Management Of Chronic Kidney Disease Research Articles

Remnant cholesterol, preinflammatory state and chronic kidney disease: association and mediation analyses

Blood lipid management is a key approach in the prevention of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Remnant cholesterol (RC) plays an important role in the development of multiple diseases via chronic inflammation. The aim of our study was to determine the relationship between RC and CKD and explore the role of inflammation in this relationship. The 7696 subjects from the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey were divided into four subgroups according to the quartile of RC. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Fasting RC was calculated as total cholesterol minus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate the relationships between RC and CKD. Mediation analysis was undertaken to identify potential mediators of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and white blood cells (WBCs). Of all participants, the mean age was 51 years, and the male accounted for 47.8%. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for the highest versus lowest quartile of remnant cholesterol were 1.40 (1.10–1.78, p for trend = 0.006) for CKD. RC and preinflammatory markers have combined effect on CKD. The preinflammatory state, presented by increased hs-CRP or WBCs, partially mediated the association between RC and CKD with proportion of 10.14% (p = 0.002) and 11.65% (p = 0.012), respectively. In conclusion, this study suggested a positive relationship between RC and CKD, which was partially mediated by preinflammatory state. These findings highlight the importance of RC and inflammation in renal dysfunction. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject?: Dyslipidemia plays an important role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Remnant cholesterol (RC), as a triglyceride-rich particle, can contribute to target organ damage, primarily through inflammatory pathways. However, the relationship between RC and CKD in the community-dwelling population, particularly the role of inflammation, is not yet fully understood. What do the results of this study add?: This study shows that RC was significantly associated with CKD. RC and preinflammatory status exhibit a combined effect on CKD. Preinflammatory state, presented by increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or white blood cells, partially mediated the association between RC and CKD. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research?: The study provides us with a better understanding of the role of RC and inflammation in kidney dysfunction and raises the awareness of RC in the management of CKD.

Plasma d-asparagine and the d/l-serine ratio reflect chronic kidney diseases in children regardless of physique

Biomarkers that accurately reflect renal function are essential in management of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, in children, age/physique and medication often alter established renal biomarkers. We studied whether amino acid enantiomers in body fluids correlate with renal function and whether they are influenced by physique or steroid medication during development. We conducted a prospective study of children 2 to 18 years old with and without CKD. We analyzed associations of serine/asparagine enantiomers in body fluids with major biochemical parameters as well as physique. To study consequences of kidney dysfunction and steroids on serine/asparagine enantiomers, we generated juvenile mice with uninephrectomy, ischemic reperfusion injury, or dexamethasone treatment. We obtained samples from 27 children, of which 12 had CKD due to congenital (n = 7) and perinatal (n = 5) causes. Plasma d-asparagine and the d/l-serine ratio had robust, positive linear associations with serum creatinine and cystatin C, and detected CKD with high sensitivity and specificity, uninfluenced by body size or biochemical parameters. In the animal study, kidney dysfunction increased plasma d-asparagine and the d/l-serine ratio, but dexamethasone treatment did not. Thus, plasma d-asparagine and the d/l-serine ratio can be useful markers for renal function in children.

Reduction in Serum Concentrations of Uremic Toxins Driven by Bifidobacterium Longum Subsp. Longum BL21 is Associated with Gut Microbiota Changes in a Rat Model of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis and consequent impairment of gut barrier function, culminating in elevated levels of uremic toxins, are prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. These toxins, notably indoxyl sulphate (IS), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), are implicated in a spectrum of CKD-related complications, including cardiovascular disease, bone and mineral disorders, and inflammation. The specific impacts of various probiotics on these CKD manifestations remain unexplored. This study delved into the potential of dietary probiotic interventions, particularly Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21, to modulate gut microbiota and mitigate metabolic disorders in a CKD rat model. Over a six-week period, we administered a dietary regimen of BL21 and conducted comprehensive analyses, including serum uremic toxin quantification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, to systematically profile gut microbial alterations at the phylogenetic level. Our findings reveal that BL21 intervention significantly ameliorated CKD-induced disruptions in gut microbial populations, enhancing both microbial richness and the relative abundance of key taxa. Importantly, BL21 appeared to exert its beneficial effects by modulating the abundance of crucial species such as Barnesiella and Helicobacter. Functionally, the intervention markedly normalized serum levels of IS, IAA, and TMAO, while potentially attenuating p-cresol sulphate (PCS) and p-cresol glucuronide (PCG) concentrations. Consequently, BL21 demonstrated efficacy in regulating gut microbiota and curtailing the accumulation of uremic toxins. Our results advocate for the utilization of BL21 as a dietary intervention to diminish serum uremic toxins and re-establish gut microbiota equilibrium at the phylogenetic level, underscoring the promise of probiotic strategies in the management of CKD.

Can remote testing for chronic kidney disease improve outcomes without widening existing health inequalities? A collaborative quality improvement project in primary care.

