Management Effectiveness Evaluation Research Articles

Development of management effectiveness indicators and their evaluation for Cu Lao Cham-Hoi an biosphere reserve in Vietnam

Vietnam has 11 Biosphere Reserves (BRs) designated by UNESCO where evaluation of management effectiveness plays an important role to promote sustainability for these areas. We propose a set of indicators suitable to Vietnam’s social-ecological conditions based on the IUCN concepts of management effectiveness and the consultation dialogues with relevant BR stakeholders. This set includes 58 indicators, 20 headline indicators according to 6 management elements of BR: Context, Planning, Inputs, Process, Outputs and Outcomes. Management effectiveness value is divided into 5 levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100) and thereafter categorised into 4 ranges according to the corresponding value (Very low: 0–25 points; Low: 25–50 points; Average: 50–75 points; High: 75–100 points) with the higher the value, the greater the effectiveness. Based on the indicators, we evaluated the management effectiveness of Cu Lao Cham-Hoi An BR (designated in 2009). The results of evaluating management effectiveness for this BR have determined that the overall management effectiveness for the whole BR is 78.2 out of 100 scores, equivalent to high management effectiveness. Results for management elements: element 1 (Context-85.8 score), element 2 (Planning-83.5 score), element 3 (Inputs-73.4 score), element 4 (Process-76.3 score), element 5 (Outputs-68.3 score) and element 6 (Outcomes-81.9 score). Although the indicators presented a useful analysis of management effectiveness in this particular case, owing the diversity of BRs in Vietnam in terms of socio-ecological conditions, total area, governance model and administration, caution should be applied in the treatment and/or selection of these indicators for all BR cases and the 58 indicators should be used as a guide for each specific BR.

Can Change in Forest Cover Be Linked to the Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas? The Indian Scenario

Protected areas are an effective mechanism usually supported by a statute to conserve and protect wildlife-rich areas worldwide. Such extensive external management needs elaborate planning, regular monitoring, and periodic assessment of results. Thus, management effectiveness evaluation (MEE) has emerged as one of the major tools for quantifying the performance of any protected area globally since 2006. India has successfully conducted a complete round of management effectiveness evaluation of all its terrestrial protected areas (except conservation reserves and community reserves), with 25 such areas already undergoing a repeat assessment. Simultaneously, India biennially carries out a country-wide status of forest cover in all its states and union territories. This study has correlated the trend in change in forest cover for the states that contain those 25 repeat evaluated protected areas with their change in MEE scores over the same period. Our study found a positive correlation between the change in forest cover and the change in management effectiveness score from 2005–2006 to 2018–2019. Owing to increased protection regimes in the PAs including the degraded areas if they make part of such areas, the habitat often shows recovery. Effective habitat conservation is thus intertwined with the monitoring and preservation of the wildlife populations in the protected areas; therefore, reduction in forest cover equally impacts the management scores. However, in states where the loss in forest cover has been reported, more protected areas need to be assessed to plan complementary strategies for both habitat and species conservation.

Compliance with MAB-UNESCO Functions and Management Effectiveness Evaluation between 2017 and 2024: Case Study of the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Mexico’s Only State-Run Reserve Belonging to MAB-UNESCO

UNESCO’s MAB Programme promotes a people-centered conservation strategy to strengthen the sustainability of social and ecological systems. However, there exist knowledge gaps regarding its implementation in specific contexts. For this study, a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design was employed. In the first phase, an initial content analysis of the management program of the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve (CBR) and the functions of the statutory framework of UNESCO’s MAB program was conducted. This analysis, which was human-driven but facilitated by artificial intelligence tools, underwent rigorous triangulation and expert validation to strengthen the reliability and robustness of the findings. Subsequently, the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT3) was issued to researchers, community members, civil servants, and former civil servants related to the management of the CBR. The 2024 results (n = 15) were contrasted with those obtained in 2017 (n = 15) using a quantitative approach consisting of descriptive, non-parametric, and Bayesian statistical techniques. We identified some problems in the implementation of the MAB-UNESCO Programme in the CBR, mainly due to the outdated management program and lack of effective governance, as well as the lack of understanding of the implications of being a MAB-UNESCO biosphere reserve. A numerical trend of deterioration in the effectiveness of the CBR’s management was detected, with overall ratings of 44.78% and 29.62% in 2017 and 2024, respectively. This was associated with a lack of regulation, weak coordination among key actors, and a progressive reduction in funding. The findings of this study are useful to guide the transition of the CBR towards a conservation model that responds to current problems and contributes to the advancement of knowledge on the implementation of the MAB Programme in specific contexts.

