Nipple Research Articles

Distal teat amputation in lactating dairy cows with injury to the distal teat and streak canal

When a streak canal injury occurs, there may be subtle or no external signs of damage. The first sign a producer notices is it takes longer for the injured quarter to empty or milk flow is im­paired during milking. Given that a dairy cow with 4 efficiently functioning teats is essential to dairy production systems, an economically feasible procedure, such as distal teat amputa­tion, to treat these injuries is necessary. The objectives of this study were to describe the distal teat amputation procedure and determine the short- and long-term outcomes of dairy cows treated with a distal teat amputation. The hypothesis is that dairy cows with internal damage to the streak canal and subse­quent difficulty milking will have improved milking efficiency with the machine following surgical treatment with a distal teat amputation.

Mammary tubular carcinoma in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus): case report

Mammary carcinomas are common malignant tumors encompassing the main diagnostic mammary gland tumor cause in female dogs and cats. Few reports in wild animals are, however, available. In this context, this study aimed to characterize the clinical and histological aspects of a mammary tubular carcinoma case in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). A four-year-old non-spayed female guinea pig was seen at a veterinary clinic in the municipality of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Upon clinical examination, the animal was active, with a normal body condition, weighing 660 grams, hydrated, and presenting normal-colored mucous membranes. Increased left breast volume was observed, about 3.5 cm in diameter, non-adherent and with an ulcerated surface located medially to the mammary papilla, about 1.8 cm in diameter. The observed clinical findings indicated a presumptive neoplastic lesion diagnosis. A unilateral mastectomy was performed (left breast) and breast tissue fragments were histologically evaluated, confirming the tubular mammary carcinoma diagnosis. The surgical procedure and post-surgical treatment recommended in this report were proven efficient. Knowledge of diseases that affect non-conventional pets, such as the tubular mammary carcinoma reported herein, is paramount in improving the quality of life of these animals.

Ultrasound examination of the teat parameters of mastitis and healed udder quarters

A healthy udder is important for economical and hygienic milk production. In this study we determined the teat parameters, measured during milking, in the presence of mastitis and after its recovery. The length of the streak canal, the area of the teat end and the area of the pars papillaris of 52 Holstein–Friesian cows were examined by ultrasound before, immediately after, and two hours after milking. Pars papillaris size before milking was higher in the presence of disease (P = 0.011), but was larger before and two hours after milking (P = 0.047 and P = 0.024) with more severe mastitis. During mastitis and recovery, the dimensions of the streak canal (P=0.056–0.934) and teat end (P=0.156–0.420) did not differ from each other. The obtained results show that during mastitis, coagulated milk dilates the pars papillaris better (P=0.011) than the higher milk production of the cured cow. After more severe mastitis, regeneration of the pars papillaris as well as post-milking regeneration also takes place more slowly. The size and size changes of the streak canal and teat end are not affected by the presence or healing of the udder inflammation.

Canine Sertoli cell tumor: anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin B, and estrone sulphate

A unilaterally castrated male boxer was referred for chronic generalized alopecia and pruritus. Physical examination revealed symmetrical alopecia, pendulous prepuce, lichenification of the scrotum, and enlargement of mammary papillae. Penile/preputial cytology revealed superficial epithelial cells. Transabdominal ultrasonographic examination revealed a globoid mass with heterogenous echogenicity in the left caudal abdomen. The presumptive diagnosis was Sertoli cell tumor (SCT) associated with cryptorchidism. Exploratory laparotomy and histology of the removed mass confirmed the diagnosis. Three weeks after surgery, serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations decreased from 8,435 to 56 ng/ml and inhibin B decreased from 805 to < 6 pg/ml. Two months after surgery dermatoses subsided and there was substantial regression of enlarged nipples. This report highlights the diagnostic value of practical procedures (penile/preputial cytology, transabdominal ultrasonography, and measurement of serum AMH and inhibin B concentrations) to aid in the diagnosis of cryptorchidism and SCT, especially in patients with generalized skin conditions.

