMD.

Botulinum toxin type A in multimodal management of age-related macular degeneration and related diseases

Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of visual loss in the aging population in the Western world. In past decade, intra ocular injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) pharmaceuticals have revolutionized therapy for exudative (edematous-wet) AMD and become standard practice for the near term. However repeated intra-ocular injections are required for years and long terms results have been limited. The pathogenesis of this condition is multifactorial involving genetic, ischemic, inflammatory factors leading to neovascularization, edema and retinal pigment epithelial scaring resulting in photoreceptor destruction. Based on coincidental observation in reduction in AMD related macular edema on ocular coherence tomography (OCT) in a BoNT A treated patient with facial movement disease, BoNT-A at conventional doses targeting the para orbital area was added to therapeutic regiment in a small number of patients with exudative macular degeneration or related diseases. Measurements of edema and choriocapillaris using Spectral Doman (OCT) and Ocular Coherence Angiography (OCT-A) and Snellen visual acuity were made over the evaluation period. 15 eyes in 14 patients averaged 361 μm central sub foveal edema (CSFT) pre injection and average of 266 μm (CSFT) post injection over an average of 21 months and 5.7 cycles using BoNT A alone at conventional doses (n = 86 post injection measurements, paired t-test p < 0.001 two tailed). Visions at baseline in patients with 20/40 or worse averaged 20/100- pre injection improved to an average of 20/40- in the post injection period (n = 49 measurements p < 0.002 paired t-test). The previous data was added to a group of 12 more severely afflicted patients receiving anti VEGF (aflibercept or bevacizumab) (total 27 patients). With this 27-patient group, patients were followed for an average of 20 months and receiving average of 6 cycles at conventional doses. Improvement in exudative edema and vision were noted with pre injection baseline CSFT average 399.5, post injection average 267, n = 303 post measurement, independent t-test P < 0.0001.). Snellen vision 20/128 baseline average improved to average of 20/60- during post injection period (n = 157 post injection measurements, p < 0.0001 paired t-test to baseline). No substantial adverse effects were noted. Cyclic effects were noted corresponding to duration of action of BoNT-A on a number of patients. The above data is preliminary and is skewed toward early leakage for all conditions.BoNT A may have a role in the treatment of aged related macular degeneration.Controlled studies are needed with careful staging and baseline stratifications for multi-modal management paradigms. The findings are discussed relative to known botulinum toxin type A pharmacology and AMD pathogenesis.

Dietary supplements and drugs available in India along with the mechanism of action and clinical trial data for the medical management of age related macular degeneration (AMD)

Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading cause of blindness among elderly population which diminishes the visual quality. The main objective behind this review is to give the brief information about the dietary supplements and drugs which are available in India along with the mechanism of action and clinical trial data for the management for AMD. Also, we have commented, wherever any additional clinical trial data or regulatory approvals would be needed for using the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical product in Indian patients. The dietary supplements reviewed in this article includes Lutein and Zeaxanthin which are also referred as macular pigments and have important role in absorption of blue light prior reaching to the retina and have antioxidant functions, Zinc which has structural role in antioxidant enzymes, Copper which is cofactor for several ocular-enzymes, Astaxanthin, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Resveratrol and Glutathione which are antioxidants. We have also reviewed Brimonidine for the management of non-neovascular AMD. Brimonidine is an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist but along with that it has neuroprotective as well as cytoprotective activities because of which it can be used for the management of non-neovascular AMD. In this review we have discussed many clinical trials for different combinations of above-mentioned dietary supplements and out of which AREDS 2 clinical trial was conducted on comparatively larger number of patients and for longer study duration.

The Roles of Vitamin D and Polyphenols in the Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic progressive ocular disease and the main cause of severe visual impairment in the elderly. Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for AMD. Additionally, current evidence suggests dietary advice of increasing consumption of polyphenols, which may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this review was to describe the roles of vitamin D levels and polyphenols in the management of AMD. The results of this review showed mixed evidence regarding the protective effect of vitamin D against AMD. Polyphenols (flavonoids group, curcumin and resveratrol) seem to play an important role as angiogenesis inhibitors, but their effect on AMD is still unclear. Vitamin D and polyphenols may both play an important role as nutritional modifiable protective factors that reduce the risk of AMD progression. However, more research is necessary to better understand the roles of vitamin D and polyphenols in different stages of the disease.