Using sustainability pillar indicators to evaluate the management effectiveness of three protected areas in the state of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia

The existing methodologies to measure management effectiveness of protected area have often been focus on identifying weaknesses and strengths to set priorities in terms of policy intervention, resource distribution and adaptive management. It is not adequately captured the extent of protected area sustainability as a conservation site even though management effectiveness is influenced by the interaction of environment, socioeconomics and governance, which are pillars of sustainability. Thus, the objective of this study was to propose a methodology based on sustainability pillar indicators to evaluate management effectiveness, using three protected areas in Peninsular Malaysia as case studies: Sungai Dusun, Bukit Kutu and Klang Gate wildlife reserves. In this study, a questionnaire survey was used to evaluate the management effectiveness of the study sites. The evaluation framework of the questionnaire was based on six components of management effectiveness and indicators from three sustainability pillars or aspects: environment, socioeconomics and governance. Respondents of the survey consisted of local residents in each study site and management staff involved in the management of the protected areas. Each indicator from different aspects of evaluation was assigned a selected parameter to be rated by the respondents from ‘1’ (strongly disagree) to ‘5’ (strongly agree). Based on the rating values the percentage of optimum value was calculated to determine the overall management rating for each study site which interpreted according to five management levels from ‘unsatisfactory’ to ‘very satisfactory’. The percentage of optimum values revealed that the environment and governance aspects of all study sites had moderately satisfactory while for socioeconomic only Klang Gate had moderately satisfactory but satisfactory for Bukit Kutu and Sungai Dusun. The overall percentage of optimum revealed that the management effectiveness level of all reserves was moderately satisfactory. However, Sungai Dusun had the highest percentage of optimum (71.3%), followed by Bukit Kutu (67.7%) and Klang Gate (66.5%). In conclusion, the sustainability level of the reserves is still functioning as intended despite deficiencies especially in governance aspect. Thus, the proposed methodology is simple and has adoptable way to measure both management effectiveness and capture the sustainability of the protected areas.

Evaluation of water management effects on potato yield and water productivity in northeast Iran using the SWAP model

ABSTRACT The agro-hydrological SWAP model was employed for simulation of evapotranspiration, yield, and water productivity of potato under six irrigation scenarios (100, 90, 80, 70, 60, and 50% potato water requirement (WR)) in Fariman, Ghoochan, and Golmakan in the northeast Iran. The results showed that the SWAP model well-simulated potato yield and water productivity. The model slightly overestimates the potato yield and underestimates the water productivity. The results revealed that irrigation scheduling is an important factor effecting on evapotranspiration, yield, and water productivity of potatoes. By decreasing irrigation water to 50% WR, potato evapotranspiration and yield decreased in all three study areas. However, potato water productivity increased in Fariman and Golmakan and decreased in Ghoochan, as irrigation volume decreased to 50% WR. In Fariman and Golmakan, irrigation at the rate of 80% WR led to the best irrigation management to have maximum water productivity (2.96 and 2.48 kg m−3, respectively) and acceptable potato yield (21,376.2 and 10,998.7 kg ha−1). In Ghoochan, by adopting the irrigation scenario at the level of 90% WR, the potato yield decreased by approximately 7.6% compared to the full irrigation conditions. However, the highest amount of water productivity (2.27 kg m−3) was achieved.

