Mammary Fibroadenoma Research Articles

Nursing Care for Patients with Disorders in Normal Breast Cell Growth (Mammary Fibroadenoma) in the Nursing Room

Fibroadenoma mammae is a benign tumor that often occurs in the breast that originates from fibrous tissue (mesenchyme) and glandular tissue (epithelium) in the breast. Fibroadenoma mammae is a disorder in the growth of normal breast cells where abnormal cells arise from normal cells, multiply and infiltrate lymphatic tissue and blood vessels. The cause of breast tumors has not been determined, but there are several genetic factors. Breast cancer shows malignant proliferation of epithelial cells that limit the ducts or lobes of the breast. Initially there is only cell hyperplasia with the development of atypical cells and then continues to carcinoma in situ and cells become masses. Steroid hormones produced by the ovaries also play a role in the formation of breast tumors. The purpose of the study was to gain real experience in implementing nursing care for patients with Breast Tumors in the Treatment Room of the Regional General Hospital. This study uses a descriptive research approach, the subject of the study is to use one patient according to the specified inclusion and exclusion data. Data were obtained by conducting direct observation and interview assessments with patients. The results of the assessment obtained data from patients suffering from fibroadenomae mammae. Analysis of nursing diagnosis data is the risk of pain comfort, sleep pattern disorders and activities. Nursing planning is checking blood pressure, giving injections, teaching breathing relaxation techniques in assessing pain scales, giving injections, cefotaxin I g / IV, giving Ketorolac 30mg / IV injections. The conclusion of this case study gets an overview of nursing care with fibroadenomae mammae.

Case Study: Heterogeneity of and CD44+/CD24- Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulation of Breast Cancer Patients in Bandung, Indonesia

Breast cancer (BC) cells characteristics have played a crucial role in clinical strategies decision-making and patient outcome prediction. Although there have been several studies examining this, there are still relatively few that analyze stem cell subpopulations or protein biomarkers. The conducted research sought to elucidate breast cancer subtype characteristics based on immunohistochemical analysis and cancer stem cell presence based on flow cytometry analysis in three breast cancer samples from Bandung, Indonesia. A flow cytometry analysis was conducted to determine how much CD44/CD24 was expressed as a marker of cancer stem cell in isolated BC cells using various cell references, such as cell lines of SKBR-3, MDA-MB-468, and Hs587T. Immunohistochemistry analysis was carried out to investigate the expression of p53, HER2, PGR, Ki67, and ER in sample tissue sections. According to histological analysis, 2 samples were solid mammary carcinoma, and 1 sample was mammary fibroadenoma. Immunohistochemistry and histological analysis showed that all BC tissues are classified as Luminal B. In addition, a large percentage of CD44+/CD24- subpopulation was found in isolated BC cells (> 90 % in patients 1 and 3; > 60 % in patient 2). All samples showed similarity to Hs587T cell line characteristic. This study has successfully characterized solid mammary tumors and mammary fibroadenoma with luminal B characteristics. All specimens contained a high proportion of cancer stem cells. HIGHLIGHTS The characteristics of breast cancer (BC) cells are essential factors in clinical strategy decision-making and patient outcome prediction Solid mammary tumor and mammary fibroadenoma were the cancer subtypes of isolated BC tissues from 3 different patients. The cancer subtypes found in 3 different patient’s isolated BC were solid mammary tumor and mammary fibroadenoma BC tissues from all 3 patients expressed different level of HER2, p53, Ki67, PGR and ER. Based on markers expressed, those BC tissues were classified as luminal B tumors Based on flow cytometry analysis, all BC tissues contained a high proportion of cancer stem cells indicated by the high proportion of CD44+/CD24- subpopulation GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Dukungan Teman Sebaya berhubungan dengan Perilaku Pemeriksaan Payudara Sendiri sebagai Deteksi Dini Fibroadenoma Mammae pada Mahasiswi

Background: Fibroadenoma mammae (FAM) usually occurs in women aged <30 years. Women with FAM have an 8.95 times higher risk of developing breast cancer. Early detection measures could be done with breast self-examination (BSE). One of the factors that affect BSE is peer support. This study aimed to determine the association between peer support and BSE behavior as an early detection of mammary fibroadenoma in female students. Method: Type of research is quantitative study with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were nursing students, amnouting to 218 female students. Samples were taken based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, selecting samples used a stratified random sampling technique with a sample size of 76 respondents. This research instrument used a questionnaire. Respondents had peer support the majority in the good category of 37 respondents (48.7%), most of BSE behavior were the sufficient category of 49 respondents (64.5%). Result: The result of several analyzes showed that there were a significant association between peer support and BSE behavior p-value of 0.001 (p<0.05), with a low association value of 0.392. There were an association between peer support and BSE behavior as an early detection of mammary fibroadenoma in female students. Conclusion: The advice given should be for female students to increase peer support in advocating and reminding them to do BSE.

