Man-made Emergency Situations Research Articles

РЕКУПЕРАЦИЯ НЕФТЕСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ОТХОДОВ КАК ФАКТОР СНИЖЕНИЯ УГРОЗ ТЕХНОСФЕРНОЙ ОПАСНОСТИ

The relevance of the study is predetermined by the unresolved problems of disposal of oil-containing waste in the Yaroslavl region. The purpose of the study was to analyze the system for preventing technospheric hazards caused by the formation of industrial waste and their negative impact on the environment. The object of the study was industrial waste, highly hazardous to the environment, characteristic of a number of enterprises in the region: acid tar. The subject of the study was the process of optimizing the composition of a bitumen binder based on acid tar in terms of the content of galvanic sludge, captax and sulfur for subsequent use in a modified form as a secondary oil-containing raw material for the production of bitumen emulsions, pastes, and lubricants. Such raw materials, technologically brought to a low-hazard level, can be successfully and effectively used in various production operations of construction, reconstruction, operation, and repair of facilities. The optimization process was carried out using statistical research methods using, during modeling, the obtained dependence of the withdrawal properties on the factors of a second-degree polynomial with two unknowns. Calculations were performed using an Excel spreadsheet package with built-in mathematical local calculation programs. The research results in the technological part have been patented and implemented in the practical activities of enterprises in the region. The value of scientific and practical developments lies in reducing the volume of formation and storage of hazardous oil-containing acid tar waste and, as a consequence, preventing and reducing the level of technospheric danger and potential man-made emergency situations.

Dynamic deformability of oblique sections of compressed reinforced concrete beams on yielding supports

Due to the growing possibility of the likelihood of dynamic loads on buildings from natural and man-made emergency situations, it is necessary to design reinforced concrete structures resistant to such impacts. The aim of this work is to study effective methods of the structure protection such as yielding supports and longitudinal compression, deformability of oblique sections of reinforced concrete structures under compression and bending. The paper proposes the experimental methodology. It is shown that time of the structural resistance significantly increases with decreasing stiffness of yielding supports. When the longitudinal compression grows, deformation of transverse reinforcement reduces in the structure. It is demonstrated that the use of elastoplastic yielding supports reduces deformation of transverse reinforcement as compared to rigid supports.

Natural and Man-Made Risks of the Southern Baikal Area

Objective. In the last decade, there has been a significant increase in natural phenomena, leading to catastrophic consequences. In this regard, there is a need to use science-based risk-oriented approaches to ensure the safety of people and protect the environment. Zoning of territories according to the levels of risk of emergency situations makes it possible to effectively process and respond to risk. This paper presents an analysis of the risks inherent in natural and man-made disasters in the Southern Baikal Area of the Irkutsk Region and a quantitative assessment of their level based on the modern risk analysis methodology.Methods. We used a retrospective statistical analysis and modeling of possible emergency situations. The processing and synthesis of statistical data was carried out as a whole for the Slyudyansky Municipality of the Irkutsk Region for the period 2015—2019 according to the data of the State Reports “On the State of the Protection of the Population and Territories of the Russian Federation from Natural and Man-made Emergencies” in the relevant years.Results. We assessed the complex risk indicator of the territory, which consists of the potential territorial risk, and the collective risk indicator, which characterizes the level of damage. We calculated the average individual risk of death of the population as a result of the cumulative impact of the damaging factors of emergency situations. It was shown that it exceeded the values of the acceptable risk adopted for the Irkutsk Region by 4.2 times. Based on the modeling of manmade emergencies with depressurization of containers with hazardous substances transported by rail and modeling of damage during catastrophic earthquakes that are possible in a given area, social risk curves were calculated and built. Based on all the results obtained, the zoning of the territory of the Southern Baikal Area was carried out according to the risks of emergencies.Conclusion. Based on the assessments of the complex risk, the territory of the Southern Baikal Area of the Irkutsk Region belongs to the zones with increased risk of natural and man-made emergency situations.

Нова стратегія національної безпеки України: реальна оцінка викликам і загрозам

Розкрито передумови прийняття Стратегії національної безпеки України. Проведено порівняльний аналіз із аналогічними попередніми документами. Проаналізовано основні виклики та загрози національній безпеці в умовах сьогодення, серед яких зміни клімату, російська агресія проти України, загострення геополітичного суперництва, поширення коронавірусної хвороби та інші безпекові загрози. Розглянуто основні пріоритетні напрямки розвитку системи безпеки та оборони згідно із Стратегією.