Analysis of the Impact of Spokesperson Marketing on Brand Influence in the Context of Social Media

With the increasingly fierce market competition, brand marketing and spokesperson marketing have become important means for enterprises to enhance competitiveness. However, how to choose the right spokesperson, formulate effective marketing strategies and avoid potential risks are important issues facing enterprises. By using the methods of literature research and case analysis, this paper deeply studies the type segmentation and operation mechanism of spokesperson marketing, and analyzes the marketing methods, effects and potential risks of spokesperson combined with specific cases. The results show that selecting the right spokesperson and formulating effective marketing strategies are important to enhance brand awareness and reputation. Enterprises need to establish a sound spokesperson management system and effect evaluation system to ensure the standardization and effectiveness of spokesperson marketing activities. At the same time, this study also takes X and W as examples to explore the huge commercial value they bring to the brand as popular artists, as well as the operation mechanism and characteristics behind them. Through in-depth analysis of the types and effects of its endorsement activities, the study found that the spokesperson played an effective role as a bridge between the brand and consumers, transmitting brand information and promoting the promotion of sales and brand image. In addition, this study also discusses the strategies and potential risks of selecting spokesmen, which provides wise decision guidance for enterprises.

Matching decision support modeling frameworks to disease emergence stages and associated management objectives

AbstractWildlife disease management decisions often require rapid responses to situations that are fraught with uncertainty. By recognizing that management is implemented to achieve specific objectives, resource managers and science partners can identify an analysis technique and develop a monitoring plan to evaluate management effectiveness. For emerging infectious diseases, objectives may take several distinct forms, dependent on the perceived stage of disease emergence (i.e., pre‐epidemic, early outbreak, mid‐epidemic, and endemic), the expected rate of spread, and the anticipated effect of the disease on host populations. Identifying modeling techniques and metrics that are linked to management objectives will require early and consistent communication between managers and science partners. We link modeling approaches that can be used to forecast and evaluate the performance of intervention strategies with a range of disease management objectives. Our aim is to help scientists recognize alternative modeling approaches which may better align with different forms of disease management objectives, and to help managers evaluate the relevance of proposed modeling approaches to their specified objectives for disease management. Recognizing that disease management objectives can take different forms, and thus require different modeling approaches, can help wildlife disease response teams (i.e., natural resource managers, scientists, and stakeholders working collaboratively) better prepare and respond to disease threats.

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ІНСТРУМЕНТАРІЮ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ КЕРІВНИХ СИСТЕМ БІЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕСІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article addresses the significant and timely subject of evaluating management effectiveness within business processes in today's dynamic business environment. This study aims to scrutinize and compare various economic evaluation methods that assess the effectiveness of management systems of business – processes at legal entity. By employing a comprehensive approach, the authors delve into the examination of existing tools, emphasizing their ability to integrate both financial and non-financial dimensions of management. The methodology adopted in this research includes a systematic analysis of different evaluation instruments, assessing their capabilities to provide a holistic and nuanced understanding of management effectiveness. In the article, comparative methods and information analysis techniques were employed, utilizing data gathered through the monographic method of processing scientific sources related to the research topic. The focus is on identifying methods that encompass a wide range of indicators, from financial performance metrics to qualitative aspects of management, ensuring a balanced and thorough evaluation. The findings of the study reveal a categorization of evaluation methods based on their scope, applicability, and depth of analysis. The authors have meticulously assessed the strengths and weaknesses of each method, offering insights into their suitability for various organizational contexts. This comparative analysis illuminates the complexities and nuances involved in measuring management effectiveness, highlighting the need for a multifaceted approach in this domain. From a practical standpoint, the research contributes significantly to the field by providing guidelines for selecting appropriate evaluation methods that align with the specific needs and objectives of an organization. The insights garnered from this study are instrumental for business leaders and managers in enhancing the decision-making process, facilitating the adoption of strategies that bolster the efficiency and adaptability of management systems. The matrix of comparative analysis of the toolset for economic evaluation of the effectiveness of management systems for business processes in enterprises, developed as a result of scientific research, allows for the selection of an economic evaluation toolset in accordance with the requirements and needs of the evaluation subjects. Ultimately, the article offers a valuable resource for enterprises seeking to optimize their management practices, fostering resilience and competitiveness in the evolving business landscape.