Difficulties in Differentiation of Malignant Neoplasms and Deep Infiltrative Endometriosis

Purpose: To review the clinical case of deep infiltrative endometriosis in the patient with suspicious of colorectal cancer. Material and methods: Patient 47 years old with complaints of pain in the right hypogastrium for several weeks. Anamnesis of laparoscopic surgery for infertility, repeated removal of mammary fibroadenomas. At the initial examination, there is a suspicion of a primary tumor in the rectum with metastatic lesions in the liver, pancreas and peritoneum according to the results of ultrasound diagnosis. Contrast enhanced MRI of the abdominal cavity and pelvic, colonoscopy, lung radiography and PET/CT were performed for the purpose of detailed differential diagnosis of the identified lesions. Conclusion: The multimodal approach in the differentiation of deep infiltrative endometriosis and malignant neoplasms using various methods of radiation diagnosis allows to assess the spread of the pathological process and determine the tactics of treatment of the patient in the shortest time.

Mammary Fibroadenoma in Cats: A Matter of Classification.

Benign mammary lesions are infrequent in cats. Among these, the most common is feline fibroadenomatous change, a hyperplastic/dysplastic change associated with hormonal imbalances. Although never thoroughly described in scientific literature, feline fibroadenomas, which share some morphological features with fibroadenomatous change, have been variably included in classification systems. The aim of this study was to characterise feline mammary fibroadenomas from a histological and immunophenotypical point of view in order to allow the standardisation of classification. Nine cases were retrospectively collected from eight female and one male cat with no history of hormonal stimulation. Diagnostic inclusion criteria were defined and immunohistochemistry was performed. Histologically, nodules were composed of neoplastic epithelial cells arranged in arborizing lobular-like structures surrounded by abundant proliferating stroma. In all analysed cases, epithelial elements showed immunolabelling for pancytokeratin, cytokeratin19, and β-catenin. Interestingly, five cases showed multifocal epithelial vimentin positivity. Epithelial nuclear oestrogen receptor positivity was observed in three of the nine samples. In all cases, myoepithelial cells did not extend into the interstitium. Stromal cells expressed vimentin, calponin, and mild β-catenin. The median Ki67 scores were 18% and 8.3% in the epithelial and stromal components, respectively. This study describes, for the first time, the morphological and immunophenotypical features of feline mammary fibroadenoma, highlighting its existence as a separate entity from fibroadenomatous change.

Fibroadenomas in rats

This article looks at one of the most common reasons for presentation to practice in rats, mammary fibroadenomas. There is an extremely high incidence of this disease process in rats over 1 year of age and veterinary nurses have a duty of care towards these patients to provide up-to-date nursing techniques and engage in clinical discussions with veterinary surgeons to implement appropriate treatment plans. Surgical and medical options are explored along with tips for successful anaesthetic management of these patients. Although these neoplasms are benign, they are often fast growing and can significantly affect quality of life in rat companions.

Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation in Proteomic Analysis of Potential Biomarkers in Invasive Cancer, Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, and Mammary Fibroadenoma.

ObjectivesBreast malignancy is a serious threat to women’s health around the world. Following the rapid progress in the field of cancer diagnostics and identification of pathological markers, breast tumor treatment methods have been greatly improved. However, for invasive, ductal carcinomas and mammary fibroadenoma, there is an urgent demand for better breast tumor-linked biomarkers. The current study was designed to identify diagnostic and/or therapeutic protein biomarkers for breast tumors.MethodsA total of 140 individuals were included, comprising 35 healthy women, 35 invasive breast cancers (IBC), 35 breast ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS), and 35 breast fibroadenoma patients. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic analysis was employed to characterize differentially expressed proteins for potential biomarkers in IBC, DCIS, and fibroadenomas by comparisons with their matched adjacent tissues and/or normal breast tissues. The public databases Metascape and String were used for bioinformatic analyses.ResultsUsing the proteomics approach, we identified differentially expressed proteins in tissues of different breast tumors compared to normal/adjacent breast tissues, including 100 in IBC, 52 in DCIS, and 44 in fibroadenoma. Among the 100 IBC differentially expressed proteins, 37 were found to be specific to this type of cancer only. Additionally, four proteins were specifically expressed in DCIS and four in fibroadenoma. Compared to corresponding adjacent tissues and normal breast tissues, 18 step-changing proteins were differentially expressed in IBC, 14 in DCIS, and 13 in fibroadenoma, respectively. Compared to DCIS and normal breast tissues, 65 proteins were differentially expressed in IBC with growing levels of malignancy.ConclusionsThe identified potential protein biomarkers may be used as diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets in breast tumors.

