Management Initiatives Research Articles

Behavioural ethogram to inform ex-situ initiatives for a critically endangered bird – the case of the Plains-wanderer

A thorough understanding of behaviour is essential to a species recovery effort, not only to inform management and husbandry decisions, but critically, to ensure optimum survival of released animals and their offspring. The endangered Plains-wanderer, endemic to Australia and the only extant member of its family, is a bird of great conservation significance. Despite their phylogenetic uniqueness and conservation status, very little is known about their basic behavioural ecology. As part of the National Recovery efforts, an ex-situ breeding program was established to create an insurance population with the aim of releasing zoo-bred birds into their natural range. Such programs provide unique opportunities to conduct detailed behavioural and ecological studies. However, such studies are dependent on a comprehensive understanding of basic behaviour and associated social interactions, as well as a common vocabulary across institutions when it comes to describing patterns of behaviour. Therefore, a detailed ethogram is a vital first step. Here we have collated initial behavioural observations and descriptions from three main breeding institutions to create a unified ethogram across sites, with the aim of facilitating future research endeavours. Ultimately a systematic understanding of behaviour will not only improve management and conservation initiatives, but also the understanding of adaptability to potential threats going forward.

Workplace Diversity: Hidden Treasure for Boosting Organizational Performance

Today, many organizations recognize the significant impact of workplace diversity on performance outcomes at all organizational levels. Managers and leaders have embraced differences in organizational workforce members through diversity management initiatives, training and programs that yield competitive advantages. The present study contributes to the extant research by developing a new conceptual model that demonstrates relationships between workplace diversity and organizational performance as mediated by diversity management and moderated by multi-level organizational variables. A strong relationship between workforce diversity and excellence in organizational outcomes has grown constantly during the last decade. Practical implications and recommendations are discussed.

Artificial intelligence in corporate communications: determinants of acceptance and transformative processes

PurposeThis study investigates the determinants of artificial intelligence (AI) acceptance in and AI-driven transformations of corporate communications. From a technology adoption perspective, the study explores the dual influence of individual and organizational factors on AI acceptance.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a qualitative research design, this study conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 AI experts in large-scale companies in Germany.FindingsThe study reveals micro-level determinants of AI acceptance related to AI’s perceived usefulness and ease of use. It also identifies macro-level determinants, including organizational awareness and frameworks. Corporate communications is expected to gain relevance due to the organizational integration of AI.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed model integrates crucial factors influencing AI adoption and offers a starting point for quantitative validation. The study serves as a benchmark for future research, particularly given its timing right before the extensive adoption of ChatGPT.Practical implicationsOrganizations are encouraged to develop strategies that enhance both individual and organizational AI readiness. By reflecting both micro- and macro-level determinants of AI acceptance, a more holistic understanding of effective change management initiatives related to AI integration can be fostered.Originality/valueBy proposing an extension to the technology acceptance model, which incorporates both micro- and meso-level determinants, this study provides a novel framework for holistically understanding AI acceptance in corporate communications.

Data utilisation among employees in SMEs in Destination Limfjorden, Denmark

ABSTRACT This article explores the efforts of Destination Limfjorden in Denmark to enhance employees’ competencies and skills in small and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMEs) through the strategic use of data. The study employs a mixed-method approach, integrating digital questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to identify the competence needs of stakeholders. The research reveals a significant need for improved digital guest services and highlights the importance of data usage within companies, network building and general competence needs. The article also reviews the literature on the role of big data in augmenting tourism research and the challenges SMEs face in harnessing big data analytics. It underscores the need for robust knowledge management initiatives, targeted skill development programmes and a culture of collaboration among tourism SMEs. The article concludes by emphasising the increasing significance of big data competencies for SMEs in the tourism sector, particularly in remote European regions, and the potential of data analytics in fostering resilience among SMEs and enhancing their competitiveness within the evolving dynamics of the tourism industry landscape.