The Applicability of EOH Methodology as One of the Management Effectiveness Evaluation Methods: Case Study of Abu Mena Archaeological Site

The Applicability of EOH Methodology as One of the Management Effectiveness Evaluation Methods: Case Study of Abu Mena Archaeological Site

Research on Development of Financial Management Informatization Based on Cloud Computing Taking the Application of HUAWEI CLOUD as an Example

With the development of the digital economy, enterprises' demand for rapid processing of large amounts of data is increasing, cloud computing is growing in all industries, while the financial management information in the Ministry of Finance is rarely studied. Therefore, by analyzing the application of HUAWEI CLOUD in the financial management of the Shaanxi Provincial Department of Finance, this paper studies the development of cloud-based financial management informatization. This paper mainly analyzes in detail the key links of digital construction of HUAWEI Cloud, the organizational form of government affairs system based on HUAWEI CLOUD, the construction of the financial management system and effect evaluation. According to the links summarized above, it builds a comprehensive HUAWEI CLOUD financial management system. It is found that the financial management sharing service platform of Huawei Financial Cloud makes the overall organizational structure of the Department of finance clearer. The platform helps to share the repetitive and non-technical basic work for the finance and accounting staff so that it can promote the staff's work efficiency. Then the Department of finance realizes the transformation of finance from transactional processing and objective reflection to value creation. The above results indicate that the Department of Finance makes full use of cloud computing technology to promote financial management information has profound economic significance. In contrast, cloud computing still leaves problems to be solved. We believe that with the improvement of technology, financial management will be further integrated with new technology.

Evaluation of solid waste management effectiveness in Indonesia from 2019-2021: a geographic information system analysis

As a developing country, Indonesia has a significant requirement for solid waste infrastructure development and the establishment of a clean, environmentally friendly, and effective solid waste management system. In other hand, poor solid waste management data remains a major challenge for identifying investment needs in each region. Sistem Informasi Pengelolaan Sampah Nasional (SIPSN) or National Solid Waste Management Information System is a comprehensive source of waste management data in Indonesia that was initiated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia to describe existing conditions of solid waste management in Indonesia. This study used the Geographic Information System approach to evaluate waste management data from 2019 to 2021. The importance indicators are the solid waste generation, the effectiveness of waste management, the types of solid waste, and solid waste management facilities in various regions of Indonesia. The primary goal of this study is to comprehend the trend of existing state of waste management, as well as to collect and evaluate data from SIPSN and study literature on solid waste management performance in Indonesia. The findings show various areas that require infrastructure development and the deployment of adequate investment technology solutions in solid waste management. This analysis helps Indonesia for having sustainable waste management by reducing waste generation, improving recycling, and lowering environmental impact.

Using ecosystem models to inform ecosystem-based fisheries management in Europe: a review of the policy landscape and related stakeholder needs

The need to implement an ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) is enshrined in numerous regulations and strategies, at both global and European level. In practice, it is challenging to implement EBFM because it requires a complex evaluation of interlinked management effects and environmental and climate forcing on multi-species interactions, habitat status and human activities. Ecosystem models are one of the most critical research tools to inform EBFM, because they can integrate a wide variety of data, examine multiple and complex ecosystem interactions, and can make forecasts based on specific management scenarios. However, despite clear progress in marine ecosystem modelling, many models do not address policy goals and targets, which hinders uptake in policy. In this paper, we review the global and European policies and implementing bodies which directly or indirectly have a repercussion on the implementation of EBFM. Moreover, we highlight specific stakeholder needs related to the implementation of EBFM in European waters, which ecosystem models could help address. We review the policy commitments that drive these needs and the concerns raised by stakeholders during a survey and dedicated workshop. Key topics of concern were effects of climate change; bycatch; protected areas/fisheries restricted areas; and reducing the impacts of trawling. Stakeholders also provided specific questions related to these topics which ecosystem models could help address. Scenario and data results visualizations, as well as specific barriers in using the results of ecosystem models for decision-making are also discussed. A close involvement of stakeholders in scenario development and in designing graphical outputs is important, and can help overcome some of the main barriers that can hinder uptake of models and scenarios, including a lack of understanding of the benefits and limits of ecosystem models; insufficient involvement and interaction with stakeholders; and inadequate characterization of uncertainties.