Transpapillary iontophoretic delivery of resveratrol loaded transfersomes for localized delivery to breast cancer.

Localized drug delivery to the breast tissues is an area of interest as a potential route to ensure site-specific drug delivery. Transpapillary delivery via the mammary papilla has advantages as most breast tumors arise from the milk ducts. The present study explored the plausibility of transpapillary delivery of a phytochemical, resveratrol (RVT), for breast cancer treatment. RVT was encapsulated within the transfersomes (RVT-TRF) to enable a sustained release of the drug using the biomaterial soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC). Iontophoresis was applied to further accelerate the penetration of the RVT-TRF across the mammary papilla to the breast tissue. The RVT-TRF development was optimized by the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. The in vitro transpapillary iontophoresis study on porcine mammary papilla showed an enhanced penetration of RVT-TRF when compared to passive diffusion. The transpapillary delivery was further confirmed from the in vitro fluorescent microscopy study using FITC conjugated RVT-TRF. The optimized RVT-TRF delivered via transpapillary route showed a higher Cmax and AUC when compared to pure RVT given orally. A significant reduction in the tumor volume and the serum biomarker CA 15-3, when evaluated in a chemically induced breast cancer rat model, provided evidence of the effectiveness of the developed formulation when delivered locally via transpapillary route compared to the oral route. Thus the developed RVT-TRF administered via transpapillary iontophoresis technique is a promising strategy enabling a localized delivery for effective breast cancer therapy.

Immunolocalization of antibacterial peptide S100A7 in mastitis goat mammary gland and lipopolysaccharide induces the expression and secretion of S100A7 in goat mammary gland epithelial cells via TLR4/NFκB signal pathway

The antimicrobial peptide S100A7, with antimicrobial activities for a broad spectrum of bacteria, has attracted more and more attention for the prevention and treatment of mastitis. However, there is little information about the expression and regulation mechanism of S100A7 in mastitis goats. This study revealed that S100A7 was mainly expressed in the stratified squamous epithelium of teat skin and streak canal, and S100A7 was present weakly in the healthy goat alveolus yet densely in the mastitis goat collapsed alveolus. Goat mammary epithelial cells (MECs) were isolated and treated with 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) respectively for a different time, S100A7 mRNA expression and protein secretion were upregulated significantly with LPS treatment for 3 h, and the secretion level of S100A7 descended after 48 h treatment for all of these four groups. Moreover, after treatment with LPS, the mRNA levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MyD88 were up-regulated, and the phosphorylation of p65 was up-regulated markedly. However, adding TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 or/and NF-κB inhibitor QNZ significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of p65, and then inhibited the expression and secretion of S100A7 induced by LPS treatment. In conclusion, LPS induced the expression and secretion of S100A7 in goat MECs via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Comparative Histological, Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Examination of the Cranial and Caudal Gland of Each Lactating Mammary Gland Quarter of One Humped She Camel (Camelus Dromedarius)

Studying the complete histological picture of the camel mammary gland plays a major role in understanding the variations in camel milk yield and composition. Therefore, the present study aimed to give more detailed description of the structure of the lactating dromedary she-camel mammary gland. The whole udder of 9 healthy lactating she-camels (Camelus dromedaries) was dissected of the fresh carcasses just after slaughtering. Sections were dissected out and fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Other parts were fixed in glutaraldehyde for ultrastructure examination. The gross examination of the camel mammary gland revealed that it is composed of four teats. Each teat ended by two separate orifices: cranial and caudal. Each orifice leads to a separate streak canal, separate gland cistern and separate lactating glands, cranial gland, and caudal gland. The examination of the two gland cisterns pointed out that the cranial gland cistern was significantly wider than the caudal one. The histological examination of the cranial and caudal gland revealed that the caudal gland comprised an abundant amount of interstitial connective tissue than the cranial gland. In contrast, the alveoli of the cranial gland were larger in size, more active, and stretched with secretion. The ultrastructure examination showed differences in structure and activity between the secretory cells of the two glands. The immunohistochemical examination of the lactating mammary gland showed strong expression of CK5/6 in both glands. On the other hand, the two glands showed different reactions to CK8/18, Estrogen Receptors and Progesterone Receptors (PR).