In the UK, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent, silent and strong predictor of cardiovascular disease. Identification of CKD is poor in primary care, particularly in minority ethnic and socio-economically deprived groups. To investigate feasibility of remote ACR testing to improve the detection and management of CKD in underserved groups. 13 591 tests were sent out across South East London. Individuals with diabetes and no ACR in the past year were offered a remote ACR test to complete at home with a smartphone using a validated app (Healthy.io). We extracted data on demographics, medical comorbidities and medication. Analyses (Stata) describe who completed the test. Twenty-seven practices agreed to participate. Analyses of 6082 tests sent show the test completion rate was 46.8%. Adjusted odds ratios demonstrated that people were less likely to complete testing if over 70 years (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.89) and over 80 (OR 0.43, CI 95% 0.33 to 0.56) compared to <40 years old; people from CORE20 groups (most deprived quintile) were also less likely to complete testing (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.76) and those with missing data and those with no recorded healthcare interactions within the last 5 years were also less likely to complete testing. Remote ACR testing presents an opportunity to diagnose early CKD but there is still inequity in who completes testing. Engagement with stakeholders is needed to explore innovative ways to implement remote ACR testing to achieve equitable CKD screening.

What every clinician needs to know about chronic kidney disease: Detection, classification and epidemiology.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major healthcare challenge, affecting >800 million people worldwide. Implications for population health result from the strong associations of CKD with increased rates of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, progressive CKD leading to kidney failure, acute kidney injury (AKI), and mortality. In addition to a single disease perspective, CKD commonly coexists alongside other long-term conditions, in particular type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. CKD is therefore an important component of multimorbidity that influences individual management and impacts prognosis. CKD is defined by abnormalities of kidney structure or function of any cause with implications for health that are present for longer than 3 months. The diagnosis is usually made on the basis of an abnormal glomerular filtration rate (GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and/or the presence of proteinuria (urine albumin to creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g or >3 mg/mmol). GFR is usually estimated from serum creatinine concentration using a variety of validated equations. However, serum creatinine is closely related to muscle mass and may therefore not be an accurate marker of GFR in people with high or low muscle mass (sarcopaenia). Cystatin C is an alternative endogenous marker of GFR that is increasingly being used but also has limitations. An estimate of GFR based on both creatinine and cystatin C is the most accurate. Diagnosis should be followed by classification and risk stratification to guide the development of a risk-based, personalized care plan. Improved detection and widespread implementation of optimal CKD management has the potential to bring major benefits to population health.

#3014 Primary care perspective on management of chronic kidney disease in Tunisia

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a significant public health challenge. The primary care physician holds a crucial position in facilitating its early detection, serving as a linchpin in the comprehensive management of patients often with multiple comorbidities. The objective of our study was to investigate CKD management in primary care practitioners in Tunisia and their relationship with nephrologists. Method We conducted a cross-sectional study involving family physicians and general practitioners. This involved a self-administered questionnaire using Google Forms, aiming to investigate CKD management in the context of primary care in Tunisia, along with an examination of collaboration with nephrologists. Results Our study included 43 practitioners with a gender ratio of M/F = 0.3. The average age of participants was 30.7 years [25-53 years]. Of the 43 participants, 95% practiced in urban areas, and 74% were in training. They worked in university hospitals (53%), primary care centers (21%), regional hospitals (19%), and private practices (7%). When asked about their feelings during the management of a patient with CKD, the main response was anxiety (65%) followed by indifference (18%), confidence (12%), and fear (5%). According to practitioners, the uniqueness of CKD management was due to the polypathological nature of patients (79%), the difficulty in managing certain cases (74%), the difficulty in applying certain recommendations (60%), the lack of medications (2%), and the difficulty in accessing complementary tests in primary care (2%). The means of training and sources of information on CKD mentioned were specialized medical journals (49%), medical websites (40%), peer groups (4%), pharmaceutical industry representatives (2%), and no source (5%). The means of training included additional studies certificates (23%), workshops/plenary sessions (44%), specialized webinars (30%), intra-hospital medical days (46%), nephrology internships (28%), and no available means (16%). Regarding the relationship with the nephrologist in joint management, 42% had a corresponding nephrologist. Thirty percent declared no difficulty in referring patients to nephrology when necessary. In case of difficulty, it would be related to long delays in obtaining a consultation with the nephrologist (60%), the geographical distance of nephrology centers (30%), and sometimes patient refusal (23%). When discovering CKD, 60% immediately referred patients to the nephrologist. On a scale of 0 to 5, communication and coordination of care between nephrologists and primary care physicians were estimated at 0 by 12%, 1 by 16%, 2 by 30%, 3 by 30%, 4 by 12%. Regarding end stage CKD management, practitioners informed patients about kidney transplantation (9%), hemodialysis (53%), peritoneal dialysis (16%), and 55% stated they did not have to inform patients about these techniques. Sixty-three percent continued to follow patients after the initiation of renal replacement therapy. Conclusion Our work revealed that the predominant sentiment when dealing with CKD patients in primary care is anxiety. This emotion appears to stem from the intricate nature of CKD management, primarily associated with the polypathological profile of patients and challenges in implementing recommended guidelines, compounded by difficulties in accessing nephrologist consultations. The imperative challenge lies in enhancing information accessibility for practitioners to optimize CKD management within this medical context.