Spatial−temporal variation of ecological environment quality and driving factors from 2000 to 2020 in Wuliangsu Lake Basin, Northern China

Due to global climate change and the intensification of human activities, the ecological function of Wuliangsu Lake Basin has been seriously degraded. Obtaining accurate spatial–temporal dynamics of regional ecological environment quality is essential for the evaluation of ecological management and restoration effects. This study assessed the trend changes and drivers of the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) in the Wuliangsu Lake Basin from 2000−2020. Firstly, the trend analysis method and hurst index were used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of RSEI. Then the main factors of RSEI variation were analyzed using meteorological data, integrated nighttime lighting data, and population density data. Overall, the RSEI shows an increasing trend from the west to the east with a rate of 0.0034 year−1 over the last 21 years. The area change of RSEI was 54.22%, 63.80% and 52.43% for 2000−2006, 2007−2013 and 2014−2020, respectively, which indicates that most areas have a stable ecological environment. However, the overall Future Improvement Trend (FIT) area of RSEI is 42.21%, mainly in Dengkou area, Urad Qianqi and central area. This indicates that the RSEI remains stable locally and shows an overall improving trend. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the areas influenced by meteorological and human factors were highly coincident, mainly in Dengkou and northern Linhe areas and Urad Qianqi. Considering the lagging effect of ecological engineering, the sustainable development status of RSEI in the western and eastern regions will maintain an improving trend in the future. Our study confirms the complex relationship between RSEI and meteorological and human activities, which is crucial for the scientific management of watershed ecosystems under the influence of anthropogenic factors.

Evaluation of the different soil management effects on salinity control in maize cropping by HYDRUS-2D

Evaluation of the different soil management effects on salinity control in maize cropping by HYDRUS-2D

Implementation of The Balanced Scorecard Method in Determining Performance Measures in Higher Education Institutions (Case Study: ITB Swadharma)

To compete in higher education, ITB Swadharma needs to enhance its competence by designing and implementing effective strategies in managing higher education that align with its vision and mission. The success of management strategy can be achieved through a comprehensive evaluation of ITB Swadharma's management effectiveness. The Balanced Scorecard method and the interaction between ITB Swadharma's management and the PMB entity's management can be used to create a Balanced Scorecard strategy map. This map involves three strategic objectives from the perspective of development and advancement of learning, three strategic objectives from the perspective of internal business process efficiency, four strategic objectives from a customer satisfaction perspective, and two strategic objectives from the perspective of financial stability. To achieve these two strategic objectives in terms of financial aspects, a lagging indicator is required. Each strategic objective from the customer perspective requires actions. Strategic Objective 1 from the internal business process perspective requires 5 measurements, Strategic Objective 2 requires 3 measurements, and Strategic Objective 3 requires 3 measurements. Meanwhile, from the perspective of learning and growth, Strategic Objective 1 requires 1 measurement, Strategic Objective 2 requires 3 measurements, and Strategic Objective 3 requires 1 lagging indicator measurement and 1 leading indicator measurement.

基于网络课程的中国大学生网络学习行为分析

The rapid development of online courses has promoted the transformation of educational and teaching concepts, the updating of teaching content and the reform of teaching methods, but it also increases the difficulty of teaching organization management and learning effect evaluation. Based on the monitoring data of “probability theory and mathematical statistics” course of Pingdingshan University’s learning network platform, this paper studies the online learning behaviors of college students, analyzes the correlation between various monitoring data on the learning platform and learning effects, and the existence of online learning behaviors of college students. Finally reasonable improvement suggestions are given to provide strong support for teachers to scientifically guide college students’ online learning behaviors, so as to achieve the purpose of improving learning effects.

Research on performance intelligent evaluation of automobile manufacturing informatization based on DEA and C2RS2 model

This paper intends to analyze the performance of the informatization construction of automobile manufacturing enterprises, analyze whether the informatization resource input of automobile manufacturing enterprises has been fully utilized, and find its own shortcomings compared with excellent enterprises in the same industry, so the model C2RS2 is selected. Through the comparative analysis of different years by informationization enterprise benefit to analyze in the case of a change of informatization performance, but the need to consider to get rid of the effects of management level to improve, so in this paper, based on the analysis of the plan in C2RS2 model, combining management effectiveness evaluation model of DEA, the model solves the other performance evaluation methods and makes it difficult to manage performance Based on the defect of condition separation and the interactive calculation between the reference index and the current index, we can conclude that the performance of the enterprise is entirely due to the management level, that is, the performance of the enterprise's subjective efforts.