Smart Home

The concept of a smart home integrates wireless electronic systems that connect household devices to a central interface, enabling remote control via smartphones or wall panels through Wi-Fi networks. This paper explores the core components of smart homes, including smart devices such as speakers, thermostats, lighting, and security systems, as well as the role of mobile applications in managing these devices. The paper discusses the various applications of smart homes, from home automation and security monitoring to energy management and health-focused initiatives.

Forest fragmentation effects on plant-animal interaction do not always show consistent patterns – Evidence from a seed removal experiment of 31 woody species

Forest fragmentation often leads to changes in the abundance and composition of various organisms, thereby affecting biotic interactions. Currently, many studies lack consensus on the magnitude or direction of the impact of forest fragmentation on plant-animal interactions. Here, we employed seed-rodent interaction as a case study and assessed the removal by rodents of 66,960 seeds belonging to 31 woody species in 18 fragmented forests with areas of 1.05–14,517.63 ha, in a seriously fragmented tropical area in Southwest China for two consecutive years. Our study provided strong evidence that forest fragmentation affected seed-rodent interactions but did not follow a consistent pattern between years. Forest size and edge effects on seed removal were mainly due to variations in seed availability but not rodent activity. Interestingly, the effect of fragment size on seed removal was species-specific with monotonic decreases as well as U-shaped and humped-shaped patterns. These remarkable spatiotemporal and interspecific variations pertaining to forest fragmentation impact on seed removal may translate into subsequent seed germination and seedling regeneration processes, which may further influence the species composition in different fragmented forests. This complexity in responses among plant species reiterates the need to consider the interspecies specificity in conservation and management initiatives of fragmented forests. Additionally, we recommend that multiple field surveys involving multiple species be conducted in future studies focusing on forest fragmentation to help us better understand fragmentation effects on ecological processes.

Eco-friendly approach for carboxymethyl cellulose isolation from durian peel waste and aerogel scaffold preparation

This research introduces a sustainable method for extracting carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from durian peel waste via supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc.CO2) processing, leading to the development of advanced aerogel scaffolds. The study evaluates the influence of Sc.CO2 treatment times (60, 90, and 120 min) on the properties of the produced CMC, investigating enhancements in terms of thermal stability, crystallinity, and mechanical attributes through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical strength assessments. It was discovered that a 90-minute treatment duration yielded CMC aerogels with notable improvements in porosity, structural robustness, and mechanical resilience. This innovative approach not only proposes a viable strategy for repurposing agricultural by-products but also significantly augments the functional qualities of CMC aerogels, rendering them highly applicable in diverse fields. The outcomes underscore the efficiency of Sc.CO2 treatment in refining the mechanical and thermal characteristics of CMC derived from durian peel waste, facilitating the creation of aerogel scaffolds poised for use in various sectors including drug delivery, water purification, and eco-friendly packaging, thereby contributing to the global initiatives for sustainability and efficient waste management.

Current Understanding, Motivations, and Barriers Towards Implementing Sustainable Initiatives in the Hospitality Industry in the Age of Automation and Artificial Intelligence

Background:: Sustainability concerns are rapidly being acknowledged as a key concern for hospitality sectors worldwide. Sustainable initiatives immediately contribute to improved organizational performance in terms of utility consumption, waste management, and regulatory compliance, resulting in cost-effectiveness and competitive advantage through distinctiveness. Objective:: The purpose of the study is to analyze and summarize the motivations, indicators, and barriers towards applications of sustainable initiatives and modern technologies in the hospitality industry using the existing literature to develop a current understanding of the subject and know the way the current industry is thinking about it. Method:: This study is a combination of systematic and bibliometric review, where the systematic review was based on selected articles from reputed journal databases, and the bibliometric review was conducted using VOS viewer and web of science database for a period of 20 years (2002- 2022) Seven research questions were framed and answered for the systematic review. Result:: By describing the motivations, barriers, and impacts of implementing sustainability initiatives and cutting-edge technologies like AI and machine learning in the hospitality sector, the study helps practitioners and academics understand its present state for robust research. The current condition of such implantations in the hospitality sector is also discussed. Conclusion:: This study adds value by shedding light on the perspective of sustainability in the hospitality industry by considering the recommendations and practical advice for hotel management suggested in the existing literature about the application of current sustainability innovations and effective sustainability initiatives in hotel management.