Intercorrências mamárias relacionadas à amamentação em uma maternidade amiga da criança

Objetivo: Identificar a frequência de complicações mamárias relacionadas à amamentação em uma Maternidade Amiga da Criança em uma cidade da Bahia. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, em que foi aplicado um questionário semi-estruturado. Estabeleceu-se como critério de inclusão puérperas com 18 anos ou mais, que estivessem no alojamento conjunto no segundo dia de hospitalização, internadas ou acompanhando seus recém-nascidos. Foram excluídas mulheres que não pariram na maternidade e estavam internadas por algum outro motivo, ou com alguma deficiência auditiva, inviabilizando a aplicação do instrumento. Resultados: As puérperas apresentaram idade entre 18 e 35 anos, eram solteiras, consideravam-se de cor preta e tinham com uma renda maior ou igual a dois salários mínimos. Observou-se que a complicação que apresentou a maior frequência foi o trauma mamilar 36 (58%), seguido de ingurgitamento 22 (35,4%). Conclusão: As complicações mamárias trazem para mãe desconforto e dor durante amamentação. Portanto, torna-se de suma importância que a puérpera obtenha do acolhimento e instruções de como lidar com as complicações objetivando a prevenção e redução da frequência de intercorrência mamária e consequente redução dos índices de desmame precoce.

Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Breast Papilla: A Case Report

Background: Breast leiomyosarcoma is a rare subtype of breast sarcoma, constituting 5–10% of the cases. Less than one-third of reported cases are located in the nipple papillary region, making it an extraordinarily rare malignancy, responsible for less than 0.1% of all malignant breast tumors. As no radiological criteria allow definitive diagnosis of papillary leiomyosarcoma, histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of suspicious lesions is required. The prognosis is generally optimistic compared with those for other breast sarcomas.Case presentation: A 54-year-old previously healthy woman reported the appearance of a nodule in her right nipple in the preceding 9 months, associated with pruritus. Physical examination revealed that the lesion had a cystic consistency and measured approximately 3.0 cm. Imaging examinations showed no involvement of the adjacent breast parenchyma or axillary region and the lesion was classified as Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category IV. The lesion was excised, and the histopathological diagnosis was well-differentiated leiomyosarcoma of the mammary papilla, with immunohistochemical examination showing positivity for smooth-muscle tissue antigens. A staging CT examination was performed, showing no evidence of distant metastasis. After 2 years of follow-up, the patient shows no sign of tumor recurrence.Conclusion: Although rare, leiomyosarcoma must be included in differential diagnosis of breast masses, especially those involving the periareolar region. Due to its good prognosis, reporting on this type of tumor is important to guide therapeutic planning, and to identify and track possible complications of its underdiagnosis.

A Technical Innovation of Syringe Nipple Splint for Reconstructed Nipple

A Technical Innovation of Syringe Nipple Splint for Reconstructed Nipple

Strategic consideration for effective chemotherapeutic transportation via transpapillary route in breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and the second most common cancer overall. The current treatment option for breast cancer includes drug treatment (Chemotherapy and hormone therapy) or surgery (mastectomy and lumpectomy). The major drawbacks of chemotherapy include rapid metabolism, limited ductal exposure, lower bioavailability, higher elimination rate, undesirable side effects, and high dose of drug. Localized application of drug to breast achieves higher drug levels at the tumor site and reduces systemic drug distribution. Permeation of drug by local application is mainly by transepidermal and transductal routes. The multiple duct openings of mammary papilla provide a higher permeable surface for transport of drug. Various formulation approaches like conjugated nanocarriers, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, liposomes, microneedles and iontophoresis are used to achieve a tailored and targeted drug delivery to underlying breast tissue. Localized transport of drug via transpapillary route has developed a novel and effective non-invasive drug delivery approach to achieve a systemic drug level at the tumor site in the management of breast cancer.