The Copernicus EMS Validation service as a vector for improving the emergency mapping based on Sentinel data

<p class="p1">The Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS) is coordinated by the European Commission and “provides all actors involved in the management of natural disasters, man-made emergency situations, and humanitarian crises with timely and accurate geo-spatial information derived from satellite remote sensing and complemented by available in situ or open data sources”. It includes two components, Early Warning and Monitoring and Mapping. The latter provides on demand geo-spatial information derived from satellite imagery during all phases of the disaster management cycle. It includes 3 systems, Rapid Mapping (RM), Risk and Recovery Mapping (RRM), and a Validation Service. RM provides geospatial information immediately after a disaster to assess its impact; RRM in the prevention, preparation and reconstruction phases; and the Validation Service is in charge of validating and verifying the products generated by both, and of collecting and analyzing users’ feedback. The wide spectrum of activities framed in the Validation Service has allowed it to become a vector to improve the Mapping component through the testing of new methodologies, data input type, or approach for the creation of emergency cartography in the frame of the CEMS. The present paper introduces the main investigation lines based on Sentinel-1 and 2 for flood and fire monitoring that could be implemented in the CEMS services taking into consideration the characteristics of the Mapping component in terms of products to create and time constraints. The applicability of Sentinel-1 for flood monitoring based on the backscattering, the MultiTemporal Coherence (MTC), and dual polarization; and for burnt area delineation based on MTC was studied, while Sentinel-2 was used for burnt area delineation based on vegetation indices. Results indicate that proposed methodologies might be appropriate for the creation of crisis information products in large areas, due to the relative easy and fast implementation compared to classic photo interpretation, although further applicability analyses should be carried out.</p>

Geoecological analysis of the impact of anthropogenic factors on outbreak of emergencies and their prediction

The purpose of this study is geoecological analysis of the risk of natural fires and other emergencies of an ecological nature based on the location of high-risk objects in the territory of the Kharkiv region. The following tasks were solved in the work: calculation of the risk of an ecologically dangerous event depending on the density of placement of objects of high danger in the region; Creation of a chart-map on the level of danger of environmental threat in the districts of the region; the search for the dependence of the area of forest fires on the density of the population, the number of high risk facilities, etc. An analysis of the influence of anthropogenic factors on the occurrence of natural fires on the example of the Kharkiv region was carried out. Distribution of potential risk and population density in the studied area allows us to obtain quantitative estimation of social risk for the population. Excessive population density in some areas of the region is one of the factors that increase the material and social risk of the territory and population of the region from natural disasters and man-made disasters. We created mapping zoning of multi-level districts of the region, the risk of an emergency reflects the patterns of spatial structure of potential sources of emergency situations and allows to increase the readiness of the executive and authorized services to act in the event of sudden emergencies and to act for their prevention. Available data allowed us to estimate the density of the placement of potential sources of man-made emergency situations for all districts of the region, which gives us the right, with a certain degree of conditionality, to speak about the extent of the technogenic danger of the territory of the studied areas of the Kharkiv region. We propose to apply a complex factor taking into account the population density, density of placement of objects of high danger and the proportion of high risk objects in the area of the forestry organization in comparison with the total number of objects in the region. For the simultaneous evaluation of both natural and anthropogenic conditions of forest fires in the region, we propose to use the methodology of scoring on which they are evaluated in a four-point system, taking into account the five main characterizing indicators : population density; forest area; the density of high risk facilities; climatic and weather conditions; the share of high risk facilities. Comparison of information on the average number of fires on the lands of the forest fund of Kharkiv region over the past ten years with the results of our typology of the areas shows some correlation. The results of studies on the assessment of the risks of the occurrence of fires depending on natural and anthropogenic factors can be used for zoning similar areas and forecasting the fire situation.