Prevalence of Mutations of the MED12 and CYP17A1 Genes in Mammary Fibroadenomas in Senegalese Women

Fibroadenoma is the most common benign breast tumor in women under 30 years. This study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the genetic factors involved in the occurrence and progression of mammary fibroadenomas. MED12 and CYP17A1 were sequenced in fibroadenomas and blood in 43 Senegalese women. The Alamut-visual software, which includes the pathogenicity prediction software SIFT, Polyphen2 and MutationTaster, was used to search for mutations. DnaSP version 5.10.01, MEGA version 7.0.14 and Arlequin version 3.5.1.3 were used to determine phylogenetic parameters including indices of genetic variability and diversity and genetic differentiation parameters. A deletion in the poly-A tail of MED12 was identified in our study population. An alteration of Methionine (M1) was observed on exon 1 of CYP17A1. Our results also show that most of the variants found on exon 2 of MED12 and exon 1 of CYP17A1 have the probability of causing the appearance of breast fibroadenomas according by the three pathogenicity prediction software. We found 23 new variants on the MED12 gene and 109 new variants on the CYP17A1 gene. The amino acid frequency distribution between blood and fibroadenomas shows a statistically significant difference in Glycine, Arginine and Valine for MED12 and Cysteine, Phenylalanine, Histidine, Asparagine, Arginine, Tryptophan and Tyrosine for CYP17A1. In addition the selection test shows that codon 20 of exon 1 of CYP17A1 which codes for Arginine (p.20Arg) is under positive selection in mammary fibroadenomas. Genetic differentiation parameters show a clear difference between blood and breast fibroadenomas. These results show for the first time the involvement of the CYP17A1 gene in breast fibroadenomas and confirm the involvement of MED12. Codon 20 of exon 1 of CYP17A1 being under positive selection could be used as a biomarker in breast fibroadenomas.

Evaluation of deslorelin implant on subsequent mammary tumors of rats (Rattus norvegicus)

ABSTRACT Background Mammary fibroadenomas are one of the most common tumors of female companion rats (Rattus norvegicus forma domestica). The objectives of this study were to determine if subcutaneous administration of a deslorelin implant following excision of fibroadenomas can prevent or delay development of additional mammary tumors and increase survival in companion rats. Methods Female intact client-owned rats with benign mammary tumors were divided into three groups: no implant (n = 10), placebo implant (n = 10), or 4.7 mg deslorelin implant (n = 10) placed within 2 months of tumor excision. Rats were monitored for subsequent mammary tumors for 10 months following treatment. Expression of estrogen α, progesterone, prolactin, and androgen receptors stained by immunohistochemistry in primary masses of rats included in the deslorelin-treated group was evaluated using the Allred scoring system. Results In the control non-implanted group, four of the 10 rats developed another mammary tumor, including one anaplastic carcinoma. In the control placebo group, five of the 10 rats developed another mammary tumor, including one ductal carcinoma. In the deslorelin-treated group, three of 10 rats developed another mammary tumor, including one adenocarcinoma. Median time between surgery and new mass detection did not differ significantly among groups (55 days in the deslorelin group vs. 77 days in the control placebo group, P = 0.25). Median survival times after surgery did not differ significantly among groups. No correlation was noted between receptor expression and response to treatment with deslorelin. Conclusions and clinical relevance Deslorelin implants placed within 2 months of benign mammary tumor surgical excision were not associated with a decreased risk of developing subsequent mammary tumors, nor with an increased survival in female rats. Further studies are needed to define useful adjunct therapy to surgery.

Twist1 was detected in mesenchymal cells of mammary fibroadenoma and invasive components of breast carcinoma in rats.