A Comprehensive Review of Engineering Strategies for Environmental Sustainability in Sustainable Waste Management

Waste management and environmental sustainability are intricately linked aspects crucial for maintaining ecological balance and human well-being. This study synthesizes research findings and scholarly insights to underscore the significance of effective waste management practices in achieving environmental sustainability goals. It examines waste treatment approaches, including recycling, waste-to-energy systems, and waste reduction strategies, highlighting their role in mitigating environmental impact. Additionally, the study explores the environmental consequences of inadequate waste management, emphasizing the urgent need for holistic solutions to address water, soil, and air pollution. Engineering solutions for sustainable waste management, such as the 3R principle (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), thermal treatment methods, and landfill management, are discussed as essential components of a comprehensive strategy. By integrating these approaches, policymakers, industries, and communities can minimize waste generation, conserve resources, and safeguard the environment for current and future generations. Challenges like regulatory barriers, lack of awareness, and inadequate infrastructure pose obstacles to sustainable waste management practices. Thus, a collaborative effort involving governments, businesses, and civil society is crucial to implementing effective waste management policies and initiatives. Through concerted action, we can transition to a circular economy model that promotes resource efficiency, environmental protection, and human well-being on a global scale.

The impact of green supply chain management on corporate performance under the full process model: A MASEM analysis based on heterogeneous moderation

This study explores the impact of green supply chain management on corporate performance, focusing on environmental, economic, operational, and social outcomes. Using Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling, we analyzed data from 98 quantitative studies conducted since 2001. Our findings demonstrate that green supply chain management practices significantly enhance corporate performance. We also identify key moderating factors, such as industry diversity, company size, geographical location, economic development, cultural level, and logistics performance, that influence the effectiveness of green supply chain management. The study highlights the importance of tailoring green supply chain management initiatives to specific industry and regional contexts, providing actionable insights and policy recommendations for promoting sustainable development in the Carbon Trading Era.

Effectiveness of NGOs in mountainous solid waste management: A case study from Healing Himalayas in Rakchham, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a critical role in addressing solid waste management (SWM) challenges in remote mountain communities, including the ecologically fragile Himalayan region. This study evaluates the impact of Healing Himalayas, an NGO, in Rakchham village, Himachal Pradesh, India. The objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of Healing Himalayas' decentralized SWM model in promoting stakeholder engagement and resource recovery, assess the role of collaborations between local authorities and the NGO in financing waste management practices, investigate the influence of tourism and seasonal variations on solid waste generation patterns and waste management practices in Rakchham, and material recovery facilities, followed by glass (36.7%), paper/cardboard (18.4%) and metal (4.1%). A fee-based system involving the local village council funded waste operations. Waste generation exhibited significant seasonal fluctuations, with tourism influxes driving increased volumes. Healing Himalayas' initiatives promoted community participation, with over 15 awareness workshops conducted. Key challenges included limited financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, lack of advanced treatment facilities and need for context-specific solutions like efficient wet waste management in cold climates. The study highlights Healing Himalayas' decentralized model's success in fostering stakeholder engagement, behavioural change and resource recovery. The findings inform effective strategies for NGO-led waste management initiatives tailored to remote Himalayan communities.

Perception of urban green space among university students in Bangladesh.