Microperimetry in Retinal Diseases.

Retinal microperimetry (MP) is a procedure that assesses the retinal sensitivity while the fundus is directly observed, and an eye tracker system is active to compensate for involuntary eye movements during testing. With this system, the sensitivity of a small locus can be accurately determined, and it has become an established ophthalmic test for retinal specialists. Macular diseases are characterized by chorioretinal changes; therefore, the condition of the retina and choroid requires careful and detailed evaluations to perform effective therapy. Age-related macular degeneration is a representative retinal disease in which the macular function has been evaluated by the visual acuity throughout the course of the disease process. However, the visual acuity represents the physiological function of only the central fovea, and the function of the surrounding macular area has not been sufficiently evaluated throughout the different stages of the macula disease process. The new technique of MP can compensate for such limitations by being able to test the same sites of the macular area repeatedly. This is especially useful in the recent management of age-related macular degeneration or diabetic macular edema during anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatments because MP can assess the effectiveness of the treatment. MP examinations are also valuable in diagnosing Stargardt disease as they can detect visual impairments before any abnormalities are found in the retinal images. The visual function needs to be carefully assessed along with morphologic observations by optical coherence tomography. In addition, the assessment of retinal sensitivity is useful in the presurgical or postsurgical evaluations.

Novel Approaches in the Drug Development and Delivery Systems for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

The number of patients with ocular disorders has increased due to contributing factors such as aging populations, environmental changes, smoking, genetic abnormalities, etc. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the common ocular disorders which may advance to loss of vision in severe cases. The advanced form of AMD is classified into two types, dry (non-exudative) and wet (exudative) AMD. Although several therapeutic approaches are explored for the management of AMD, no approved therapy can substantially slow down the progression of dry AMD into the later stages. The focus of researchers in recent times has been engaged in developing targeted therapeutic products to halt the progression and maintain or improve vision in individuals diagnosed with AMD. The delivery of anti-VEGF agents using intravitreal therapy has found some success in managing AMD, and novel formulation approaches have been introduced in various studies to potentiate the efficacy. Some of the novel approaches, such as hydrogel, microspheres, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, implants, etc. have been discussed. Apart from this, subretinal, suprachoroidal, and port delivery systems have also been investigated for biologics and gene therapies. The unmet potential of approved therapeutic products has contributed to several patent applications in recent years. This review outlines the current treatment options, outcomes of recent research studies, and patent details around the novel drug delivery approach for the treatment of AMD.

Proteomics profiling of vitreous humor reveals complement and coagulation components, adhesion factors, and neurodegeneration markers as discriminatory biomarkers of vitreoretinal eye diseases.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are leading causes of visual impairment and blindness in people aged 50 years or older in middle-income and industrialized countries. Anti-VEGF therapies have improved the management of neovascular AMD (nAMD) and proliferative DR (PDR), no treatment options exist for the highly prevalent dry form of AMD. To unravel the biological processes underlying these pathologies and to find new potential biomarkers, a label-free quantitative (LFQ) method was applied to analyze the vitreous proteome in PDR (n=4), AMD (n=4) compared to idiopathic epiretinal membranes (ERM) (n=4). Post-hoc tests revealed 96 proteins capable of differentiating among the different groups, whereas 118 proteins were found differentially regulated in PDR compared to ERM and 95 proteins in PDR compared to dry AMD. Pathway analysis indicates that mediators of complement, coagulation cascades and acute phase responses are enriched in PDR vitreous, whilst proteins highly correlated to the extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, platelet degranulation, lysosomal degradation, cell adhesion, and central nervous system development were found underexpressed. According to these results, 35 proteins were selected and monitored by MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) in a larger cohort of patients with ERM (n=21), DR/PDR (n=20), AMD (n=11), and retinal detachment (n=13). Of these, 26 proteins could differentiate between these vitreoretinal diseases. Based on Partial least squares discriminant and multivariate exploratory receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, a panel of 15 discriminatory biomarkers was defined, which includes complement and coagulation components (complement C2 and prothrombin), acute-phase mediators (alpha-1-antichymotrypsin), adhesion molecules (e.g., myocilin, galectin-3-binding protein), ECM components (opticin), and neurodegeneration biomarkers (beta-amyloid, amyloid-like protein 2).