Fibroadenoma (FA) is a common mammary fibroepithelial tumor. The tumor size of the FA is increased by estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and pregnancy, whereas it decreases after menopause. These observations in humans indicate that FA is hormone dependent. In rats, the most common mammary neoplasm is also FA. Expression levels of Twist1, a transcriptional regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, were examined in paraffin-embedded tissue sections of an experimental rat breast model to find physiological alternations coincident with reproductive hormonal changes. Twenty-three Fischer 344/Brown Norway F1 hybrid rats were used as 14‐ to 16-week-old adolescent rats (n=3), pregnant rats (n=4), and lactating rats (n=6) in addition to rats over 100-weeks-old that exhibited aging (n=3) and FA (n=7). Seventy-six cases of chemically induced breast carcinoma and two cases of FA in Sprague Dawley rats were also examined. Using tissue sections, we observed that Twist1-positive mesenchymal cells were predominantly located in the periductal region in adolescent and pregnant rats and in the terminal duct lobular unit in pregnant and elderly rats. Twist1 was also expressed diffusely in the mesenchymal cells of FA rats. Twist1-positive cancer-associated mesenchymal cells were found more frequently in the invasive components of breast carcinomas than in intraductal components. The expressions of Twist1 in mesenchymal cells were induced by physiological and pathological stimuli, suggesting the biological role of Twist1 in tissue structure. Further study may reveal the role of Twist1 in mesenchymal cells of mammary glands in rats.

Abstract 5113: Spontaneous tumors in aging colonies of C57BL/6J mice

Abstract The C57BL/6J inbred mouse strain is widely used to study the effects of aging. We have documented 51 spontaneous tumors (39 malignant and 12 benign) as part of a recent effort to establish large colonies of male and female C57BL/6J mice for aging research. Forty six of the tumors were diagnosed in mice submitted for histopathology from typical aging colonies maintained throughout a range of ages (6-18 months) that roughly correspond to 30 - 56 years of age in humans; the remaining cases were from much smaller cohorts aged past 18 months. Sarcomas represented the largest category of malignant tumors (20/51). There were 6 cases (5 male, 1 female) of hemangiosarcoma (4 on the neck, 1 on the liver, and 1 on the ear) and 6 multicentric histocytic sarcomas (4 male, 2 female). Four cases (1 male, 3 female) of rhabdomyosarcoma (2 on the head, 2 on the leg) were also seen. The remaining sarcoma diagnoses included one osteosarcoma (female; leg), one chondrosarcoma (male; ear), and two sarcomas not otherwise specified (both female; one leg, one lateral abdomen). Hematological malignancies constituted the second largest category (9/51), including 7 multicentric lymphomas (3 male, 4 female), a uterine lymphoma, and a multicentric plasma cell tumor (1 male). The four skin malignancies included two melanomas (male: head; female: tail/anus) and two squamous cell carcinomas (male: jaw; female: leg). Three mammary cancers were observed in females, including an adenoacanthoma and two adenocarcinomas, one of which had lung metastases. An ovarian dysgerminoma was the only germ cell tumor documented. The Harderian gland (a lacrimal duct of the eye) was the site of two carcinomas (male) and six adenomas (5 male, 1 female). Other benign tumors included a tail fibroma (male), two pulmonary adenomas (1 male, 1 female), one mammary fibroadenoma (female), a myoepithelioma of the leg (female), and a keratoacanthoma of the paw (female). Tumor incidence was very low overall, representing <0.1% of the mice present on an average week during the typical range of ages (6-18 months) in the aging colonies. Overall, the median age of diagnosis was 239 days for females and 427 days for males. These results should help to define the spectrum of tumors that develop in colonies of C57BL/6J mice that approximately correspond in age to middle-aged humans. Citation Format: Andrew Schile, Stephanie Dion, Denise Imai-Leonard, Rosalinda Doty. Spontaneous tumors in aging colonies of C57BL/6J mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5113.

Scinderin-knockdown inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in human breast carcinoma cells.

Previous studies have reported that scinderin (SCIN) affects multiple cellular processes, including proliferation, migration and differentiation in cancer. However, the specific role of SCIN in breast cancer (BC) cells is unknown. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate SCIN expression in 46 BC and 21 mammary fibroadenoma or fibroadenomatoid hyperplasia tissue samples. SCIN expression was ablated in MDA-MB-231 and T-47D cells using lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA technology. Cell proliferation was tested using Celigo and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by measuring Caspase 3/7 activity and annexin-V staining. The results of the present study demonstrated that SCIN expression was elevated in BC tissues compared with mammary fibroadenoma or fibroadenomatoid hyperplasia tissues. Specifically, higher SCIN expression was observed in Ki-67-positive BC tissues (78.6%) compared with Ki-67-negative BC tissues. Furthermore, knockdown of SCIN expression in the BC cell lines significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. The data presented in the present study indicate that SCIN serves an important role in the development of breast cancer.