Public parks and other green areas are crucial components of urban development. Urban management in emerging countries such as Bangladesh faces major challenges, especially because of the socio-environmental impacts of urbanization. Urban management initiatives in developing countries sometimes neglect crucial services for university students, such as study environments and recreational facilities. This study aimed to investigate students' perceptions of urban green space (UGS) and its potential benefits to our daily lives at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) in Sylhet, Bangladesh, We collected data from 438 respondents by using a survey questionnaire-based stated preference approach as a methodological tool, using non-monetary assertions as the basis for the method. The survey included questions about respondents' social background, the frequency with which they visited green spaces, the benefits of urban green spaces and their perception of urban green spaces. We performed statistical analysis both descriptive and inferential statistics. Our findings suggest that 71.7% of students primarily use street trees and peace gardens as their main sites for urban green spaces. The study suggests that the advantages of urban green spaces, which include physical, mental, and environmental benefits, are strongly associated with criteria such as gender, academic level, and vulnerable to home locality for climate change (CC) or extreme weather events (EWEs). The Binary Logistic regression analysis identified urban life as the most influential factor. The correct classification rate was approximately 74.7%, indicating the model's strong accuracy in classification. Students who have lived in urban areas for more than 20 years have a reduced awareness of urban green spaces at 5% level of significance. Planning and policymaking for the creation and administration of urban green spaces, considering aspects like land use and environmental sustainability, could benefit from this study.

Phylogenetic analyses and pathogenic diversity of Meloidogyne graminicola of rice (cv. BRRI Dhan28) from different agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh

Rice root-knot caused by Meloidogyne graminicola is a major yield-limiting factor in all rice growing countries around the world, which is often ignored in Bangladesh due to its subtle and obscure above ground symptoms. The current study proposes a comprehensive diagnosis of rice root-knot nematode at the molecular level and analyzes the pathogenic diversity of M. graminicola population of different AEZs. Rice seedlings of a popular variety (BRRI Dhan28) showing galls in the roots were collected from thirty Agro-Ecological-Zones (AEZs) of Bangladesh. For molecular identification, nuclear DNA was collected from single second-stage juvenile and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was used as a universal primer. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analyses revealed that all nematode populations of galled rice seedlings from different locations belong to M. graminicola. The nematode populations constitute six phylogenetic clades. Nematode population of phylogenetic clade II showed the highest no. of galls (178 ± 1.67), although galling index was higher and similar in clade I, clade-II, clade-III and clade-VI. The highest percent reduction in both vegetative and yield-contributing traits were recorded in clade-II. A negative correlation was found in galling incidence and all growth and yield parameters. Comparative hatching of M. graminicola from different locations reveals that the pathogenicity of M. graminicola depends on the genetic variability of the nematode population, but not on the hatched juveniles. It might be concluded that the rice root-knot nematodes (M. graminicola) are prevalent in all agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh, despite the most pathogenic groups being frequent in AEZ- 1, 6, 7, 10, 18, 19, 21 and appropriate management initiatives are therefore crucial for maximizing rice yield.

Strategic Initiatives for Humanized Management for Smes to Support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS)

Objective: The study aims to (1) explore the problems of humanized management, (2) identify the factors associated with humanized management, and (3) propose strategic initiatives for humanized management for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Bishan, Chongqing. Theoretical Framework: The research draws on Theory Y, Theory Z, and Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX). Method: Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. First, the problems of humanized management were gathered through qualitative interviews with 8 CEOs and analyzed using thematic analysis. Second, the descriptive analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to analyze the 5-point Likert scale questionnaires gathered from 388 SME employees. Third, three experts were consulted for strategic initiatives for humanized management. Results and Discussion: The problems in humanized management included Team Cohesion, Welfare, and Fairness. CFA results indicated that 9 variables significantly influenced humanized management, including Recognize an Employee's Potential, Self-Control, Team Cohesion, Employee Participation, Mutual Respect, Responsibility, Working Relationship, Leader Expectation, and Team Support, with the first 3 being most important. The strategic initiatives suggested by 3 experts were provided to enhance humanized management. Research Implications: The emphasis on recognizing an employee’s potential, promoting self-control, fostering team cohesion, addressing welfare, and ensuring fairness collectively supports SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth. Originality/Value: Besides 9 significant variables from Theory Y, Theory Z, and LMX, two additional variables, Welfare and Fairness, significantly impacted humanized management in SMEs in Bishan, Chongqing. The strategic initiatives for humanized management for SMEs to support SDGs were given.

Crying wolf, alarm safety and management in paediatrics: A scoping review.