Improving Training in the Field Safety Management and Protection in Emergency Situations

The object of the research is the process of creating distance learning courses on the program of professional retraining in the field of technosphere safety. The subject of research should be considered professional retraining in the field of technosphere safety. In the process of research, the main forms of public education in the field of natural and man-made emergency situations were reviewed and presented. Learning using modern technology, i.e. distance education. As a result of research on the basis of the Higher School of Technospheric Safety of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, he developed a distance learning course, which is a set of activities aimed at finding information on the Internet, communication, teacher training, access to databases, periodic analysis. information publications distributed over the Internet. Developed programs for EMERCOM employees of Russia, employees of federal fire services, employees of the ATC ROSATOM, employees of the “Training and Methodological and Operational Character”, search and rescue services, as well as representatives of the armed forces and emergency situations, etc.

Assessment of Spatial and Temporary Features of Distribution of Natural and Man-Made Emergency Situations on the Territory of Siberian Federal District

This paper dissects the current spatial and temporary distribution patterns of emergencies in constituent entities of Siberian Federal District. It dissects the economic, social and environmental situation in these entities. The article contains information about the spatial structure of natural and man-made emergencies which happened in Siberian Federal District is provided. The research presents a method to analyse subjects of Siberian Federal District for the first time. Methods of research includes information about transport, protection from natural disaster, environmental stress and others. The article gives information about natural and man-made emergencies from 2000 to 2013 years is given and is divided by different social situations in each regions.

Особливості державного управління техногенною безпекою

The article states that the current state of technogenic safety of Ukraine is of concern and requires constant attention from the state regarding the reduction and prevention of emergencies risks. The analysis of tendencies of increase of social and economic losses from natural and man-made emergency situations testifies to the necessity of forming an effective system of management of natural and man-made safety. The author focused attention on the fact that the formation of the system of management of natural and man-made safety should be based on two provisions, namely: the correct establishment of the ultimate goal and the search for appropriate means that provide an appropriate level of such security. The study of selected issues shows the need for effective management in emergencies and improving the effectiveness of the coordination of official government, departmental and nongovernmental activities through the development of a functional structure and the development of managerial skills, but also the transition to a new «management paradigm». It is noted that the management of natural and man-made safety is part of the systemic approach to decision-making, procedures and practical measures in solving tasks for the prevention or reduction of the danger of occurrence of industrial accidents and catastrophic natural processes for human life, diseases or injuries, damage to material values and the natural environment the environment, reducing the negative effects of catastrophic natural processes. At the same time, existing trends in the development of natural and man-made processes in Ukraine necessitate the further development and scientific substantiation of measures to improve and improve the functioning of emergency protection systems as an important part of national security. The construction of the theory of natural and technological safety should be based on a conceptual categorical apparatus that covers the most important aspects of the processes involved in ensuring the safety of complex systems.

INFORMATION FLOW MODELING IN WIRELESS SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORK

The technology of the wireless self-organizing network has good application prospects for information exchange provision to search and rescue operations and to perform the operations preventing natural and man-made emergency situations. The article presents the models of information flows transfer through the channels of a wireless self-organizing network. They are based on the representation of the simulated process current states with the help of package identifiers and confirmations related to the transmission of information flows through the channels of a given contour. Mathematical models are presented that take into account the dynamism of network topology and allow to estimate the efficiency of data delivery in the conditions of subscriber mobility and destructive influences.

International Legal Protection of Environmental Migrants: Realities and Prospects

The article deals with the problem of international legal protection of people affected by natural and man-made emergency situations that were forced to leave areas with a dangerous for life and health state of the environment. In the doctrine, the population transfer under similar circumstances is often referred to as environmental migration and affected and resettled persons are called environmental migrants. Since these concepts are absent in treaties, the issue of the need for the creation of a legal mechanism for regulating environmental migration as an integral part of the human security system with a sharp deterioration of the environmental situation is being explored. The article looks at the prospects for the formation of an organization at the international level to protect environmental migrants. It is concluded that it is necessary to create such an international organization for the protection of environmental migrants in the United Nations system, whose competence will simultaneously include such aspects of international law as the protection of human rights, migration, international cooperation in preventing and eliminating the consequences of natural and man-made emergency situations.

