Management In Pakistan Research Articles

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM) in Pakistan: Prevalence, Trends and Management Strategies

The rising incidence of diabetes has become one of the major health problems worldwide. It is especially overburdening low-income countries like Pakistan which ranks 4th in diabetes prevalence. The purpose of this review article is to analyze the current approach to diabetes management in Pakistan and to highlight its deficiencies. It also discusses the future strategies that can help Pakistan to reduce the rising disease burden. Information was collected from the publications which were searched on 'Google scholar' and 'PubMed'. The latest data provided by IDF has shown diabetes prevalence in Pakistan to be 17.1% in 2019; 148% higher than previous reporting. The major obstacles in the effective management of diabetes are lack of resources, societal barriers and patient related issues. In order to reduce the load of diabetes, combined efforts of government, health care professionals and patients are required. In future, diabetes education of the patients as well as HealthCare providers, use of telemedicine for the management of chronic diseases and concept of precision medicine can be applied to decrease diabetes burden in Pakistan.

Impact of Urbanization on Sanitation Management in Pakistan: The Case of Islamabad Capital Territory

The study aims to examine the impact of urbanization on sanitation management in Pakistan, with a specific focus on the case of Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT).The research employs a mixed-methods approach, including a review of relevant literature, field observations, and interviews with key stakeholders. The data collected was analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes in the stakeholders' experiences and perceptions. The findings indicate that urbanization in ICT has led to a significant increase in population density and a corresponding strain on sanitation infrastructure and services. This has resulted in inadequate waste management, lack of access to safe and clean water, and increased incidents of waterborne and vector-borne diseases. The study also highlights the need for a more integrated and holistic approach to sanitation management in ICT, which would involve increased investment in infrastructure and services, as well as community engagement and education. Furthermore, the study suggests that there is a need for a more sustainable approach towards sanitation management which will focus on the community involvement and empowerment. The findings of this research has contributed to the importance of addressing the challenges of urbanization and sanitation management in Pakistan, particularly in the context of ICT, in order to improve public health and living standards for residents.

Study on Fixed and Dynamic Spectrum Access Models for Cellular Networks

Radio frequency spectrum is a scarce resource, hence its effective and efficient utilization for contemporary and future technologies is of paramount importance. This paper mainly focuses on analysing conventional models for spectrum management, such as command and control and market-based models, and their inefficacy to serve the upcoming technological demands globally. Generally outlined observations concerning spectrum mismanagement include lesser availability of unassigned spectrum and under-utilization of spectrum allocated to passive users. Due to the considerable urge for flexible spectrum assignment framework models and policies, new spectrum assignment approaches, such as Dynamic Spectrum Access, are investigated. Moreover, models such as Licensed Shared Access (LSA), which evolved from Europe, and Citizen Bands Radio Service (CBRS) from North America are also evaluated in this paper as potential choices for future spectrum management in Pakistan. In the aforesaid models, spectrum is shared among multiple users as per time, place and dimensions, keeping in view the security and priority of incumbent and licensed users. In addition, the efficiency of spectrum utilization and economic advantages of these models have also been analysed. Lastly, LSA and CBRS are studied comparatively, and spectrum management suggestions are made for effective implementation in Pakistan.

Usefulness of Peak Flow Meter in Monitoring of Asthma Management in Pediatric Age Group

Objective: Toassess the incidence of usage of peak flow meter in the monitoring of asthma management in pediatric age group. Study Design: Descriptive case study Settings: Out Patient Department and Medical Ward of the Children's hospital and The Institute of Child Health Lahorefor duration of six months from 1st October 2016 to 31st March 2017. Methodology: Patients admitted in the hospital fulfilling the criteria of inclusion were enrolled in the analysis. After taking informed consent from parents and approval from ethical committee their demographic information was recorded. The proforma was completed by the researcher. Follow up was done after one-week to label PFM usage. Results: Out of 210 cases, 55.24%(n=116) were between 8-12 years of age while 44.76%(n=94) were between 13-16 years of age, 50.95%(n=107) were male while 49.05%(n=103) were females with mean age 12.0+2.30 years. Frequency of usage of peak flow meter in the monitoring of asthma treatment was recorded in 18.57%(n=39) whereas 81.43%(n=171) had no PFM usage. Conclusion: We concluded that the frequency of usage of peak flow meter in the monitoring of asthma treatment in pediatric age group is similar to other studies but very few data on practices of asthma management in Pakistan and different protocols are used for asthma self-management which needs some-other studies so that more appropriate and evidenced based data may be collected for developing the local guidelines of self-management of asthma. Keywords: Asthma, Monitoring, Usage of peak flow meter