Evaluation of concentric periareolar subcutaneous mastectomy outcomes in transsexual patients during 2016–2017 in Iran: A clinical study

Background: Transsexual (TS) people are those who assigned one sex at the birth but identified their gender in what society considers the opposite direction. Studies showed that gender reassignment surgery (GRS) had greatly improved the quality of life in TS patients. Materials and Methods: We studied 20 patients who had legally the permission of being underwent the sex reassignment surgery in Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex of Tehran, Iran. For all patients, concentric periareolar subcutaneous mastectomy was performed. The patients were followed up for 1 year and the results were evaluated. Results: Our findings show an acceptable scar formation after 1 year of the sex reassignment surgery. There was only one complication which was managed conservatively. About 90% of patients were satisfied from the results of surgery, and no one was less/unsatisfied. The average score of nipple sensation was 7.9 and no changes in nipple pigmentation was observed. Conclusion: Concentric periareolar mastectomy is probably a good technique of subcutaneous mastectomy in female to male GRS in patients with small and medium size of the breast and poor skin elasticity. The result scar in this method is acceptable and gives the patients a good feeling of having male chest.

Effects of different teat inserts on wound healing of experimentally incised streak canal in non-lactating cattle.

The recurrence of reduced milk flow is a common sequela after placement of teat inserts in the streak canal as a treatment for teat injury. We evaluated the effects of three types of commercial teat inserts on wound healing. Thirty-two normal streak canals of eight cows were incised longitudinally using a teat knife. Then, a wax-bougie, silicone self-retaining cannula, and catgut teat dilator were placed in each cow for 7 days. No insert was placed on the remaining teat as a control. Histopathological examination revealed that granulation polyps with squamous metaplasia developed in the area around the rosette of Furstenberg in most teats in which silicone cannulas and catgut teat dilators were placed, whereas the controls and the teats with wax-bougies healed with less tissue reaction. This study suggests that the placement of irritating inserts, such as a silicone cannula and catgut teat dilator, interfere with wound healing.

HUBUNGAN RANGSANGAN TAKTIL PAPILLA MAMMAE BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEMAJUAN PERSALINAN KALA I FASE AKTIF DI KLINIK HENNY KOTA MEDAN

Childbirth is the culmination of a series of pregnancy processes. Many pregnant women feel anxious, anxious, and anxious waiting for the birth to arrive. Based on data from the Inter-Census Population Survey (SUPAS) in Indonesia the MMR has decreased from 359/100,000 live births (KH) in 2012 to 305/100.00 KH in 2015. The causes of maternal death were bleeding (35.2%), hypertension (27.1%), infection (7.3%), prolonged labor (1.8%) and abortion (4.7%). Method: The type of research used by researchers is quantitative analytic research with cross sectional approach. The population is maternity mothers who are in the henny clinic. To find out the effect of tactile stimulation of mammary papillae on the progress of first phase active labor, which amounted to 35 women giving birth in April. The sample of this study is a saturated sample taken from the total population of women giving birth to 35 pregnant women. Results: The majority of research results were aged 20-35 years (51.4%), 16 primipara oarity respondents, the majority of respondents were educated with high school education (42.8%), as many as 23 respondents (65.7%) had tactile stimulation. Chi square statistical test results showed that the value of p = 0.001 <0.05, meaning that there is a relationship between the tactile variable mammary tactile stimulation with the progress of labor. Conclusion: Conclusion there is the influence of mammary papilla tactile stimulation on the progress of active phase I labor, and it is expected that medical staff, especially midwives can improve midwifery services about normal delivery care with tactile stimulation of mammary papillae on the progress of labor in the active phase I.