DISASTER MONITORING AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE SERVICES IN CHINA

Abstract. The Disaster Monitoring and Emergency Response Service(DIMERS) project was kicked off in 2017 in China, with the purpose to improve timely responsive service of the institutions involved in the management of natural disasters and man-made emergency situations with the timely and high-quality products derived from Space-based, Air-based and the in-situ Earth observation. The project team brought together a group of top universities and research institutions in the field of Earth observations as well as the operational institute in typical disaster services at national level. The project will bridge the scientific research and the response services of massive catastrophe in order to improve the emergency response capability of China and provide scientific and technological support for the implementation of the national emergency response strategy. In response to the call for proposal of “Earth Observation and Navigation” of 2017 National Key R&D Program of China, Professor Wu Jianjun, the deputy chairman of Faculty of Geographical Science of Beijing Normal University, submitted the Disaster Monitoring and Emergency Response Service (DIMERS) project, jointly with the experts and scholars from Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan University, China Institute of Earthquake Forecasting of China Earthquake Administration and China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Science. After two round evaluations, the proposal was funded by Ministry of Science and Technology of China.

METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CREATING MOBILE MEDICAL TEAMS AT RUSSIAN EMERCOM FOR MITIGATING CONSEQUENCES OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

Rescue teams of the Emercom of Russia include medical professionals as well but their number is insufficient for providing emergency specialist medical care to victims in emergency situations (ES). The goal is to determine the structural and dynamic indicators of emergencies in Russia during 2002-2016 and, on the basis of the data obtained, to develop the methodological foundations for creating mobile medical teams for mitigating medical and sanitary (health) ES consequences. The data on ESs presented in state reports "On the state of protection of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from natural and man-made emergency situations" have been analyzed. Over the past 15 years, 7,388 ESs have been registered in Russia, in which 13,868 people died. Local ESs accounted for 50.1 %, municipal ones - 34.5 %, intermunicipal - 11.6 %, regional - 3.3 %, interregional - 0.25 % and federal - 0.25 % among all the ESs. Traffic accidents, including trains, ships and aircrafts, as well explosions in industrial, residential and other buildings caused the most significant damage. The risk of exposure to 1 ES in Russia is (0.34 ± 0.03) per 100,000 people per year, to die in 1 ES - (1.97 ± 0.12) persons per year, the individual risk of death from one ES - (0.64 ± 0.06) per 100 thousand people per year. Due to social significance of ESs in Russia, the following mobile medical teams can be created at the Emercom of Russia: surgery (in case of explosions in industrial, residential and social buildings and major terrorist acts); traumatology (road accidents with serious consequences, accidents with freight and passenger trains, ships, aircrafts and subway trains); medical treatment (floods); basic treatment (earthquake, collapse of industrial, residential and other buildings, structures and rocks, large-scale fires); toxicology (accidents with actual or presumed release of chemically hazardous substances); radiology (accidents with actual or presumed release of radioactive substances). Upon arrival in ES area, the mobile medical team is included in the forces and means of the Emercom intended for elimination of ES consequences.

EVALUATION OF FIELD FUEL DEPORT ON THE BASED FLEXIBLE TANKS ON THE EAST TAIMYR LICENSE AREAS IN THE CONTEXT OF RISK ANALYSIS

Arctic should become the most important resource base, providing the solution of socio-economic problems of the country's development in the period up to 2020. Strategically important objects for the PJSC LUKOIL, located in the Arctic zone, are Nakhodka, South Messoyakha, Pyakyakhinskoye, Salekaptsky, Khalmerpayutinskoye, Vareysky East Taimyr license areas. In the difficult conditions of the Russian North an uninterrupted fuel supply is becoming a vital issue. Construction of autonomous objects, such as exploration production wells in the Arctic territory, provides for a tank farm or storage of fuels lubricants of large volume. Filling equipment can be a source of man-made emergency situations due to significant amounts of potentially hazardous substances in them. This article highlights the features of Arctic, zone of the Russian Federation, affecting the safety of construction projects, the analysis of the types causes of steel tank accidents. Based on the analysis, to eliminate the main causes of initiating fire explosion hazardous situations, the use a flexible fuel storage tanks was proposed. The paper assessed. The risk of an accident with a flexible tank, the 'tree failures and the tree of events during depressurization a flexible tank have been assessed in the paper. A risk analysis on the basis of which is justified matching flexible tank necessary level of industrial safety, highlighting the major recommendations to reduce the degree of potential risk was carried out for the first time. The comparative analysis of storage of fuels lubricants on the basis of steel tanks flexible tanks carried on the example of the construction of the East Taimyr 1P licensed area exploration well showed the increase in the basic technical economic indicators using flexible fuel storage tanks.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INEXPENSIVE THERMAL SENSORS AND SMALL UAS DEPLOYMENT FOR LIVING HUMAN DETECTION IN RESCUE MISSIONS APPLICATION SCENARIOS