Mequindox Induced Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity in Mice.

Mequindox (MEQ), acting as an inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, is a synthetic heterocyclic N-oxides. To investigate the potential carcinogenicity of MEQ, four groups of Kun-Ming (KM) mice (50 mice/sex/group) were fed with diets containing MEQ (0, 25, 55, and 110 mg/kg) for one and a half years. The result showed adverse effects on body weights, feed consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weights, relative organ weights, and incidence of tumors during most of the study period. Treatment-related changes in hematology, serum chemistry, relative weights and histopathological examinations revealed that the hematological system, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands, as well as the developmental and reproductive system, were the main targets after MEQ administration. Additionally, MEQ significantly increased the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow cells of mice. Furthermore, MEQ increased the incidence of tumors, including mammary fibroadenoma, breast cancer, corticosuprarenaloma, haemangiomas, hepatocarcinoma, and pulmonary adenoma. Interestingly, the higher incidence of tumors was noted in M25 mg/kg group, the lowest dietary concentration tested, which was equivalent to approximately 2.25 and 1.72 mg/kg b.w./day in females and males, respectively. It was assumed that the lower toxicity might be a reason for its higher tumor incidence in M25 mg/kg group. This finding suggests a potential relationships among the dose, general toxicity and carcinogenicity in vivo, and further study is required to reveal this relationship. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that MEQ is a genotoxic carcinogen in KM mice.

Regulation of CNKSR2 protein stability by the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf2, and its role in breast cancer progression

BackgroundSmurf2 E3 ubiquitin ligase physically associates with and regulate the stability of distinct cellular protein substrates. The multi-functional scaffold protein Connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of ras 2 (CNKSR2) plays a key role in regulating cell proliferation, and differentiation through multiple receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the interaction between Smurf2 and CNKSR2 has any significant role in the post transcriptional regulation of CNKSR2 expression in breast cancer. Methods: Here we demonstrate a novel interaction of CNKSR2 with Smurf2 by co-immunoprecipitation, indirect immunofluorescence studies, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, which can ubiquitinate, but stabilize CNKSR2 by protecting it from proteasome mediated degradation.ResultsCNKSR2 protein levels were significantly increased upon forced overexpression of Smurf2, indicating the role of Smurf2 in regulating the stability of CNKSR2. Conversely, Smurf2 knockdown resulted in a marked decrease in the protein level expression of CNKSR2 by facilitating enhanced polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation and reduced the proliferation and clonogenic survival of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Tissue microarray data from 84 patients with various stages of mammary carcinoma, including (in order of increasing malignant potential) normal, usual hyperplasia, fibrocystic changes, fibroadenoma, carcinoma-in-situ, and invasive ductal carcinoma showed a statistically significant association between Smurf2 and CNKSR2 expression, which is also well correlated with the ER, PR, and HER2 status of the tissue samples. A comparatively high expression of Smurf2 and CNKSR2 was observed when the expression of ER and PR was low, and HER2 was high. Consistently, both Smurf2 and CNKSR2 showed an integrated expression in MCF10 breast progression model cell lines.ConclusionsAltogether, our findings reveal that Smurf2 is a novel positive regulator of CNKSR2 and suggest that Smurf2-CNKSR2 interaction may serve as a common strategy to control proliferation of human breast cancer cells by modulating CNKSR2 protein stability.

Hypoluteoidism in a dog associated with recurrent mammary fibroadenoma stimulated by progestin therapy