Investing in disaster relief and recovery: A reactive approach of disaster management in Pakistan

Each year, Pakistan faces several disasters, which stresses the already fragile economy. To tackle these disasters, Pakistan is struggling to shift the paradigm from response-based reactive to a mitigation-and-preparedness-based proactive approach. This study aims at examining disaster management financing in pre and post-disaster phases from 2013 to 2019 as protection of lives and property of citizens were in the manifesto of the government which ruled the province during this tenure. To achieve objectives, both quantitative (secondary) and qualitative (primary) data were used. The quantitative data (projects and budgets) were analyzed for categorizing projects and budgets in the pre and post-disaster phases. An extensive desk review under thematic coding was carried out for category identification, setting exclusion criteria and relationship mapping and conceptualization of themes, and linking the relationships that exist among the themes. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with the provincial government and donors for an in-depth understanding of the development budget, current projects, fund-overview, and ideas about future funding in disaster management. Results indicated that government and donor agencies have relatively increased their investments in pre-disaster interventions, such as institutional strengthening, policy programs, livelihood, and agriculture development, information technology, and infrastructure development programs. The funding in the pre-disaster phase by the government has been increased by Pakistani rupees (PKR) 12,131 million (24.9%) in 2018–19 from PKR 7689 million (15.8%) in 2013–14 and the donor agencies increase is PKR 9485 million (42.1%) in 2018–19 from PKR 1478 million (6.6%) in 2013–14. A paradigm shift from reactive towards proactive approach is observed in the province.

A Review of Strategies to Improve Stroke Care Services in Low and Middle-Income Countries: The Innovative Experience of LGH Stroke Programme

This manuscript aims to outline how pre-existing resources can be used for stroke care and how public and government awareness can be raised (influencer model).
 We likewise portray the achievement of the LGH stroke program as an example of advancement. In LGH, reperfusion treatment has begun in recent years and this paper portrays the one of a kind experience in Pakistan. The aim of this study is to do a comparative analysis between Pakistan, Thailand and Egypt and their approaches to stroke care management and treatment. These countries fall under similar economic standing (LMICs) but Egypt and Thailand have relatively better healthcare systems for stroke management as compared to Pakistan. Hence, this paper
 looks into these differences and presents potential solutions to how stroke care management can be improved in Pakistan. Additionally, current stroke management in Pakistan is reviewed.

A Review of Strategies to Improve Stroke Care Services in Low and Middle-Income Countries: The Innovative Experience of LGH Stroke Programme

This manuscript aims to outline how pre-existing resources can be used for stroke care and how public and government awareness can be raised (influencer model).
 We likewise portray the achievement of the LGH stroke program as an example of advancement. In LGH, reperfusion treatment has begun in recent years and this paper portrays the one of a kind experience in Pakistan. The aim of this study is to do a comparative analysis between Pakistan, Thailand and Egypt and their approaches to stroke care management and treatment. These countries fall under similar economic standing (LMICs) but Egypt and Thailand have relatively better healthcare systems for stroke management as compared to Pakistan. Hence, this paper
 looks into these differences and presents potential solutions to how stroke care management can be improved in Pakistan. Additionally, current stroke management in Pakistan is reviewed.

A Novel Fuzzy-Based VIKOR–CRITIC Soft Computing Method for Evaluation of Sustainable Supply Chain Risk Management

This article aims to evaluate sustainable supply chain risks using a novel fuzzy VIKOR–CRITIC technique. The research contributions of this study are twofold. First and foremost, this is the first attempt to integrate the fuzzy VIKOR approach with the CRITIC method in order to eradicate the inadequacies of the VIKOR method. Second, this is the first study to look at the sustainable supply chain risk management in Pakistan’s logistics industry. Four logistics companies were chosen for the study, and thirty criteria were established and divided into four categories using acquired data and literature studies. According to the findings, organizational risks are the most important to consider, whereas environmental hazards have the least influence. Supply delays, freight rate/oil price fluctuations, bankruptcy, and natural catastrophe are the four most important criteria in these categories. Limited suppliers, cargo tracking, IT system failure, and international politics are the four least significant criteria in the four risk categories. The findings are useful for the logistics industry operating in CPEC for risk mitigation and sustainable operation. The research may be used as a guideline for risk identification and management by practitioners and decision-makers in Pakistani logistics organizations.