Optimising Decision Making in Chronic Venous Disease Management with Micronised Purified Flavonoid Fraction.

Evidence-based medicine favours randomised controlled trials to limit bias and establish the effects of a treatment with statistical rigour. However, the controlled conditions and careful patient selection of randomised trials may produce results that cannot be generalised to a more diverse patient population in clinical practice. Therefore, there is growing recognition of the importance of supplementing randomised trial data with real-world evidence. Micronised purified flavonoid fraction has been investigated in several large-scale real-world studies, including the RELIEF and DECIDE studies, each of which included more than 1000 patients with chronic venous disease. These studies demonstrated a significant reduction in the prevalence and severity of chronic venous disease symptoms, and an improvement in quality of life. The chronic VEnous dIsorders maNagement and treatment effectivenesS evaluaTion in chronic vEnous disease, an international Program (VEINSTEP) study (NCT04574375), is currently underway in more than 6000 patients with chronic venous disease in nine countries. Preliminary data from one country (Morocco) indicate that chronic venous disease drug treatment, which was micronised purified flavonoid fraction in 75.7% of patients, was associated with a statistically significantly reduction in symptoms and improved quality of life. The overall results are awaited with interest. International chronic venous disease guidelines grade the evidence for micronised purified flavonoid fraction highly, as the benefits of micronised purified flavonoid fraction have been proven in randomised clinical trials and meta-analyses. Real-world studies demonstrate that the randomised evidence for micronised purified flavonoid fraction is generalisable to a clinical practice setting. Treatment decisions in chronic venous disease should consider evidence-based recommendations, including real-world data, as well as patient goals of symptom relief, functional improvement and/or better quality of life.

Effectiveness and appropriateness of core areas in an integrated protected area: A case study of Ecological Protected Areas in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan

While few studies have examined the situation of core areas in a large and integrated protected area, the present study targeted and evaluated the management effectiveness of the Mt. Huangzui and Lujiaokeng Ecological Protected Areas in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan, using the Enhancing our Heritage (EoH) toolkit as a holistic and systematic approach. During 2016–17, data and information were gathered through literature review, interviews, and focus groups. In total, 69 interviews were conducted and 14 workshops were held, creating 132 field records. The study results showed that the current wilderness paradigm could not achieve good results for the management of core areas in Yangmingshan National Park. Accordingly, we strongly recommended specific management plans or plan chapters for both sites. Poor local participation was another major deficiency. Many of the same weaknesses were also identified in Forestry Bureau Protected Areas. Located near urban areas, both of the Ecological Protected Areas in Yangmingshan National Park faced similar types of threat/pressure from invasive/alien species, recreational activities, and problematic native species. The study results further showed that the core area of a protected area could be holistically reviewed through management effectiveness evaluation. However, without the participation of stakeholders, even experienced professional park officers may be found to have group blind spots through such evaluations. This study also found the accumulation of sufficient data support to be a key prerequisite for implementing EoH.

Opportunities and Barriers to Monitoring and Evaluating Management Effectiveness in Protected Areas within the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Region, South Africa

Protected areas (PAs) that are not effectively managed will not contribute meaningfully to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3, which aims to ensure that a minimum of 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine areas are effectively conserved and managed. Our study examined the monitoring and evaluation of protected area management effectiveness (PAME) as part of an adaptive management process in the Kruger to Canyons (K2C) Biosphere Region in South Africa. Our mixed methods approach, using online questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups, revealed that most PA managers in the network were familiar with the concept of adaptive management. The most widely used PAME evaluation tool used in the region was the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT). Some PAs did not use a formal tool but gathered scientific data using methods such as game counts and vegetation surveys to judge management effectiveness. Additionally, several managers that did not use a formal tool mentioned that they were constrained by time, staff capacity or budget. The introduction of a simpler tool for managers that are time- or resource-constrained or who are working in a newly declared or in-process PA may improve PAME evaluation within the network. We suggest that there is a need for improved communication, co-learning, and information sharing regarding PAME evaluation tools.