Lifestyle Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD-Life): Study Design.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has a strong genetic basis, but environmental factors such as smoking and a healthy diet can decrease the genetic fate by up to 50%. Current guidelines for clinical management include recommendations for a healthy lifestyle and antioxidant supplementation. However, many ophthalmologists do not inform their patients of this AMD-beneficial lifestyle. An important reason is the lack of trust that transition of lifestyle will be feasible in persons of advanced age and lack of methodology to measure lifestyle or its biological effects. To address these issues, we set up the lifestyle intervention study AMD-Life. It aims to investigate whether personalized risk-profiling (including genetic testing) and/or additional coaching can motivate patients to change their lifestyle. It also explores which biomarkers best reflect lifestyle change beneficial for AMD. The first year is a three-arm, self-contained open-label randomized clinical trial. A total of 150 AMD patients aged 55-85 years were randomized into three arms: (A) merely standard recommendations; (B) A conditions plus personalized risk profiling based on genetics and lifestyle, (C) B conditions plus coaching. The second year tests sustainability of lifestyle changes without active intervention. AMD-Life can provide further insight into the relevance of these interventions for the clinical management of AMD.

Comparative Modeling and Molecular Interaction Study for the Management of AMD and CRVO Ocular Disorder

Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) are the rare and leading cause of blindness among patients with ocular problem. Many proteins are reported in the progression of these ocular disorders. Proteins which are directly involved in the development of this disorder reported in the literature, their sequence related information retrieved from biological databases. In silico technique was implemented in order to characterize the properties and structures of the proteins using ProtParam. For studying about the potential phosphorylation sites in protein generally NetPhos server was used whereas for denoting the location of signal peptide cleavage sites and their presence the server which is used is SingalP server. For prediction of secondary structure prediction of proteins is done by using SOPMA. The SOSUI server performs the identification of trans-membrane regions. The 3D dimensional structure was modeled using Swiss Model Workspace and Modeller. Ramachandran plot was used to validate the stereochemical properties of the predicted structures because it is a very important step after 3D structure prediction. Docking of screened phytochemicals with selected proteins was performed by AutoDock. Docking study revealed that Curcumin (binding energy: -8.35) and Berberine (binding energy: -7.14) can be used as better therapeutic lead molecule for the cure of CRVO and AMD respectively.

Mechanistic Insight into Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Anatomy, Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Prevention, Implications, and Treatment Strategies to Pace AMD Management.

One of the most complicated eye disorders is age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which is the leading cause of irremediable blindness all over the world in the elderly. AMD is classified as early stage to late stage (advanced AMD), in which this stage is divided into the exudative or neovascular form (wet AMD) and the nonexudative or atrophic form (dry AMD). Clinically, AMD primarily influences the central area of retina known as the macula. Importantly, the wet form is generally associated with more severe vision loss. AMD has a systemic component, where many factors, like aging, genetic, environment, autoimmune and non-autoimmune disorders are associated with this disease. Additionally, healthy lifestyles, regular exercise, maintaining a normal lipid profile and weight are crucial to decreasing the risk of AMD. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies for limiting AMD should encompass a variety of factors to avoid and improve drug interventions, and also need to take into account personalized genetic information. In conclusion, with the development of technology and research progress, visual impairment and legal blindness from AMD have been substantially reduced in incidence. This review article is focused on identifying and developing the knowledge about the association between genetics, and etiology with AMD. We hope that this review will encourage researchers and lecturers, open new discussions, and contribute to a better understanding of AMD that improves patients' visual acuity, and upgrades the quality of life of AMD patients.