Current clinical ethics of approaches and challenges to AIDS management

The purpose of the study is to find the ethical challenges to AIDS management in Pakistan. Such acquired immune deficiency syndrome has emerged as a devastating disease for many years. This study was based on a survey performed from April 2021 to July 2021. This survey was attempted by the doctors, medical staff who were dealing the patients with AIDS. It is also filled by the patients and their families to access the ethical approach and challenges relevant to doctors or medical staff at the clinical level. The ethics of approaches and challenges to AIDS management was accessed through queries of the questionnaire. Overall results of the study indicated that we need a proper management system, train the medical staff to engage in AIDS patient's care about basic rules of ethics.

Managing Sports: Exploring Innovative Strategies and Future Advancements

The current study is focused on understanding the mass media impact of the promotion of sport management in Pakistan, especially in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and uncovering innovative promotional approaches. For data collection, a quantitative research method with a cross-sectional survey design was used. For survey instrumentation, a close-ended questionnaire was adopted and disseminated to the target population. A total of 600 participants’ pool was contacted which comprised of sportsmen, media representatives and other officials in KP-Pakistan with an age range of 14 years and above. A convenient sampling approach was employed to examine the role of mass media in the promotion of sports management. The findings revealed that the influence of mass media in the promotion of sports regarding public attitudes have a strong positive role, and media is significantly disseminating information about the value of sports participation and its role in promoting sports culture. It is observed and validated that the mass media plays a significant role in the promotion of sports in KP. Thus, in this study, the potential of mass media to influence and raise public awareness in sports promotion has been highlighted. Sports massively attracts the attention of both print and electronic media; therefore, it is suggested to gain the public interest and generate revenue at large from the sports industry.

Water Governance and Management in the 21st Century: A Case Study of Pakistan

Given the continuous population growth and climate change, water resources are becoming increasingly scarce. With the escalation of this water crisis, water management and governance have become essential concerns across policy agendas. Every country has a different regulatory system, policy framework, specific management requirements, institutional challenges, and capacity gaps concerning the administration of its water resources. The present study focuses on the policy frameworks and institutions for managing water resources in Pakistan at both provincial and federal levels. The paper analyzes water governance challenges and major hurdles regarding effective water management and the development of water resources in the country. A descriptive analysis of the country’s water management and water distribution between the federation and federating units is based on secondary data sources with a qualitative approach through a desk research method. While describing the underpinning issues and challenges of water governance and management in Pakistan, the study findings reveal that the country needs to adopt a collaborative approach towards water governance and management and capacitate the relevant institutions and stakeholders to perform their mandated tasks effectively to ensure a water-secure future for Pakistan. The study recommends launching mass awareness campaigns concerning efficient usage of water, adopting intelligent agriculture techniques, and fast-tracking the completion of new reservoirs while discouraging build-neglect-rebuild policies for the existing water infrastructure. The study also presents limitations and recommendations for future research.

Assessing the Workplace Cyberloafing Behavior among Pharmacists in Pakistan.

After the commencement of the Internet and the popularity of various electronic devices, cyberloafing has become prevalent in the workplace regardless of professional type, demographic characteristics, and country. Individuals use the Internet for work-irrelevant purposes during work hours, which is believed to have a controversial role in work productivity. However, rare studies have paid attention to the prevalence of cyberloafing behavior among Pakistan pharmacists. Considering pharmacists' essential role in the health sector, this study investigates the prevalence of cyberloafing activities among workplace pharmacists in Pakistan. This cross-sectional survey was conducted among 242 registered pharmacists in Pakistan between October 2021 and February 2022 with a structured self-administered online questionnaire. The final sample consisted of 200 valid responses after screening. Data were processed through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analyses. Pearson Chi-square analysis was also used to test the correlation between factors. Descriptive analysis shows that pharmacists spend more time on sharing-related activities and least on gambling/gaming-related activities in the workplace. All the items' Cronbach's alpha values range from 0.923 to 0.927. The analysis indicates that (60%) pharmacists have intermediate Internet skills. The results also suggest that age, Internet usage, and work area have a strong relationship with cyberloafing behaviors which also, in turn, are linked with their perceived Internet skills. This study has important practical implications for pharmacy management in Pakistan. Cyberloafing behavior is prevalent among Pakistan pharmacists. Our findings could inspire how managers and all other relevant stakeholders could improve the pharmacy system in Pakistan.