To provide a contemporaneous evidentiary overview of neonatal and paediatric studies investigating alarm-related patient safety and alarm system management. Furthermore, to describe how clinical alarm burden is captured and reported, to identify clinical devices that contribute to alarm burden, to explore alarm-related and patient safety measures and terminologies and to review alarm management initiatives. Scoping review. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus and EBSCOhost was conducted from 2013 to 2023 using predetermined search terms, index terms, medical subject headings and truncation. Observational and qualitative studies with neonatal and paediatric populations reporting monitoring and alarm practices; and interventional studies reporting the success of alarm safety interventions were included. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the mixed methods appraisal tool. The search yielded 37 studies of acceptable quality. The majority explored alarm burden associated with physiological monitoring (n = 35; 95%). Alarm definitions were reported in 46% (n = 17) of studies, and commonly included what constituted actionable and non-actionable alarms. While 32% (n = 12) of studies considered alarms in relation to clinical outcomes surrounding patient safety, clinician response to alarms was only reported in 19% (n = 7) of studies. Alarm and monitoring interventions were assessed in 51% (n = 19) of included studies, with categorization into six domains: changing alarm parameters, clinician education, communication and planning, technology, alarm ordering and standardization or guidelines. This review has demonstrated the enormity of alarms in clinical settings, heterogeneity of alarm definitions and outlined interventions associated with alarm burden and patient safety. Strategies to ensure appropriate alarm limits are set and clinicians are empowered through education to recognize and respond appropriately to alarms can maximize patient safety. This review adheres to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis protocols extension for scoping reviews. No patient or public contribution.

Baseline survey of environmental parameters, radiation, and drip water hydrochemistry in Niah Caves (Sarawak, Malaysia)

Relict caves in fenglin karst may typically have numerous entrances and openings. Hence, they host a variety of environments in which parameters such as light, airflow, humidity, and temperature may vary significantly over short distances. Similarly, drip water hydrochemistry, including isotopic values, may vary due to different contributions of various sources and residence time in the karst. This study investigated environmental parameters, including radiation, using hand-held instruments, along a transect within several major caves in the Niah karst of Sarawak (Malaysia). This has led to a baseline data set which showed an inverse relationship between humidity and temperature, gamma radiation levels that are about 25% of that in surrounding non-karst region, and high percentages of twilight zones in the studied caves. Airflow was found to be variable, with high values of 530 m3/s in Painted Cave and 122 m2/s in parts of Gan Kira passage, with flow towards the southeast at the time of the study. The hydrochemistry of the drip water and surface water was also analyzed and found to be dominantly Ca–Mg–Cl water type which indicates dissolution of minerals through water–rock interaction. In addition, the cave environment, particularly air temperature, humidity, and ventilation, also influences the drip water composition and isotopic values. Three different origins (precipitation, evaporation, and paleo-recharge) of drip water have been identified through the δ18O-δ2H diagram. Enriched isotopic values were observed in the cave entrance due to increased evaporation caused by lower humidity and higher air temperature. Factor analysis identifies the key geochemical processes responsible for the drip water chemistry. The outcome of this study provides the first baseline environmental data for the Niah caves, which could support future initiatives for sustainable management of this famous archeological site in southeast Asia.

Building Confidence, Diminishing Stress: A Clinical Incivility Management Initiative for Nursing Students.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an interactive program designed to reduce nursing students' perceived stress and improve self-efficacy and readiness to professionally address incivility during clinical practice. Incivility in clinical settings adversely impacts learners, educators, institutions, and healthcare systems, undermining safety and the teaching-learning process. Despite its increasing global prevalence, effective interventions remain largely unexplored. Our mixed-methods study, conducted from March to April 2024, involved senior baccalaureate pre-licensure nursing students (N = 35) from a California State University. The three-week, one-hour-per-week, interactive clinical incivility management program was developed through an extensive literature review. Pre- and post-intervention differences were assessed using a 10 min self-administered online survey that included the Uncivil Behavior in Clinical Nursing Education (UBCNE; 12 items), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; 10 items), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE; 10 items), and a sample characteristics questionnaire (11 items). A one-hour face-to-face focus group (n = 11) then provided qualitative data on personal experiences of clinical incivility. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, while qualitative data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Clinical incivility prevalence was 71.4% (n = 25 out of 35). No statistically significant differences were found in UBCNE, PSS, and GSE scores between pre- and post-intervention. However, professional responses to clinical incivility significantly improved after the intervention (t = -12.907, p < 0.001). Four themes emerged from the qualitative data: (a) uncivil behaviors or language from nurses, (b) emotional discouragement and low self-confidence, (c) resource and personnel shortages at clinical sites for education, and (d) the necessity for interventions to manage clinical incivility. Nursing schools and clinical agencies should collaborate to establish monitoring systems, enhance communication, and implement evidence-based policies and interactive interventions to prevent and manage clinical incivility experienced by nursing students from clinical sites.