#1395 Management of CKD patients and HK, as its main complication: degree of adoption of the multi-society consensus on CKD and HK in Spain

Abstract Background and Aims The high incidence, morbidity and mortality of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) makes it a public health problem, due to the difficulties in its early detection and management. Hyperkalemia (HK) is a common complication of CKD, also associated with high morbidity and mortality, impacting on the management of patients with CKD and leading sometimes to deoptimization of their treatment. It has been shown that the development of multidisciplinary consensus contributes to improving patient management. With this objective, the multi-society consensus documents –Information and consensus document for the detection and management of chronic kidney disease (2022)- and –Recommendations for the management of hyperkalemia in the emergency department (2022)- have been published. The aim of this study is to analyze the degree of adoption of the recommendations of both consensus in clinical practice in Spain, in order to identify potential areas of improvement in the management of CKD patients with HK. Method This study is based on the perceptions obtained through the discussion on the applicability of the national consensus documents for the management of CKD and HK. To this end, two medical education programs focused on CKD and HK, respectively, were carried out to discuss the applicability of both consensuses. In total, 41 meetings were held (14 from ERC and 27 from HK) from April 2022 to April 2023, involving a total of 542 healthcare professionals (HCPs) (nephrologists and emergency physicians). The main hypothesis was that neither the consensuses are being followed regularly in Spanish clinical practice. All responses were coded numerically, and a national mean was created based on the meeting means. Results The majority of nephrologists who participated in the discussion of the consensus analysis consider that CKD is underdiagnosed (77%), and that the detection of albuminuria is not routinely performed in Primary Care (PC) (72%). Furthermore, half of the nephrologists point out that referrals from PC do not meet the recommended criteria. In relation to treatment, almost 90% of nephrologists would follow the recommendations for the use of RAASi (renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors) and Dapagliflozin very frequently. Regarding HK (a complication of CKD), 42% of HCPs considered that 30-40% of patients with CKD and/or HF suffered a second episode of HK. In relation to its management, only 21% of HCPs considered that the recommendations to maintain treatment with RAASis were followed. Of those who modified it, more than 50% did not consider reintroducing it or considered it little. 33% of HCPs did not show willingness to use the new antihyperkalemia treatments upon discharge. 50% of the participants said they did not have access to them. Regarding follow-up, 54% considered that it should be done by PC specialists. Conclusion The recommendations specified in the CKD and HK management consensuses are being applied less than desired in Spanish clinical practice. Especially highlighting the lack of detection of albuminuria and non-compliance with the referral criteria in patients with CKD, which is consistent with the high underdiagnosis described in Spain. Furthermore, the recommendation of not to modifying the RAASi treatment for the management of HK is not regularly adopted, despite of its impact on the morbidity and mortality of these patients. This information could help to guide future interventions that aim to improve the diagnosis and management of patients with CKD and/or HK.

#950 Conservative care management in chronic kidney disease: a value for the money?

Abstract Background and Aims In Portugal, in 2021 the Directorate General of Health proposed the implementation of conservative care management (or kidney palliative care) as an option to handle frail Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients or those who opt not to proceed to Kidney Replacement Therapy Options (KRT). A guideline regulated the clinical framework for this proposal but its socioeconomic evaluation and subsequent reimbursement has not been established. This has become a barrier to its application by public and private providers. This work intends to evaluate the limitations of costs and outcomes analysis in context of end-of-life care in CKD patients and propose indicators to compare cost effectiveness in dialysis and conservative care management. Method A narrative review from the literature have been made to evaluate epidemiological, social, individual and economic burden of ESKD and its treatment modalities. A reflection has been made on the benefits of Conservative Care (CC) and the limitations to evaluate cost effectiveness for this option compared to dialysis. Results Cost-effectiveness analysis is a method of comparing costs and effects of two or more alternatives in health or social care interventions to an outcome. Conceptual models of cost-effectiveness analysis evaluate outcomes compared to costs. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) is a popular measure of outcome, but its use is problematic in ESKD. Costs of care are mostly elevated at the end of life and the way they are calculated is also debatable (Fig. 1). Some indicators may be used to compare CC and dialysis (Fig. 2). Conclusion The health policies should guarantee access to the health care, with quality, effectiveness and safety in the provision of services with efficiency but at the same time to assure financial sustainability and patients’ satisfaction. For some patients CC may embody an option that represents value for the money. To prove this reality, a cost-effectiveness evaluation must be implemented based on pre-specified indicators that override the limitations of this analysis in this specific context.

#3008 Very low protein diet with ketoanalogues supplementation could start haemodialysis with AVF without additional CVCs insertion