Potential emerging constraints and management strategies of different honeybee species in Pakistan: A review

Abstract The honey bee ( Hymenoptera Apidae ) is a valuable insect that can be found all around the globe, except in polar regions. Apis mellifera contributes over dollar 200 billion to the world’s economy annually. In Pakistan, pollination-dependent crops have a productivity worth of 1590 million US$, with 61 main crops relying on the pollination of honey bees. Loss of honeybees to a certain level may lead to starvation. In a developing country like Pakistan, it is an issue with food security. Many biotic and abiotic factors are challenging in brooding and rearing honeybees in the country. Excessive use of pesticides, lack of skilled personnel and deforestation is leading to a decline in the population of honeybees. While the need for honeybee products is tremendously increasing with every passing day. The country’s unique vegetative diversity has a significant ecological and economic impact on local wildlife conservation. If properly developed, it offers enormous potential for a long-term beekeeping enterprise. Beekeeping is primarily practiced in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the central and northern areas of the Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Pakistani honey is well-known throughout the Middle East for its distinct flavor and high quality. Every year, Pakistan sells roughly 4000 tons of honey to Arab countries, costing about $ 23 million. This review study briefly describes different honeybee species’ potential constraints and management in Pakistan and will be helpful in developing a sense of awareness that conserving honeybees is a matter of food security.

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF DISSERTATION RESEARCH IN MANAGEMENT

The purpose of this exploratory and descriptive research is to evaluate a representative sample of reference lists of the selected dissertation research in the field of Management in Pakistan by using descriptive citation analysis methods, citation patterns and citation evaluation on a modified, validated objective Tunon & Brydges rubric. Furthermore, the sample was divided into two lusters to compare mean impact factors of reference lists of two lusters to see if quality of dissertations in Management in general is improving over time. Another comparison is made to see how does the quality of theses completed at public universities fare in comparison to the quality of theses completed at private universities. The findings of the research show that PhD theses in the field of Management appear to have been improving in terms of quality as total mean impact factor of the theses completed in second luster (2013-2017) was statistically speaking significantly different from that of the first luster (2008-2012). However, no statistically significant difference was noted between total impact factor mean of public universities’ reference lists, when it was compared to that of private universities; allowing the researcher to conclude though quality of PhD thesis have been improving for the 10-year period studied, however there was no qualitative difference between theses completed at private universities and those which were completed at the public universities.

Review of hospital plastic waste management strategies for Pakistan.

Healthcare waste management is considered one of the biggest challenges that the world is going to face in the future. This threat is becoming reality owing to the worldwide sharp rise in healthcare waste generation particularly during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Like many other environmental crises, hospital plastic waste management is an area that got very little attention despite being highlighted in the literature, local media, as well as in international electronic and print media. This mini-review was conducted to assess the overall prevailing situation regarding hospital plastic waste management in Pakistan. Several illegal and unethical activities have been observed regarding hospital plastic waste management in Pakistan which includes unhygienic recycling, repacking of used hospital plastic items, open dumping on land, and disposal of hospital plastic waste in the ocean. To improve these conditions, suggestions have been made regarding the better management of hospital plastic waste.Graphical abstract

Disaster Management and Community Development: A Pakistani Perspective

After making thorough on-ground observation it is observed that because of hazardous development of populace, evolving needs, financial rivalry and also inflation of the assets for social welfare administrations at the worldwide level are decreasing. Keeping in perspective the contracting position of assets for social welfare and group advancement the idea of investment rose in range of sociological areas and group improvement. Participatory approach gradually and steadily came into use in the group advancement discourse. It was trailed by a fast development in the advancement of techniques for including rustic individuals in looking at their own issues, setting their own objectives, and checking their own accomplishments. It is essential to note that an effectively included and enabled domestic populace is key for effective community development process. This paper deals with similar themes on community development and disaster management in Pakistan.It discusses the fundamental prologue to the worldview of involvement of local community; ontological transformation in disaster administration and procedure of community based disaster management in Pakistan.