Total intracorporeal robot-assisted laparoscopic Mainz II rectosigmoid pouch

Objective To report the surgical techniques and results of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RRC) with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and the Sigma rectum pouch (Mainz II) performed with an intracorporeal robotic technique at our center. Methods There was 1 female 63 years old with organ confined, muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder who underwent completely robot assisted surgery. The procedure included pelvic lymph node dissection, radical cystectomy with uterus and tubal structures, creation of the rectal sigmoid pouch and bilateral stented antireflux implantation of the ureters into the pouch. A 20 cm segment of the sigmoid was isolated. The posterior wall of the pouch were anastomosed side-to-side. And a nipple was formed by suturing the mucosa over the ureters to accomplish an antireflux mechanism. The F8 mono-pigtail ureteral stents were led out through the rectum, and a F26 Foley catheter was placed transanally for pouch drainage. Finally the anterior wall of the pouch was closed two layers. Results Operating time was 470 min and blood loss was 600 ml. The rectal tube was removal on the 9d postoperative day and the ureteral stents were removed 11 d and 12 d postoperatively. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. The patients were followed up for 2 years, urinating 4-5 times per day and 1-2 times at night, CO2CP is 17.8mmol/L. The patient showed no upper urinary occlusion, reflux or urine incontinence. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first robotic radical cystectomy with intracorporeal continent urinary diversion (Mainz Ⅱ), RRC with the Mainz Pouch Ⅱ may become a simple and effective alternative surgical method for treating select patients with localized muscle invasive bladder cancer. Key words: Bladder cancer; Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery; Radical cystectomy; Controlled urinary diversion

Changes in the values of two ultrasound-examined teat parameters during the dry period in dairy cows.

The length of the streak canal and the area of the teat end were studied by ultrasound during the dry period in 40 Holstein-Friesian cows. In the first week, the values of these teat parameters decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and this did not change significantly until the middle of the dry period. In the last month of gestation, the length of the streak canal was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while the area of the teat end did not decrease significantly (P > 0.05). At each of the five examination times, a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.85-0.94) was found between the two teat parameters. In healthy cows, the streak canal and the area of teat end, both of which are part of the udder's defence system, can regenerate sufficiently during the dry period, minimising the risk of contamination through the streak canal and the development of mastitis. If the regeneration of this defence system fails, the chances of infection through the streak canal increase.

Desmame precoce: uma revisão sistemática

Objetivo: Investigar os principais fatores que levam ao desmame precoce em crianças menores de 6 meses de idade. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, com abordagem qualitativa, baseada nas “Diretrizes Metodológicas: Elaboração de revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos observacionais comparativos sobre fatores de risco e prognóstico” disponibilizada pelo Ministério da Saúde. Foram selecionados 14 artigos principais que seguiam os critérios de elegibilidade estabelecidos. Para compor a discussão foi necessário extrair os dados dos 14 artigos em questão, através de uma ficha de extração de dados Resultados: Dentre os fatores encontrados após análise, obtiveram-se: mãe acreditar que possuí leite fraco ou insuficiente; trauma mamilar; voltar ao trabalho ou estudos; interferências externas sejam elas por conta de algum profissional da área da saúde ou familiar; depressão pós-parto; questões socioeconômicas; etnia e baixo peso da criança. Conclusão: A pesquisa foi de suma importância para a comunidade científica tendo em vista a importância da amamentação da criança para a saúde e bem-estar populacional. Dessa forma, pode-se sugerir a realização de políticas públicas que reduzam o desmame precoce ou rastreamento precoce no pré-natal das mulheres que possuem esse risco.

Suspension method of double-ring breast fascia flap in treatment of sagging breast

Objective To study the suspension method of double ring breast fascia flap in the treatment of sagging breast. Methods By double-ring skin full-thickness resection, suspension method of breast fascia flap was used in the treatment of sagging breast. The pedicle in the upper half of the breast fascia flap was vertically pulled down and then sutured in the lower quadrant of the breast and the pectoralis major. The sagging breast tissue was left and breast shape rebuilt. Results In the 50 patients their incision healed in phase 1. No skin necrosis and fat liquefaction occured. Nipple and areola had no blood barrier and disordered. Within 3 to 24 months visiting, incisions were without obvious scar. There was no sagging breast and breast shapes were satisfied. Conclusions This method reduces postoperative complications. It can restore the perfect breast shape and it is an ideal surgical method for sagging breast. Key words: Breast; Prolapse; Bicyclic fascial flap; Improvement; Reconstruction of breast shape