BackgroundHypoluteoidism in the bitch is characterized by insufficient production and secretion of progesterone by the corpora lutea. It is a rare pathologic condition and during pregnancy, it leads to embryonic resorption or fetal abortion. Supplementary therapy with progestins is indicated during pregnancy to obtain delivery of vital puppies but unwarranted side effects of such treatment are poorly documented.Case presentationA 4-year-old, nulliparous, female Istrian Shorthaired Hound dog had been mated repeatedly in six heats with different dogs of proven fertility but signs of pregnancy did not develop. Estrous cycles, mating and pregnancies were monitored as hypoluteoidism or genital disease was suspected. During the first monitored estrus, the bitch was mated and on day 18 [day 0, day of estimated peak of luteinizing hormone (LH)], ultrasound examination showed three amniotic vesicles that were however found to be resorbed between day 20 and 23. Progesterone concentrations, measured by ELISA, were >8 ng/mL until day 12 and 1–2.5 ng/mL on days 20, 23 and 26. Primary hypoluteoidism was therefore suspected. In the second monitored estrus, the bitch was mated and during pregnancy, progesterone concentrations were >8 ng/mL until day 17 and 1–2.5 ng/mL on day 19. On days 20 and 22, two out of three embryonic vesicles had been resorbed. The bitch was treated with progesterone in oil from day 19 to day 58. Increase in the size of 2nd left thoracic mammary gland (T2-L) was observed and on day 46, ultrasound evaluation and biopsy were performed revealing a low-cellularity fibroadenoma. Parturition started spontaneously at day 65 but due to dystocia caused by fetal macrosomia, a Caesarean section was performed. During the next (third) monitored estrus, the bitch was bred again and during pregnancy, early decrease in progesterone concentration confirmed the diagnosis of primary hypoluteoidism. The bitch was treated with synthetic progestin (altrenogest) from day 8 to day 57. Five amniotic vesicles were detected by ultrasonography. Recurrence of swelling of T2-L was observed. On day 60, the bitch whelped five pups, two males and three females. As reported later by the owner, the latter did not show any sign of heat over the past 3 years. In one of them, clitoral hypertrophy and a blind ending vagina were diagnosed.ConclusionsThis is the first description of early hypoluteoidism in a pregnant bitch developing a mammary fibroadenoma under progestin treatment.

PHYLLOID TUMORS OF MAMMARY GLANDS. CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM

Phylloid (leaf-shaped) breast tumors are a rare disease and constitute 0.3–0.5% of all breast tumors. Due to the rare frequency of occurrence, as well as the small number of randomized studies that have been conducted on this pathology, there is currently no standardized approach to the diagnosis and treatment of phylloid tumors. The reports about these rare cases appearing in the literature are, as a rule, descriptive, which only emphasizes the difficulty of differential diagnosis, the development of the correct tactics for treating such patients. In connection with the rarity, it is very difficult to diagnose correctly this pathology, which requires a highly qualified doctor as a diagnostician in the initial contact with such a patient, and a pathologist doctor who establishes the final morphological diagnosis. Often, leaf-shaped tumors are mistaken for mammary fibroadenomas. Such difficulties in correct diagnosis in the preoperative period can lead to errors in the planning of treatment. Also, the recommendations for the treatment of patients with this diagnosis are not fully understood, since up to now there are no accepted treatment standards in both Russian and foreign recommendations. Due to the fact that this pathology of mammary glands is rare, the principles of treatment are based on small retrospective studies and clinical observations. In this review, we will discuss the results of major retrospective studies, including data on epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic approach, strategies and results of treatment of this complex group of breast pathologies.

Carney Complex with Multiple Cardiac Myxomas, Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia, Epithelioid Blue Nevus, and Multiple Calcified Lesions of the Testis: A Case Report.

In 1985, Carney et al. [1] reported a syndrome composed of myxoid tumors, endocrine overactivity, and pigmented skin lesions. Myxoid tumors typically manifested as cardiac myxoma, cutaneous myxoma, and myxoid mammary fibroadenoma. Endocrine overactivity, such as acromegaly and Cushing’s syndrome, presented with associated endocrine tumors, including pituitary adenoma, thyroid tumors, primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), and testicular tumors [2]. Pigmented skin lesions include lentiginosis, conventional melanocytic nevus, and epithelioid blue nevus [3].

Incidence of Multiple Mammary Tumors and Fibroadenoma in Pathological Study of Udder Affections in Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Incidence of Multiple Mammary Tumors and Fibroadenoma in Pathological Study of Udder Affections in Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Gangrenous Cecal Volvulus; A Case Report and Review of Literature

Primary cardiac neoplasms are very rare as compared to metastatic tumors. 70% to 80% of them are benign myxomas. Complications of myxomas include cyst and microabscess formation, embolization, syncope and sudden death. Rarely, cardiac myxomas are associated with primary nodular adrenal cortical disease, mammary fibroadenomas, testicular tumors or pitiutary adenomas with gigantism or acromegaly known as Carney’s syndrome. We present a patient with a left atrial myxoma who underwent reoperation associated with Carney’s syndrome.

Coexistence of pituitary cyst, ovary dermoid cyst, and mammary fibroadenomas

Coexistence of pituitary cyst, ovary dermoid cyst, and mammary fibroadenomas