Barriers and overcoming strategies to multi-tier sustainable supply chain management: an explorative study in an emerging economy

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to bring attention to the most critical factor of multi-tier sustainable supplier management in an emerging economy. This study used an explorative approach to identify and understand the barriers to multi-tier sustainable supplier management in Pakistan’s textile sector and strategies to overcome these barriers. The top three barriers are ‘lack of technical knowledge, lack of awareness, and lack of interest’. It further proposes eight strategies for overcoming these barriers to multi-tier sustainable supplier management in Pakistan’s textile sector. The top three strategies to overcome these barriers are ‘employee, supplier, and management training’, ‘expert support’, and ‘government regulation’. This study provides the holistic approach to multi-tier sustainable supplier management barriers of an emerging economy. Identified barriers will help and provide a base for textile sector managers and decision-makers in an emerging economy to develop policies and strategies to address identified barriers.

Water management in Pakistan's Indus Basin: challenges and opportunities

Abstract The Indus River System is a major source of life in Pakistan. A vast array of Pakistan's agricultural and domestic consumption needs are critically dependent on the Indus River System. The Indus River contributes towards 25% of the country's gross domestic product, providing water for almost 90% of the food production in Pakistan. Linked to the water security issues, Pakistan is potentially at risk of facing a severe food shortage in the near future. The World Bank report of 2020–2021 estimates that the water shortage will increase to 32% by 2025, which will result in a food shortage of almost 70 million tons. Water shortage could also result in confrontation between the provinces as river sharing has always been a source of problem for Pakistan. According to recent estimates, siltation and climate change will reduce the water storage capacity by 2025 to almost 30%. As for the per capita water storage capacity in Pakistan, it is about 150 m3, which is quite meagre in comparison with that in other countries. Irrigated agriculture will soon be adversely affected due to the reduced surface water supplies and the consequent increase in groundwater abstraction. To make matters worse, over the past decades, a great deal of distrust has developed among the provinces of Pakistan regarding the water distribution issue, and the successive federal governments have failed to formulate a cohesive inter-provincial National Water Policy. Along with the shortages and increasing demand for water, administrative corruption also plagues the water sector and is quite common. The beneficiaries of this water reallocation system are not only the rural elite, for example the large and politically influential landlords, but also the small and medium capitalist farmers. If not properly addressed, these complications of decreasing water resources could result in serious political and economic hostility among the provinces. If it wants to harness its potential to increase storage capacity, Pakistan must improve its water-use efficiency and manage its groundwater and surface water resources in a sustainable way. Strengthening the institutions and removing mistrust among the provinces are the key elements for maintaining a sustainable irrigated agriculture in the Indus Basin.

Women as a Change Agent in Environmental Protection and Management in Pakistan

Women as a Change Agent in Environmental Protection and Management in Pakistan

Sustainability of Recycling Waste Picker Sustainopreneurs for Prevention and Mitigation of Municipal Solid Waste in Swat

This study assessed the role of waste picker sustainopreneurs (WPS) by examining their recycling contributions in a special case of District Swat, Pakistan. Using a transformative worldview, this study acknowledges their contributions to recycling. The study envisages how entrepreneurial agency works in unanticipated ways where the poorest of the poor enterprise without resources demonstrate unexpected agency to improve the environment. An inductive research design in conjunction with grounded theory was used to analyze data from 37 interviews in three tehsils of District Swat. The recycling sector uses primitive measures, which are completely informal, self-organized, and self-controlled. Surprisingly, we discovered that informal recycling contributes unfavorably to waste, energy, and food (WEF) security due to intermixing and adulteration, as well as acts as a gray channel for illicit practices that have taken advantage of tax amnesty in the area until 2023. The uncontrolled welding of half cut and nose cut car parts has skyrocketed the motorization index and CO2 emissions; however, it has also resulted in alternative sources of livelihoods, as these accidental environmentalists had found modern sources of income. This is similar to low-tech innovation and business creation that takes advantage of tax holidays due to the special status of District Swat. The study highlights the most and least valuable recyclables and identifies the gray channel markets of spare parts, metal recycling, counterfeit products, fuel intermixing, and adulteration. The study contributes by untangling the understanding of a legal gambit of tax amnesty as a critical pre-policy input as well as advocates for rights of invisible stakeholders of waste management in Pakistan.