Abstract Background and Aims Nutritional interventions and a low-protein diet (LPD) are a critical point in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several protein-restricted dietary regimens have been proposed in patients with end stage kidney disease: a typical LPD provides around 0.6–0.7 g·kg meanwhile a very low-protein diet (VLPD) provides around 0.3–0.4 g·kg and it is basically a vegetarian diet which has to be supplemented with essential amino acids (EAA) to satisfy the body nitrogen need and with nitrogen-free ketoanalogues (KA) to recirculate the endogenous urea, whose serum levels are elevated in patients with CKD. KA and EAA reduce the rate of progression of chronic kidney disease and improve the inflammatory state; they reduce the absorption of phosphates and can maintain a good state of nutrition even if associated with diets with very low protein content. On the contrary, an excessively restrictive and inadequate diet in terms of EAA or calorie intake induces a negative nitrogen balance, therefore cachexia. The recommended vascular access to start dialysis treatment is represented by the arteriovenous fistula (AVF). An early referral to the vascular surgeon for vascular access creation is pivotal for deciding on a patient-specific strategy for planning access. Guidelines advise referral at least 3–6 months before the expected start of HD, because time is needed for AVF maturation and possible repeat interventions when it is impaired. An early referral results in more autologous AVFs, which have a better long-term patency, whereas late referral, results in a greater risk of AVF non-maturation and failure and therefore the need for additional central venous catheters (CVCs) to initiate dialysis. Recent studies have shown that pre-dialysis patients who undergo a VLDP + KA require less emergency dialysis access and have better elasticity of the arterial wall, better maturation rates and duration of the AVF and sometimes a reduction in the uremic toxins responsible of endothelial dysfunction. The aim of the study was to evaluate if patients could start haemodialysis with fistula cannulation, without central venous catheter insertion. Method 10 patients, late referral end stage renal disease were enrolled in a prospective, single arm study starting very low protein diet supplemented with ketoanalogues after arteriovenous fistula creation; they were followed with periodically assessment of renal function, uremic toxin, and acid-base balance until they need to start haemodialysis. It was evaluated AVF maturation and needs to additional CVC insertion. Results Patients (3 females, 7 males) mean age was 71.2 years; before AVF creation, baseline mean value was: sCr: 6.46 mg/dl, sUrea: 150 mg/dl, phosphorus: 4.45 mg/dl, bicarbonates: 19.8 mmol/l, eGFR: 8,37 ml/min. After 3 months of VLPD supplemented with KA, eGFR and sCr was stable to 8.25 ml/min and 6.69 respectively, sUrea and phosphorus reduced to 115 mg/dl and 3.8 mg/dl, and bicarbonate increased to 22.4 mmol/l. All 10 patients achieved AVF maturation within 3 months, no one needed CVC insertion. Conclusion In this small group we see how late referral ESRD patients, undergone AVF surgery, after 3 months of VLPD supplemented with KA, had stability of renal function, with reduction of urea and phosphorus, improvement of acid-base balance and achievement of AVF maturation, without needing of CVC insertion. For these reasons VLPD + KA could be useful in delaying haemodialysis start in late referral ESRD patients who have created AVF, without emergency placement of a central venous catheter.

#1287 Duration of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate treatment and continuation of RAASi therapy after a hyperkalaemia episode

Abstract Background and Aims Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor (RAASi) therapy is foundational in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure (HF) but increases the risk of hyperkalaemia (HK). Current guidelines recommend continuation of RAASi therapy while managing risk of HK using novel potassium binders, such as sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC). This study describes the likelihood of continued RAASi therapy after a HK episode by SZC treatment duration in routine clinical practice across three countries. Method This observational study used contemporary data from healthcare registries and claims in the US, Japan and Spain, and included non-dialysis patients diagnosed with CKD and/or HF who initiated outpatient treatment with SZC while on RAASi therapy. The duration of SZC treatment and continuation of RAASi therapy were described using the Kaplan–Meier method. The association between time on SZC treatment and continuation of RAASi therapy is being analysed by applying Hernàn's randomised trial emulation approach (using cloning, censoring and weighting) to avoid the risk of immortal time bias. A weighted Kaplan–Meier method with bootstrapping will be used to estimate the likelihood of continued RAASi treatment at, e.g. 180 days by SZC treatment duration strategy, e.g. 1–30, 31–60 days, etc. The corresponding association will be evaluated using the z-test where the estimated probabilities are compared between strategies. Results This study included 4008 patients who initiated outpatient treatment with SZC, across the US (3137), Japan (655) and Spain (216). For the US, Japan and Spain, respectively, mean age was 72.9, 76.0 and 72.6 years; 54.4%, 62.9% and 58.3% were male; 95.8%, 71.9% and 94.4% had CKD; and 39.8%, 79.1% and 36.1% had HF. In the US, 31.5% (95% CI 29.8–33.2%) were treated with SZC for at least 60 days, and 14.4% (95% CI 13.1–15.8%) were treated for at least 120 days. Among US patients still on SZC treatment at 120 days, 84.0% (95% CI 81.2–86.8%) remained on RAASi therapy at that time, while the corresponding value for all SZC initiators, including those who discontinued SZC earlier, was 65.5% (63.7–67.3%). In Japan, 32.2% (95% CI 28.6–36.2%) were treated with SZC for at least 120 days and, of these, 92.3% (95% CI 89.3–95.4%) remained on RAASi therapy at that time. Among all SZC initiators (including the early discontinuers), 78.4% (95% CI 75.1–81.8%) remained on RAASi therapy at 120 days. In Spain, most patients (78.0% [95% CI 72.2–84.2%]) were treated with SZC for at least 120 days, and 84.6% (95% CI 79.4–90.2%) of these patients remained on RAASi therapy at that time. Analyses of the likelihood of continued RAASi treatment by SZC treatment duration strategy using Hernàn's approach are currently ongoing and will be presented at the congress. Conclusion This study provides contemporary insights into the management of HK with the novel potassium binder SZC across three different countries and demonstrates that duration of SZC treatment is positively associated with continued guideline-directed RAASi therapy after a HK episode.