Large pelagic fish exploitation by longliners in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea: A contribution to spatial planning and sustainable fisheries

Understanding longline fisheries dynamics is crucial for sustainable resource management. This study aims to provide a panorama of the fishing effort of the principal nations that have exploited tuna and associated species in the Atlantic Ocean for the past decade, integrating vessel data from Global Fishing Watch (GFW) and catch data from the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICAAT), with specific information on the production of these different fleets and resources. Twelve nations represented 94.6 % of all Apparent fishing hours (AFH) of the total effort in the Atlantic Ocean and 99.9 % of all catches in the last years. Our study revealed that regions proximate to the continental shelf break and oceanic islands exhibit notably higher fishing effort than other areas within the Atlantic Ocean. We also highlight a declining trend in fishing efforts in the last ten years, likely due to regulation and overfishing. The blue shark (Prionace glauca) was the most caught species in biomass, representing 38.1 %; bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) represented 20.5 %; swordfish (Xiphias gladius) 15.1 %; albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) 11.3 %, and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) 6.1 %. The alarming trends in pelagic shark catch emphasise the need for immediate conservation actions. Management strategies should target critical nations, addressing their significant contributions to shark catch. The lack of information on several species and periods highlights the need for comprehensive research and management initiatives.

Strategic management of diplomatic engagements, security policies, economic initiatives, and cultural influence: Analyzing Pakistan’s leadership role in South Asia's geopolitical stability

This study investigates the numerous crucial factors affecting Pakistan's strategic importance in South Asia, including economic pursuits, cultural influence, security measures, and diplomatic relations. The research uses a mixed methods approach to identify significant relationships between these traits and the perceived effectiveness of Pakistan's regional initiatives. The findings indicate that security protocols negatively impact Pakistan's strategic importance; however, they are positively influenced by economic initiatives and cultural presence in South Asia. Demographic parameters such as age and educational level strongly affect perceptions of Pakistan's regional influence. The study highlights cultural, political, and economic factors that bolster or undermine Pakistan's global stature. Policymakers seeking to enhance Pakistan's regional influence should regard these implications with gravity. The study offers valuable policy recommendations for addressing current challenges and enhances our understanding of South Asian geopolitics.

The links between sustainability dimensions and green campus initiatives in mountain universities

Sustainability and green campus initiatives are widely examined in developed countries but less attention has been paid in developing countries such as Pakistan. Therefore, this study intends to examine the links between sustainability dimensions and green campus initiatives by mediating role of teachers and students’ involvement. Green campus or sustainable campus or environment friendly campus is based on the principles of environmental sustainability, incorporating social, and economic and environmental dimensions. Questionnaire for assessment of sustainability was adopted and 529 responses were received from the faculty, management and servicing staff of the seven Mountain Universities of the Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir in Northern Pakistan. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PL-SEM) was used to analyse the data. The results indicated that energy conservation, water conservation, green transport, sustainable waste management have enhanced campus green initiatives. Teachers and students’ involvement partially mediate the relationship between green transport strategies, sustainable waste management and green campuses initiatives. While on another hand, teachers and students’ involvement have not mediated the links between energy conservation, water conservation and green campus initiatives. The study contributes to theory building in the area of green and environment friendly campus initiatives by enriching the understanding of the processes carrying the effect of sustainability dimensions and both teachers and students’ involvement.