Abstract. Significant efforts are invested by rescue agencies worldwide to save human lives during natural and man-made emergency situations including those that happen in wilderness locations. These emergency situations include but not limited to: accidents with alpinists, mountainous skiers, people hiking and lost in remote areas. Sometimes in a rescue operation hundreds of first responders are involved to save a single human life. There are two critical issues where geospatial imaging can be a very useful asset in rescue operations support: 1) human detection and 2) confirming a fact that detected a human being is alive. International group of researchers from the Unites States and Poland collaborated on a pilot research project devoted to identify a feasibility of use for the human detection and alive-human state confirmation small unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs) and inexpensive forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensors. Equipment price for both research teams was below $8,000 including 3DR quadrotor UAV and Lepton longwave infrared (LWIR) imager which costs around $250 (for the US team); DJI Inspire 1 UAS with commercial Tamarisc-320 thermal camera (for the Polish team). Specifically both collaborating groups performed independent experiments in the USA and Poland and shared imaging data of on the ground and airborne electro-optical and FLIR sensor imaging collected. In these experiments dead bodies were emulated by use of medical training dummies. Real humans were placed nearby as live human subjects. Electro-optical imagery was used for the research in optimal human detection algorithms. Furthermore, given the fact that a dead human body after several hours has a temperature of the surrounding environment our experiments were challenged by the SUAS data optimization, i.e., distance from SUAV to object so that the FLIR sensor is still capable to distinguish temperature differences between a dummy and a real human. Our experiments indicated feasibility of use SUAVs and small thermal sensors for the human detection scenarios described above. Differences in temperatures were collected by deployed imaging acquisition platform are interpretable on FLIR images visually. Moreover, we applied ENVI image processing functions for calibration and numerical estimations of such a temperature differences. There are more potential system functionalities such as voice messages from rescue teams and even distant medication delivery for the victims of described emergencies. This paper describes experiments, processing results, and future research in more details.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INEXPENSIVE THERMAL SENSORS AND SMALL UAS DEPLOYMENT FOR LIVING HUMAN DETECTION IN RESCUE MISSIONS APPLICATION SCENARIOS

Significant efforts are invested by rescue agencies worldwide to save human lives during natural and man-made emergency situations including those that happen in wilderness locations. These emergency situations include but not limited to: accidents with alpinists, mountainous skiers, people hiking and lost in remote areas. Sometimes in a rescue operation hundreds of first responders are involved to save a single human life. There are two critical issues where geospatial imaging can be a very useful asset in rescue operations support: 1) human detection and 2) confirming a fact that detected a human being is alive. International group of researchers from the Unites States and Poland collaborated on a pilot research project devoted to identify a feasibility of use for the human detection and alive-human state confirmation small unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs) and inexpensive forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensors. Equipment price for both research teams was below $8,000 including 3DR quadrotor UAV and Lepton longwave infrared (LWIR) imager which costs around $250 (for the US team); DJI Inspire 1 UAS with commercial Tamarisc-320 thermal camera (for the Polish team). Specifically both collaborating groups performed independent experiments in the USA and Poland and shared imaging data of on the ground and airborne electro-optical and FLIR sensor imaging collected. In these experiments dead bodies were emulated by use of medical training dummies. Real humans were placed nearby as live human subjects. Electro-optical imagery was used for the research in optimal human detection algorithms. Furthermore, given the fact that a dead human body after several hours has a temperature of the surrounding environment our experiments were challenged by the SUAS data optimization, i.e., distance from SUAV to object so that the FLIR sensor is still capable to distinguish temperature differences between a dummy and a real human. Our experiments indicated feasibility of use SUAVs and small thermal sensors for the human detection scenarios described above. Differences in temperatures were collected by deployed imaging acquisition platform are interpretable on FLIR images visually. Moreover, we applied ENVI image processing functions for calibration and numerical estimations of such a temperature differences. There are more potential system functionalities such as voice messages from rescue teams and even distant medication delivery for the victims of described emergencies. This paper describes experiments, processing results, and future research in more details.