#2106 Higher daily protein intake can reduce the risk of infections in kidney transplant recipients during the early post-transplant period

Abstract Background and Aims Kidney transplantation (KT) is considered the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and it significantly contributes to enhancing the quality of life and extending the survival of patients with ESRD. After kidney transplantation, the early and heavy use of immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids can affect the recipients' immune status to varying degrees, increasing the risk of postoperative infections caused by a wide range of pathogens. Thus, the prevention and management of infectious diseases are major factors contributing to improved outcomes in kidney transplantation. Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is commonly observed in uremic patients, and it may persist even after they have undergone kidney transplantation (KT). And PEW is a significant factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Providing appropriate dietary guidance and intervention is essential for enhancing the immune status of recipients, promoting a positive nitrogen balance in the body, minimizing infections, and safeguarding graft function. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between daily protein intake (DPI) and postoperative infections at 3 months post-transplant, which may establish a foundation for the early postoperative protein intake regimen, reducing the incidence of postoperative infections, and improving the early prognosis of kidney transplantation. Method This is a retrospective observational study. 176 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) who underwent kidney transplant in West China Hospital from December 2021 to June 2022 were included and followed up regularly. 24-hour urine urea data were collected at months 1 and 3 post-transplant to calculate their DPI. These KTRs were further divided into two groups according to the recommended DPI for KTRs by the 2021 Practice Guidelines for the Nutritional Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, namely high intake group (Group 1, with DPI ≥ 1.4 g/kg·d, n = 66) and low intake group (Group 2, with DPI &amp;lt; 1.4 g/kg·d, n = 110). Occurrence of hospitalization and postoperative infections within 3 months were recorded. Multiple logistic regression was utilized to analyze the association between DPI and early postoperative infections at 3 months post-transplant. Results Mean DPI levels at month 1 post-transplant were 1.58 ± 0.22 g/kg·d in Group 1 and 1.02 ± 0.31 g/kg·d in Group 2, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.05), this huge difference in DPI between the two groups continued to month 3. There was no significant difference in age, gender, pre-transplant body mass index (BMI), dialysis type and time, donor type, or the ratio of delayed graft function (DGF) between the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of hospitalization between the two groups during the postoperative period of 3 months (P = 0.027). Pneumonia was the most common reason of hospitalization after transplantation, followed by urinary tract infection. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that higher DPI in the early post-transplant period was a protective factor for infection after kidney transplantation. Conclusion In the early post-transplant period, consuming higher levels of dietary protein may reduce the risk of infections and complications, and help preserve the function of the transplanted kidney.

#2736 Higher daily protein intake can reduce the risk of infections in kidney transplant recipients during the early post-transplant period

Abstract Background and Aims Kidney transplantation (KT) is considered the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and it significantly contributes to enhancing the quality of life and extending the survival of patients with ESRD. After kidney transplantation, the early and heavy use of immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids can affect the recipients' immune status to varying degrees, increasing the risk of postoperative infections caused by a wide range of pathogens. Thus, the prevention and management of infectious diseases are major factors contributing to improved outcomes in kidney transplantation. Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is commonly observed in uremic patients, and it may persist even after they have undergone kidney transplantation (KT). And PEW is a significant factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Providing appropriate dietary guidance and intervention is essential for enhancing the immune status of recipients, promoting a positive nitrogen balance in the body, minimizing infections, and safeguarding graft function. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between daily protein intake (DPI) and postoperative infections at 3 months post-transplant, which may establish a foundation for the early postoperative protein intake regimen, reducing the incidence of postoperative infections, and improving the early prognosis of kidney transplantation. Method This is a retrospective observational study. 176 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) who underwent kidney transplant in West China Hospital from December 2021 to June 2022 were included and followed up regularly. 24-hour urine urea data were collected at month 3 post-transplant to calculate their DPI. These KTRs were further divided into two groups according to the recommended DPI for KTRs by the 2021 Practice Guidelines for the Nutritional Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, namely high intake group (Group 1, with DPI ≥ 1.4 g/kg·d, n = 66) and low intake group (Group 2, with DPI &amp;lt; 1.4 g/kg·d, n = 110). Occurrence of postoperative infections events within 3 months were recorded. Multiple logistic regression was utilized to analyze the association between DPI and early postoperative infections at 3 months post-transplant. Results Mean DPI levels at month 3 post-transplant were 1.75 ± 0.56 g/kg·d in Group 1 and 0.98 ± 0.24 g/kg·d in Group 2, respectively. There was no significant difference in age, gender, pre-transplant body mass index (BMI), dialysis type and time, donor type, or the ratio of delayed graft function (DGF) between the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of hospitalization for infections between the two groups during the postoperative period of 3 months (P = 0.027). Pneumonia was the most common reason of rehospitalization after transplantation, followed by urinary tract infection. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that higher DPI in the early post-transplant period was a protective factor for infection after kidney transplantation. Conclusion In the early post-transplant period, consuming higher levels of dietary protein can reduce the risk of infections and complications, and help preserve the function of the transplanted kidney.