Role of MDA in the pathogenesis of GERD esophagus mucosal inflammatory injury

Objective To investigate the expression of malondialdehyde (MDA) in esophageal mucosa of different types of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients and its role in the esophageal inflammation. Methods According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 42 patients hospitalized in the the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People′s Hospital from December 2017 to October 2018 were selected as the research group. 8 healthy subjects completed physical examination were set up as healthy control group. GERD completed GERDQ score, 24 h pH monitoring, and taken 3 cm on the dentate line of the esophagus as a specimen. The study group was divided into non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) group (17 cases) and Erosive reflux disease [erosive esophagitis (RE)] group (25 cases). Then hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were used to detect inflammation, oxidative stress (MDA), antioxidant enzyme [manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT)], and proinflammatory cytokines [monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interlukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α)]. Results There was no significant difference in body mass index (BMI) between the three groups (P>0.05). 24 h pH monitoring of esophagus showed that the indexes of weak acid reflux (4 0.05). In RE group , the infiltration of immune cells (neutrophils, eosinophils), nipple lengthening, edema and other inflammatory changes were found in the esophageal mucosa, and the inflammation score reached the peak, which was significantly higher than that in NERD group, with statistical significant difference (P<0.001). The positive expression of MDA in the two groups (NERD, RE) was higher than that in the control group, and the MDA expression in the RE group was almost covered with the full layer esophagus.The serum MDA concentration in the NERD and RE groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.001). Compared with the NERD group, the serum MDA in the RE group reached the peak (P<0.01). The relative expression of mRNA (Mn SOD, GSH and CAT) in NERD group and RE group was significantly decreased, and there was a significant difference between the three groups (P<0.001). Compared with the NERD group, the mRNA expression level of Mn SOD and CAT in RE group was significantly decreased (P<0.01). The relative expression of mRNA (MCP-1, IL-8, TNF- α) increased significantly in the two groups (NERD, RE), and there was a statistically significant difference between the three groups (P<0.001). Compared with the NERD group, the expression of its inflammatory factors in the RE group significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusions The expression level of MDA in different types of GERD is significantly higher, which may be closely related to esophageal inflammation induced by acid reflux. Key words: Malondialdehyde; Gastroesophageal reflux; Esophageal mucosa; Inflammation; Oxidative stress

Evaluation of different oncoplastic procedures in the management of breast cancer from an aesthetic point of view

Background Breast cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute, is the most common cancer in women in Egypt as it accounts for ∼38.8% of the total malignancies among Egyptian women. For many women with early-stage breast cancer, a combination of partial mastectomy and radiation therapy referred to as breast-conserving therapy is preferable to total mastectomy. Objective To evaluate the different oncoplastic techniques for the management of breast cancer from an esthetic point of view. Patients and methods This was a prospective, analytical study that included 30 patients aiming to clinically assess the oncoplastic surgical techniques used for the management of early-stage breast cancer. This study was conducted at the Bahya Specialized Breast Cancer Hospital and Ain Shams University Hospitals. Results In our study, none of the patients had any malignant recurrence as confirmed by the pathologist in our multidisciplinary team proving that we had performed a safe oncoplastic technique from the oncological point of view. The follow-up of the malignant recurrence was for the first 6 months as this was the time limitation of our study. In our study, we were able to conduct an excellent cosmetic outcome for relatively large tumor excisions with 90% of the cases falling in excellent and very good score groups with a mean cosmetic outcome score of 4.53. The remaining 10% fall in the good and fair score groups as those patients noticed asymmetry of the two breasts in front of the mirror as they refused bilateral breast reduction mastopexy. None of our cases have had a poor or an ugly score. Conclusion The choice of the oncoplastic technique is mainly based on the location of the tumor, size of the breast, and distance of the tumor from the nipple–areola complex.