#426 “Predict-PD”: a machine learning tool to predict patient survival in peritoneal dialysis patients

Abstract Background and Aims With the rising prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly among the elderly, the need for effective renal replacement therapy has become increasingly crucial. Peritoneal dialysis (PD), recognized as a gentler alternative to haemodialysis, offers advantages in cognitive preservation and overall quality of life. Patient survival on PD, a tangible outcome measure, gains particular importance, especially in an aging demographic confronting end-stage kidney disease. Predicting survival thus becomes vital in facilitating individualized treatment planning and has implications on resource allocation and patient counseling. Method Our study analysed data from the UK Renal Registry and included 22 711 incident dialysis patients choosing PD between 2007 and 2022. Our objective was to employ Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms in developing an advanced risk stratification indicator with high predictive capabilities, specifically tailored for use in the United Kingdom's transplant selection procedure. We conducted experiments using three distinct machine learning models and evaluated their performance in terms of calibration and discrimination, utilizing metrics such as the integrated Brier score (IBS) and Harrell's concordance index. We assessed the potential clinical utility using decision curve analysis. Results The XGBoost model demonstrated excellent predictive efficacy for patient survival, with a concordance of 0.78. Further scrutiny revealed AUC values at 1 year (0.81), 3 years (0.78), and 5 years (0.77). The integrated Brier score, a comprehensive measure of predictive accuracy, was 0.09. There was no statistical difference between the actual and predicted survival probabilities (P = 0.72). Decision curve analysis accentuated the model's clinical applicability. Conclusion This study illustrates the potential of machine learning in prognosticating patient survival in PD, offering a pathway towards individualized patient-centric management in nephrology. The findings advocate for the integration of data-driven methodologies in clinical decision-making, paving the way for enhanced personalized care in CKD management and can serve as a guide for future research.

#1306 Online medical education advances physicians’ understanding of the clinical benefits of SGLT 2 inhibition in chronic kidney disease management

Abstract Background and Aims Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a substantially impaired cardio-renal health prognosis and a reduced life expectancy. Several recent cardio-renal outcomes trials have demonstrated the clinical benefits conveyed by Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors with respect to improved cardiovascular (CV) risk and reduced decline in kidney function. The goal of this online medical education activity was for learners to be better able to detect CKD early in clinical practice and integrate reno-protective therapies, such as SGLT2 inhibitors, into their management of suitable patients with CKD. Method Five nephrology experts participated in a 30-min online video program with synchronized slides and written transcript. Educational effect was assessed using a repeated-pair design with pre-/post-assessment. 3 multiple choice questions assessed knowledge/competence, 1 question rated on a Likert-type scale assessed confidence. A paired samples t-test was conducted on overall average number of correct responses and for confidence rating, a McNemar's test was conducted at the question level (5% significance level). Cohen's d with correction for paired samples estimated the effect size of the education on number of correct responses. Data collection from 28 December 2022 to 1 March 2023. Results Conclusion Participation of PCP in an online video expert program improved their understanding of the close association between metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular diseases, the latest results of CKD outcome trials with SGLT2 inhibition in CKD management, as well as their competence in the practical use of these reno-protective medications in suitable patients with CKD.

#1465 Enhancing vascular access planning in CKD: validating the 40% KFRE threshold in a French retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background and Aims The optimal timing for dialysis vascular access creation remains a complex clinical decision, balancing the risk of early intervention against the prospect of starting dialysis with a central venous catheter. This study sought to compare the predictive capabilities of the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) and estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) in determining the appropriate timing for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Method A retrospective cohort of 238 patients referred for ultrasound vascular mapping from April 2013 to June 2023 was analyzed. Data on patient characteristics, laboratory results, and clinical outcomes were collected. The 4-variable and 8-variable KFRE and eGFR were assessed for their ability to predict end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) within a 2-year period. Discrimination was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and calibration was assessed graphically. Net benefit decision curves were utilized to compare the net benefit of the KFRE models at various threshold probabilities. Results The cohort comprised 238 patients with an average age of 65.2 years and a mean eGFR of 13.3 mL/min/m²73. During the median 10.7-month follow-up, 178 patients (74.8%) progressed to ESKD, and 21 (9.2%) died prior to reaching ESKD. At the 1-year mark, the probability of progressing to ESKD was 77.6% (95% CI, 69.9-85.3%) when a 40% threshold for the 4-variable KFRE was applied, compared to 65.8% (95% CI, 58.3-73.3%) with an eGFR threshold of 15 mL/min/m²73. Discrimination analysis demonstrated a superior predictive performance for the 8-variable KFRE at 6 months, with a C-statistic of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.76-0.88). At 1 year, both KFRE models showed strong predictive abilities, with C-statistics of 0.835 (95% CI: 0.78-0.89) for the 4-variable KFRE and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.76-0.875) for the 8-variable KFRE. Sensitivity and specificity analyses underscored the benefits of utilizing the 40% KFRE threshold for predicting ESKD over the eGFR threshold. Conclusion The study demonstrates that both the 4-variable and 8-variable KFRE are valuable tools for predicting the need for vascular access in pre-dialysis patients, outperforming eGFR alone. The 8-variable KFRE, in particular, provides a significant improvement in 6-months ESKD prediction, with potential implications for clinical decision-making and patient management in advanced CKD. These findings advocate for the incorporation of KFRE in the clinical evaluation process for timely and appropriate vascular access planning.

#1098 Utilizing a novel individual patient performance score for mortality prediction in hemodialysis patients

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) management has advanced significantly over recent years, yet mortality rates among hemodialysis (HD) patients remain high. This study aims to assess the impact of changes in an individualized patient performance score (IPPS) on survival in a large cohort of HD patients. Method This multicentre, observational, prospective cohort study included HD patients across 19 countries, starting from January 1st, 2022. We followed these patients for one year, categorizing them based on their survival status at year's end. We calculated the mean IPPS monthly, from June to December 2021, and divided the patients into tertiles based on their December 2021 scores. Subsequently, we formed five groups based on their IPPS dynamics over six months. We used Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses to evaluate survival, presenting the results as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The IPPS, ranging from 0 to 100, was calculated based on eight key performance areas, with higher scores indicating better medical performance: Vascular Access (20 points): type of vascular access, episodes of thrombosis and infection); HD adequacy (20 points): eKt/V, blood flow and treatment time; Anemia (20 points): hemoglobin concentration, transferrin saturation, ferritin; Arterial hypertension (10 points): mean arterial pressure; Mineral Bone disease (15 points): iPTH, plasmatic phosphorus and calcium; Fluid status (5 points): percentage of interdialytic fluid gain; Nutrition (5 points): plasmatic albumin and phosphorus and Others (5 points): influenzae vaccination, transplantation status and hospitalization events. The final score is obtained by the weighted sum of positive clinical factors, subtracted from the weighted sum of negative clinical factors and is reported as a number ranging from 0 to 100, with a higher score representing a better medical performance. Results The study included 10 458 HD patients. In the survival analysis, a significant increase in mortality odds was observed in patients with a stable IPPS of 72 or lower, compared to those with a score consistently above 86. Patients transitioning from the lowest to the highest tertile in six months had a mortality HR similar to those consistently in the highest tertile. On the other hand, patients showing a decrease in IPPS score from the highest to the lowest tertile in the same period had a mortality HR similar to the intermediate group (Table 1). Conclusion A lower total IPPS score (&amp;lt;72) was associated with a threefold increase in mortality risk compared to scores above 86. An increase in IPPS from the lowest to the highest tertile correlated with a significant reduction in mortality, equating to the survival rates of patients consistently scoring high. These findings underscore the potential of IPPS as a valuable tool for guiding clinical interventions in the HD population to enhance patient survival.

#1097 Linking changes in individual performance scores to survival outcomes in chronic hemodialysis patients

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) management has advanced significantly over recent years, yet mortality rates among hemodialysis (HD) patients remain high. This study aims to assess the impact of changes in an individualized patient performance score (IPPS) on survival in a large cohort of HD patients. Method This multicentre, observational, prospective cohort study included HD patients across 19 countries, starting from January 1st, 2022. We followed these patients for one year, categorizing them based on their survival status at year's end. We calculated the mean IPPS monthly, from June to December 2021, and divided the patients into tertiles based on their December 2021 scores. Subsequently, we formed five groups based on their IPPS dynamics over six months. We used Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses to evaluate survival, presenting the results as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The IPPS, ranging from 0 to 100, was calculated based on eight key performance areas, with higher scores indicating better medical performance: Vascular Access (20 points): type of vascular access, episodes of thrombosis and infection); HD adequacy (20 points): eKt/V, blood flow and treatment time; Anemia (20 points): hemoglobin concentration, transferrin saturation, ferritin; Arterial hypertension (10 points): mean arterial pressure; Mineral Bone disease (15 points): iPTH, plasmatic phosphorus and calcium; Fluid status (5 points): percentage of interdialytic fluid gain; Nutrition (5 points): plasmatic albumin and phosphorus and Others (5 points): influenzae vaccination, transplantation status and hospitalization events. The final score is obtained by the weighted sum of positive clinical factors, subtracted from the weighted sum of negative clinical factors and is reported as a number ranging from 0 to 100, with a higher score representing a better medical performance. Results The study included 10 458 HD patients. In the survival analysis, a significant reduction in mortality odds was observed in patients with a stable IPPS of 72 or lower, compared to those with a score consistently above 86. Patients transitioning from the lowest to the highest tertile in six months had a mortality HR similar to those consistently in the highest tertile. On the other hand, patients showing an improvement in IPPS score from the lowest to the highest tertile in the same period had a mortality HR similar to the intermediate group (Table 1). Conclusion A lower total IPPS score (&amp;lt;72) was associated with a threefold increase in mortality risk compared to scores above 86. An increase in IPPS from the lowest to the highest tertile correlated with a significant reduction in mortality, equating to the survival rates of patients consistently scoring high. These findings underscore the potential of IPPS as a valuable tool for guiding clinical interventions in the HD population to enhance patient survival.

#1839 Evaluating the severity of restless legs syndrome in chronic kidney disease patients across different renal replacement therapies

Abstract Background and Aims Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is increasingly recognized as a significant comorbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This cross-sectional study evaluates the risk and severity of RLS in CKD patients across various renal replacement therapies (RRT). Method A total of 167 CKD patients were assessed, including those on hemodialysis (HD) (39%), peritoneal dialysis (PD) (22%), with kidney transplants (19%), and those with non-dialyzed CKD stages IV-V (20%)—the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLS) questionnaire measured RLS severity. Severity scales were categorized into mild (0-10), moderate (11-20), severe (21-30), and very severe (31-40). PTH, P, Ca, ALP, and Mg serum concentrations, as well as vascular calcification, were measured as MBD biomarkers. The Adragaos score was applied to graphs of the hands and pelvis to evaluate vascular calcification. Statistical analyses focused on differences in RLS severity across RRT modalities and associated risk factors. Results The cohort comprised 82 males and 85 females, averaging 58 years. Primary disease etiologies included nephroangiosclerosis (24%), diabetic nephropathy (12%), chronic pyelonephritis (24%), chronic glomerulonephritis (24%), and ADPKD (7%). RLS prevalence was 53.8%, with significant differences in IRLS scores across groups (p ≤ 0.001). HD patients showed a mean IRLS score of 21.8 ± 12.3, with 55% reporting severe or severe symptoms. PD patients scored 16.06 ± 13.02; non-dialyzed CKD patients scored 6.41 ± 6.04; and transplant recipients scored 3.1 ± 4.7. No correlation was found between RLS severity and age or time on RRT. However, significant correlations were observed between RLS severity with HD modality, and the high Adragaos score. Multivariate analysis showed high serum phosphorus p=0.018 and markers of inflammation as a risk factor for RLS severity (CRP levels p=0.034; ferritin (p=0.048). Conclusion This study underscores the disproportionately higher severity of RLS in HD patients, necessitating tailored management strategies for this subgroup. The significant association between RLS severity and calcification and inflammation markers in CKD patients, particularly those on HD, suggests that RLS severity should be a key consideration in the clinical management of CKD. Addressing RLS in these patients may improve their quality of life and influence the outcomes of their renal replacement therapy.

#1485 Hypertension management of CKD patients referred to Hypertension Excellence centres in 27 countries: on behalf of the ESH Hypertension and Kidney WG

Abstract Background and Aims Real-life management of hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear and may vary across countries. Our aim was to identify unmet needs and heterogeneity of management in this population of patients in Europe and the Middle-East through our network of European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Excellence Centers. Method A survey was conducted in 2023 by the ESH to assess management of CKD patients referred to ESH-Hypertension Excellence Centres (ESH-ECs) at first referral visit. The questionnaire contained 64 questions with which ESH-ECs representatives were asked to estimate pre-existing CKD management quality and data for their management are reported here. Results Overall, 88 ESH-ECs from 27 countries participated (fully completed surveys: 66/88 (75.0%)). ESH-ECs reported that 28% (median, interquartile range: 15-50%) had pre-existing CKD, of whom 10% (5- 30%) were previously referred to a nephrologist, while 30% (15-40%) had resistant hypertension. The reported rate of previous recent (&amp;lt;6 months) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine Albumin- Creatinine Ratio (UACR) testing were 80% (50-95%) and 30% (15-50%), respectively. The reported use of renin-angiotensin system blockers was 80% (70-90%). When a nephrologist was part of the ESH-EC teams the reported rates for SGLT2 inhibitors (27.5% (20-40%) vs 15% (10-25), p = 0.003), GLP1-RA (10% (10-20%) vs 5% (5-10%), p = 0.003) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (20% (10-30%) vs 15% (10-20%), p = 0.05) use were greater as compared to ESH-ECs without nephrologist participation. The rate of reported resistant hypertension, recent eGFR and UACR results and management of CKD patients prior to referral varied widely across centres in Europe countries and in the Middle East. Conclusion Our results indicate deficits regarding CKD screening, use of nephroprotective drugs and referral to nephrologists before referral to ESH-ECs but results varied widely across centres. This information can be used to build specific programs to improve care in hypertensives with CKD.

#2661 High albuminuria in CKD: prevalence and characteristics in a real-world clinical setting

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 1 in 10 adults globally. CKD is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and decreased quality of life, and places a financial burden on the healthcare system. Furthermore, persistently high albuminuria is associated with an especially high risk of renal and cardiovascular complications in patients with CKD. With recent advances in therapeutic approaches for CKD management, both with sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and endothelin receptor antagonists as add-on to renin–angiotensin system blockade, it is important to highlight patients with persistent urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR; ≥700 mg/g). In patients with UACR &amp;gt;700 mg/g, a novel and highly selective endothelin receptor A antagonist (zibotentan) plus the SGLT2i dapagliflozin significantly reduced albuminuria versus dapagliflozin plus placebo (ZENITH-CKD trial). Hence, it is important to understand the prevalence and characteristics of patients with CKD and high albuminuria in a real-world clinical setting. Methods We used a large USA claims database (Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database [CDM]) to identify patients aged ≥18 years with a CKD diagnosis and a UACR measurement ≥200 mg/g. Patients were indexed on 1st January 2022 and grouped into two UACR groups: ≥700UACR group (≥700 mg/g) and &amp;lt;700UACR group (200–699 mg/g). Continuous variables were calculated as medians with interquartile range (IQR). Baseline characteristics and comorbidities included age, sex, median UACR, median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and a history of heart failure. Results Of 53,306 patients with CKD and UACR ≥200 mg/g, 22,504 (42%) were in the ≥700UACR group and 30,802 (58%) in the &amp;lt;700UACR group (Fig. 1). Patients were more frequently men in both groups (57%). Median UACR was 1459 mg/g (IQR 977–2473) in the ≥700UACR group and 341 mg/g (IQR 256–474) in the &amp;lt;700UACR group. Patients in the ≥700UACR group were slightly younger (72 vs 74 years), had a higher frequency of heart failure (42% vs 34%) and lower eGFR (37 mL/min/1.73 m2 [IQR 21–55] vs 49 mL/min/1.73 m2 [IQR 34–67]) compared to the &amp;lt;700UACR group. Conclusions In this contemporary study of patients with albuminuric CKD, more than 4 out of 10 had UACR levels ≥700 mg/g. These patients were slightly younger, had more severe CKD, and greater prevalence of cardiorenal disease compared to those with UACR 200–699 mg/g. Patients with UACR levels ≥700 mg/g have an urgent need for improved risk management.